2020 2021

Central Asia -0.5 4.2

Georgia -5.0 5.0

Kyrgyz Republic -5.0 4.0

East Asia 1.3 6.8

Hong Kong, China -6.5 5.1

South Asia -3.0 4.9

Maldives -11.3 13.7

Southeast Asia -2.7 5.2

Thailand -6.5 3.5

Pacific -4.3 1.6

Fiji -15.0 -0.7

Developing Asia 0.1 6.2The lowest since 1961

COVID-19 measures and funding

Source: “THE ADB COVID-19 Policy Database: A Guide”

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Flight time Time diff

ICN - DEL 7h 3h30m

NRT - RGN 8h 2h30m

ICN – ADD 15h35m 6h

HND - NBO 18h55m 6h

Disadvantages But … remember what happened in East Asia

“How can micro and small enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa become more productive? The impacts of experimental basic managerial training”World Development 40 (3), 2011, 458-468

“Short-and medium-run impacts of management training: An experiment in Tanzania” World Development 114, 2019, 220-236

Applying the Kaizen in Africa: A new avenue for industrial developmentOtsuka, Jin, Sonobe, 2018Springer Nature