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9B Fit and Healthy Level by Level (1996 to 2006) Commentary I have not included questions relating to Food, Digestion, Nutrition or Respiration, but you may well wish to revisit these topics at this time. Lots of questions at Levels 5 and 6. Note how many questions ask pupils to interpret graphical or tabular data at the higher Levels. Level 3

1. This is Jamie having an X-ray of his arm.

photographicplate

The drawing below shows the X-ray photograph.

(a) Complete the sentence.

1 mark

The parts of Jamie’s arm which show up on the X-ray are made of

Level 3 4 5 6 7

no. of qu.s 1 5 11 7 7

2

................................................................... .

(b) What did the X-ray photograph show had happened to Jamie’s arm?

.............................................................................................1 mark

(c) Jamie drew the following diagram of parts of his arm.

J

(i) On the diagram, draw a line from the letter J to a joint in the arm.

1 mark

(ii) Why are joints needed in the arm?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(iii) The parts which contract to move the arm do not show up on an X-ray. What are these parts called? Tick the correct box.

blood vessels

glands

muscles

skin

1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

3

Level 4

2. (a) Sally measures her pulse rate before swimming ten lengths of a swimming pool. She measures it again afterwards.

What effect will swimming 10 lengths have on her pulse rate?

.....................................................................................................................1 mark

(b) What is the name of the liquid in the circulatory system?

..................................................................….............................................1 mark

(c) The list shows three useful substances and one waste product. They are all in the liquid in the circulatory system.

oxygen carbon dioxide glucose vitamins

Which one of these is a waste product that is produced by the body?

..................................................................…..............................................1 mark

Maximum 3 marks

3. Drawings A, B, C, D and E show the positions of five organ systems in the human body.

4

(a) The names of the five organ systems are given in the table. By each name, write the letter of the drawing which shows the organ system.

name of organ system

circulatory system

digestive system

reproductive system

respiratory system

skeleton

letter of the drawing ofthe organ system

5 marks

(b) Which one of these organ systems is completely different in

a man and a woman?

..............................................................................................................

1 mark

Maximum 6 marks

5

4. The diagram below shows the human skeleton

upper jaw

lower jaw

humerus

ribs

backbone

femur

J

(a) (i) Draw a line from the letter J to one joint in the leg.

1 mark

(ii) Why do we need joints in our skeleton?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(b) (i) Which part of our skeleton, labelled in the diagram, moves so that we can breathe?

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(ii) Which part of our skeleton, labelled in the diagram, moves so that we can chew food?

.............................................................................................................

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1 mark (c) Which one of the following is needed in the diet for strong bones and

teeth? Tick the correct box.

aluminium

calcium

copper

iron

1 mark

(d) The diagram below shows part of the arm.

(i) Parts A and B are attached to bones. What name is given to parts of the body like parts A and B?

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(ii) Part A gets shorter. In which direction does the lower arm move?

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

Maximum 7 marks

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Level 5 5. (a) Carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar get into the lungs when a person

smokes.

Draw a line from each substance to the effect of the substance on the body. Draw only three lines.

substance effect of the substance

carbon monoxide

nicotine

tar

causes addiction tosmoking

causes influenza (flu)

causes lung cancer

causes red blood cellsto carry less oxygen

3 marks

(b) The coronary arteries carry blood to the heart muscle. The drawing below shows the heart and coronary arteries.

]

8

(i) Diagram 1 shows a section through a coronary artery.

diagram 1

Smoking can cause damage to the coronary artery. Diagram 2 shows a section through part of a damaged artery.

diagram 2

not to scale

Look at diagram 2. A blood clot has formed.

Give one other change in the coronary artery.

.......................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................

1 mark

(ii) Respiration takes place in the muscle cells of the heart.

Explain why a blood clot in the coronary artery prevents these cells respiring normally.

......................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................

......................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................

2 marks

maximum 6 marks

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6. The diagram below shows muscles and bones of a human arm.

(a) Why is it important that the tendons do not stretch?

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

1 mark

(b) The biceps and triceps are an antagonistic pair of muscles. Explain what this means.

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

1 mark

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(c) The diagram below shows muscles and bones of a human leg.

(i) Which muscle contracts to move the foot in the direction shown by the arrow? Give the letter.

..............

1 mark

(ii) Which two pairs of muscles are antagonistic pairs? Tick the two correct boxes.

A and B

B and C

C and D

D and A

2 marks

maximum 5 marks

11

7. (a) The graph below shows how the concentration of alcohol in a

person’s blood changed after drinking alcoholic drinks.

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

00 1 2 3 4 5 6

time after drinking (hours)

concentrationof alcoholin the blood(mg/100 cm )3

It is illegal to drive if the concentration of alcohol in the blood is higher than

80 mg/100 cm3.

Use the graph to find out how long the concentration of alcohol in this

person’s blood was higher than 80 mg/100 cm3.

.................... hours

1 mark

(b) Why does alcohol in the blood increase the chance of having an accident? Tick the correct box.

It causes slurred speech.

It dulls the senses of taste and smell.

It increases the size of the pupil in the eye.

It increases the time taken to react.

1 mark

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(c) Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach. Digested food is absorbed into the blood from a different part of the digestive system. Give the name of this part.

...........................................................

1 mark

(d) Give the name of one organ that is damaged by drinking a lot of alcohol over a long period of time.

...........................................................

1 mark

(e) The drawing below shows a foetus in its mother’s uterus.

If a pregnant woman drinks large quantities of alcohol, the blood vessels in the umbilical cord may get very narrow for a while.

Give one way this could affect the foetus.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

1 mark

maximum 5 marks

13

8. Harry investigated the effects of fizzy cola drink on his heart rate.

First he measured his heart rate every minute for 5 minutes when sitting down. Then he drank some cola.

He continued to measure his heart rate at regular intervals.

This is a graph of his results.

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

heart rate(beatsper minute)

× × × × × ×

×× ×

× ×× × ×

××

××

× ×

×

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22time (minutes)

(a) Why did Harry measure his heart rate every minute for 5 minutes before drinking his cola?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

1 mark

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(b) Harry says cola affects his heart rate.

What evidence is there in the graph to support his idea that cola affects his heart rate?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

1 mark (c) Harry and Yasmin came to the following conclusions.

Harry Yasmin

Explain why Yasmin’s conclusion is better than Harry’s conclusion.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

1 mark

(d) Yasmin said, “We should also measure Harry’s heart rate after he drinks fizzy water”.

How would measuring Harry’s heart rate after he drinks fizzy water improve the investigation?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

1 mark

maximum 4 marks

15

9. (a) When tobacco is burned in cigarettes, carbon monoxide is formed.

A device called a 'Smokerlyzer' measures the percentage of carbon monoxide in a person's breath. This indicates the percentage of carbon monoxide in the person's blood.

Four people tested their breath using a 'Smokerlyzer' as shown below. They repeated the test every two hours during one day at work.

Smokerlyzer™ Bedfont Scientific Ltd

The results are shown in the table.

name percentage of carbon monoxide in the blood

9 am 11 am 1 pm 3 pm

Amy 3.6 2.9 3.4 2.8

Don 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2

Kisham 6.3 5.0 4.3 3.8

Pat 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3

(i) Look at the table above. Which two people are most likely to have smoked tobacco before 9 am?

................................................ and ................................................

1 mark

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(ii) Don says he is a non-smoker. Suggest one other way carbon monoxide could have got into Don's blood before he came to work that day.

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

1 mark (b) Red blood cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the muscles.

If the air we breathe in contains carbon monoxide, the red blood cells will take up carbon monoxide instead of oxygen.

Use this information to explain why, when they are running, many smokers become out of breath sooner than non-smokers do.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

2 marks

Maximum 4 marks

17

10. Sailors used to suffer from an illness called scurvy caused by a poor diet on long journeys. James Lind was a doctor who tested treatments for scurvy. He predicted that all acids cure scurvy.

I think that allacids will cure

scurvy.

He gave 6 pairs of sailors with scurvy exactly the same meals but he also gave each pair a different addition to their diet.

pair of sailors

addition to their diet effect after one week

1 some apple cider beginning to recover

2 25 drops of very dilute sulphuric acid to gargle with*

still had scurvy

3 2 teaspoons of vinegar still had scurvy

4 half a pint of sea water* still had scurvy

5 2 oranges and 1 lemon recovered

6 herbs and spices and acidified barley water

still had scurvy

(a) Does the evidence in the table support the prediction that all acids cure scurvy? Tick the correct box.

yes no

Use the table to explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................

...........................................................................................1 mark

(*) DANGER! DO NOT TRY THIS.

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(b) (i) Give the one factor James Lind changed in this experiment. (This is called the independent variable.)

......................................................................................1 mark

(ii) Give the factor James Lind examined in this experiment. (This is called the dependent variable.)

...................................................................................1 mark

(c) James Lind’s evidence suggested that oranges and lemons cured scurvy.

At a later time, other scientists did the following:

• They separated citric acid from the fruit.

• They predicted that citric acid would cure scurvy.

• They tested their prediction by giving pure citric acid as an addition to the diet of sailors with scurvy.

• They found it did not cure scurvy.

The scientists had to make a different prediction.

Suggest a new prediction about a cure for scurvy that is consistent with the evidence collected.

.............................................................................................................

........................................................................................1 mark

(d) Explain why it is necessary to investigate the effects of changes in diet over a period of more than one week.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

19

11. A teacher set up the following apparatus to separate the chemicals in cigarette smoke. The chemicals pass through the apparatus in the direction of the arrows.

burningcigarette

cottonwool

icecubes

water collectshere

lime water

A B C

(a) In A, a brown sticky substance collected on the cotton wool. This substance causes lung cancer. Give the name of the brown substance.

..............................................

1 mark

(b) As the cigarette burned, water vapour was produced and water collected in B.

(i) Why were ice cubes needed in B?

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

20

(ii) In the boxes below, draw the arrangement of particles of water

vapour and particles of liquid water. Use a circle, O, to represent each particle.

particles ofwater vapour

particles ofliquid water

2 marks

(c) The lime water in C became cloudy. What gas turns lime water cloudy?

................................................

1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

21

12. People who have emphysema have damaged air sacs in their lungs. The diagrams show a section through a normal air sac and a section through a damaged air sac.

gasin

gasin

gasout

gasout

normal air sac damaged air sac

(a) Gas exchange takes place at the inside surface of the air sac when a person breathes.

(i) Which two gases are exchanged at this surface of the air sac?

................................................ and

...................................................

1 mark

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(ii) The amount of gas exchanged is smaller in a damaged air sac.

Explain why.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(b) The list shows four substances present in cigarette smoke.

carbon particles carbon monoxide nicotine tar

Choose from the list the substance which:

(i) causes addiction to smoking cigarettes;

............................................................................................................

1 mark

(ii) may cause lung cancer;

............................................................................................................

1 mark

(iii) is carried instead of oxygen in the red blood cells.

............................................................................................................

1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

23

Level 6

13. The diagram below shows bones and muscles of the human arm.

The biceps and triceps are muscles that contract to move the bones of the lower arm.

(a) What do the biceps and triceps do to move the arm in the direction shown by the arrow? Tick the correct box.

The biceps and the triceps contract at the same time.

The biceps contracts and the triceps relaxes.

The biceps relaxes and the triceps contracts.

The biceps and the triceps relax at the same time.

1 mark

(b) Ligaments hold bones together at a joint. Ligaments can stretch.

Why must ligaments be able to stretch?

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

1 mark

24

(c) The diagram below shows an elbow joint.

(i) The ends of the bones at a joint are covered by a layer of smooth material called cartilage. There is also a fluid in the joint.

Why are cartilage and fluid needed in a joint?

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

1 mark

(ii) In the joint shown below, some of the cartilage has broken off.

Suggest one way this damage will affect the joint.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

1 mark

maximum 4 marks

25

14. Diagram 1 below shows the lungs and the trachea, the airway leading to the lungs. One of the lungs is drawn in section.

diagram 1

(a) In the wall of the trachea, there are pieces of a stiff material called cartilage.

Why is this stiff material necessary in the wall of the trachea?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

1 mark

(b) Diagram 2 below shows one alveolus and its blood supply.

diagram 2

26

(i) Look at diagram 2, above. Gas A enters the blood from the alveolus. Gas B leaves the blood and enters the alveolus. What are the names of gases A and B?

gas A .....................................................

gas B .....................................................

1 mark

(ii) Give one reason why it is easy for gases to pass across the wall of an alveolus.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(c) The diagram below shows a ciliated cell from the lining of the airway.

(i) What is the function of this cell in the airway?

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(ii) This cell is affected by substances in cigarette smoke. What effect does cigarette smoke have on the cilia?

.......................................................................................................

1 mark

(iii) Give the name of the substance, in cigarette smoke, which causes addiction to smoking.

......................................................................................................

1 mark

Maximum 6 marks

27

15. The diagram below shows part of the respiratory system.

voice box

P

Q

R

S

(a) From the diagram, give the letters which label:

(i) the trachea; …………………1 mark

(ii) alveoli. …………………1 mark

(b) (i) Which gas passes into the blood from the alveoli?

……………………………….…1 mark

(ii) Which gas passes out of the blood into the alveoli?

……………………………….…1 mark

(c) The walls of the capillaries and the alveoli are very thin. Why do they need to be thin?

.....................................................................................................1 mark

(d) There are millions of alveoli in the lungs. They provide a very large surface area. Why is a large surface area necessary?

..................................................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 6 marks

28

16. (a) The graphs show the number of deaths from lung cancer and from tuberculosis of the lungs, in England and Wales, between 1920 and 1960.

1920 1925 1930 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

0

number of deathsper 100 000 peopleper year

year

lung cancer

tuberculosis of the lungs

1935

(Data obtained from Key Science Biology, Applin; published by Stanley Thornes 1994)

(i) Between which two dates on the graph did the number of deaths from lung cancer rise fastest?

........................................... and ...........................................

1 mark

(ii) Lung cancer may be caused by cigarette smoking.

What substance in cigarette smoke causes lung cancer?

...................................................................................1 mark

(b) The number of deaths from tuberculosis of the lungs went down because of better medical treatment and preventive medicine.

What type of treatment is given to young people nowadays to prevent them from getting tuberculosis?

..................................................................................1 mark

Maximum 3 marks

29

17. (a) Drinking large amounts of alcohol every day can damage the liver. The type of damage is called cirrhosis, and it can kill a person quickly. The graph below shows the number of people dying from cirrhosis of the liver, in Paris, between 1935 and 1965.

50

40

30

20

10

0

1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965year

number ofpeople per100 000dying fromcirrhosis ofthe liver

P Q R S T

Data obtained from Key Science – Biology, D. Applin

During which period of time, P, Q, R, S or T, was it difficult to get alcohol?

........................

1 mark

(b) Alcohol is a drug. Which property makes alcohol a drug? Tick the correct box.

It is soluble in water.

It is a chemical.

It can provide energy.

It affects the nervous system.

1 mark

30

(c) Look at the graph below.

15 times

10 times

5 times

1 time

0 40 80 120 160

increased chanceof accident

amount of alcohol in the bloodin mg/100 cm 3

(i) Using the graph, describe how increasing the amount of alcohol in the blood affects the chance of having an accident.

............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................

............................................................................................................

2 marks

(ii) Which of the following statements could be used to explain why alcohol in the blood could cause accidents? Tick the correct box.

Alcohol cools the body.

Alcohol increases the time a person takes to react.

Alcohol is a stimulant.

Alcohol makes a person happy.

1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

31

18. A person who has an asthma attack finds it difficult to breathe. An

inhaler helps the person breathe more easily.

The diagrams show a cross section of one of the small tubes (bronchioles) in the lungs.

beforean asthma attack

duringan asthma attack

afterusing an inhaler

ring ofmuscle

lining

airway

swollenlining

airway

Use the information above to help you answer the following questions.

(a) Describe the way the airway changes when the inhaler is used, and how this change makes it easier to breathe.

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

2 marks

(b) The wall of the tube contains a ring of muscle. During an asthma attack, this muscle contracts and the airway becomes narrower. How does using the inhaler affect this muscle?

....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................

1 mark

Maximum 3 marks

32

Level 7 19. Wesley wants to give up smoking but finds it difficult.

(a) The graph shows the level of nicotine in Wesley’s blood after he smokes a cigarette. The craving threshold is the amount of nicotine he needs in his blood to stop him wanting a cigarette.

40

30

20

10

0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

time, in minutescigarettesmoked

cravingthreshold

amount of nicotine,in mg/l of blood

(i) Use the graph to calculate how often Wesley needs to smoke a cigarette to keep the nicotine level above the craving threshold.

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

(ii) Wesley continues to smoke often. His craving threshold goes up. Explain why this happens.

.............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

1 mark

33

(b) The graph below shows how the amount of nicotine in cigarettes

changed between 1930 and 1990.

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

amount of nicotine,in mg/cigarette

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990year

Predict one consequence of reducing the amount of nicotine in cigarettes Give the reason for your answer.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

2 marks

(c) Cigarette smoke contains carbon monoxide. If a pregnant woman inhales cigarette smoke, some of the red blood cells will combine strongly with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen.

If a pregnant woman smokes, how could this harm the foetus?

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

1 mark

Maximum 5 marks

34

20. The diagram shows two types of cell in the lining of the windpipe.

goblet cell whichproduces mucus

cilia

ciliatedcell

(a) (i) These cells work together to keep the lungs free of bacteria and dust particles. What word describes a group of similar cells which work together?

……………………………….1 mark

(ii) Mucus is a sticky substance. Describe how mucus and cilia keep the lungs free of bacteria and dust particles.

………………………………….……………………2 marks

(b) When a person breathes in cigarette smoke, the goblet cells produce extra mucus and the cilia are damaged. What will be the consequences of this?

……………………………………………………………………

2 marks

(c) Give the names of two harmful substances in cigarette smoke. In what way is each one harmful?

1. name of substance …………………………………………………………

harmful effect .……………………………………….……………………..

2. name of substance ……………………....……………….……………….

harmful effect ……………………………………………………………….

2 marks

Maximum 7 marks