combating dwi defenses.ppt · combating dwi defenses i. the importance of prosecuting dwis ii. main...

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1 COMBATING DWI DEFENSES I. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROSECUTING DWIS II. MAIN AREAS OF DEFENSE ATTORNEY ATTACKS Police reports / officer testimony Standard field sobriety tests (SFSTs) III. 2 ELEMENTS TO PROVE DWI UNDER LA. R.S. 14:98 Operation - Defenses to operation (accidents, asleep at wheel) - Reasonable suspicion issues Impairment - Observations by officers - Officer testimony - Miranda warnings / statements - Video issues

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Page 1: Combating DWI Defenses.ppt · COMBATING DWI DEFENSES I. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROSECUTING DWIS II. MAIN AREAS OF DEFENSE ATTORNEY ATTACKS Police reports / officer testimony Standard field

COMBATING DWI DEFENSES   I. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROSECUTING DWIS 

 

II.    MAIN AREAS OF DEFENSE ATTORNEY ATTACKS 

Police reports / officer testimony 

Standard field sobriety tests (SFSTs) 

 

III. 2 ELEMENTS TO PROVE DWI UNDER LA. R.S. 14:98 

Operation 

- Defenses to operation (accidents, asleep at wheel) 

- Reasonable suspicion issues 

Impairment 

- Observations by officers 

- Officer testimony 

- Miranda warnings / statements 

- Video issues 

Page 2: Combating DWI Defenses.ppt · COMBATING DWI DEFENSES I. THE IMPORTANCE OF PROSECUTING DWIS II. MAIN AREAS OF DEFENSE ATTORNEY ATTACKS Police reports / officer testimony Standard field

 

IV. SFSTs 

HGN test 

Walk and Turn test 

One Leg Stand test 

General tips 

 

V. INTOXILYZER – AREAS OF ATTACK 

SDTs – emerging issue? 

Diabetes defense 

Mouth alcohol defense 

 

VI. ALTERNATIVE DEFENSES TO IMPAIRMENT 

 

VII. NO REFUSAL INITIATIVE 

What it is 

Why it is important / effective 

Procedure 

Issues? 

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Christie ChapmanAssistant District Attorney

19th Judicial District

How the public views drinking…

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How law enforcement sees it…

How victims see it…

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Why prosecute DWIs?

THE #1 AREA OF ATTACKDefense attorneys ALWAYS attack the police report

Memory is better at the time of the offense so…

Officers need to be DETAILED ‐ small details do add up at trial!

If not in the report, it didn’t happen

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#2 AREA OF ATTACKField Sobriety Tests

Make sure the officer knows the SFSTs and can EXPLAIN them in court

The defense will attack SFSTs

Test may not be invalidated but…

Want to maintain credibility with judge/jury

ONLY TWO ELEMENTS MUST BE PROVEN (La. R.S. 14:98):

Whether suspect operated a motor vehicle

Whether suspect was impaired by some intoxicating substance (alcohol, drugs, or a combo)

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A NOTE ON BILLING… If the defendant blows, make sure to include BAC thresholds and pay close attention to sentencing

Penalties are ENHANCED for higher BAC levels

May include special conditions for bond and/or on conviction

For drugged driving, include all drug language

If the driver used drugs and alcohol, OR if you aren’t sure, use alcohol AND drug language

OPERATIONWas the defendant actually the “driver” of the vehicle or was the defendant properly determined to be “in actual physical control” of the vehicle?

Did the officer have valid reasonable suspicion to stop or approach the driver?

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DEFENSES TO OPERATIONAccident cases – “I wasn’t driving!”

Example – Single car crash with no witnesses. Defendant says he wasn’t driving(surely). How does the prosecution prove it’s case?

HOW TO COMBAT ACCIDENT CASES

Pay attention to details in the police report!

Observations of the accident scene

Location of vehicle? is it running? door(s) open? blood/fluids on seat(s)?

Observations of the suspect

Is he muddy/dirty? Near vehicle as you approach? Keys in his pocket?

Performance  on SFSTs/intoxilyzer

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State v. Michael Gill (1st Cir‐2007) Off‐duty officer observed defendant’s truck crashed into ditch in one‐car accident; no witnesses

Defendant was sitting in driver’s seat, door open, legs out; appeared intoxicated to officer and trooper

First admitted to driving, later said friend was driving and fled scene; admitted to drinking 5‐6 beers

Refused all SFSTs and intoxilyzer

Convicted of DWI‐4th, 25 yr sent, affirmed by 1st Cir.

Keys found in defendant’s pocket!

DEFENSES TO OPERATION cont.Suspect found asleep at the wheel in his car on the side of road or in parking lot –“I was just resting, not driving!”

DETAILS (was car running, in drive/park, where were keys, appeared intoxicated…)

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REASONABLE SUSPICIONWas the suspect stopped for a traffic violation? Or suspicion of impaired driving?

Once an officer makes the stop, his observations of the driver will determine whether the reasons for the stop can be confirmed and whether there is additional suspicion to justify detainment for further investigation.

Initial observations are KEY to determine if PC existed for the stop.  Why?

REASONABLE SUSPICION cont. Defense may argue that the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to stop defendant or, after stopping him, did not have reasonable suspicion to detain him for further investigation. 

Motion to suppress all evidence after the stop

Once the officer has developed reasonable suspicion of impairment, then he is justified in detaining the subject for further investigation.

To prove this, the prosecution needs DETAILS.

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REASONABLE SUSPICION cont. Citizen Informants – can be enough to support reasonable suspicion

State v. Elliott (La. Supreme Ct – 2010) –reasonable suspicion to make DWI traffic stop may be based solely on info provided by citizen informant if info:

1. Provided as violations occurred (call to 911); and

2. Informant identified himself (either by name or phone number)

IMPAIRMENT “The crime of operating a vehicle while intoxicated is the operating of any motor vehicle…when:

The operator is under the influence of alcoholic beverages; or

The operator’s blood alcohol concentration is 0.08 percent or more…; or

The operator is under the influence of any controlled dangerous substance…; or

The operator is under the influence of a combination of alcohol and one or more drugs which are not controlled dangerous substances…”

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WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?Prosecutors do NOT have to prove “intoxication,” that the suspect is “drunk,” that he’s “had too many,” etc.

We ONLY have to prove that the driver was “under the influence” of alcohol and/or drugs at the time of the offense

Of course, if the suspect blows…

INITIAL OBSERVATIONS BY OFFICER

Common defense attacks on cross‐exam of police officer:

‐ level of impairment – isn’t this purely subjective?

‐ odor of alcoholic beverages – isn’t alcohol odorless?

‐ speech – have you ever met my client before this night? How do you know what her normal speech sounds like?

‐ balance – wasn’t it windy? Uneven surface? High heels?

‐ bloodshot eyes – lack of sleep causes this, right? Contacts? Allergies?

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SO, WHAT CAN I DO?Pay attention to small details!!!

Clues from the scene ‐ suspect’s background (if sick, medical conditions…)

Was suspect allowed to take shoes off, move to different area to perform SFSTs?

Talk to the officer before trial if at all possible

CHALLENGING OFFICER’S TESTIMONY

MAIN DEFENSE TACTIC – discredit the officer’s testimony (esp. if no intoxilyzer/blood evidence)

If you have videotape, review it along with your report!

You’d be surprised how many times they don’t correspond, esp. regarding initial observations and SFSTs

Why? B/c signs of intoxication are often subtle or unrecognizable on video

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MIRANDA WARNINGS

Roadside questioning of a motorist pursuant to a routine traffic stop does not constitute custodial interrogation sufficient to trigger Miranda (State v. Bourgeois – La App 5th Cir 2001)

Defendants have no constitutional right to an attorney prior to submitting to a chemical test for intoxication (State v. Baptiste, La App 5th Cir)

NHTSA MANUAL Defense attorneys try to discredit officers’ testimony by using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s manual for SFST training.

ADA should object to lack of foundation if defense atty attempts to use different manual than trained on.

Defense will often focus on what’s not in the report –what indicators of impairment not observed/written down.

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WHAT CAN I DO? Be familiar with the NHTSA Manual and make sure officer knows/can explain all SFSTs

Officers must “educate” the judge/jury about SFSTs

If you don’t, the defense will…

Explain why each observation/non‐observation is important to this case (esp w/ drug cases)

Know the right questions to elicit best testimony

Have officer demonstrate if necessary

SFSTsHGN (Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus):

For prosecutors, this test can be a critical piece of evidence!

Educate – judges need to be informed whyHGN is so important (it can not be faked/practiced like other tests)

“Natural nystagmus” defense – very rare condition (must be medically documented!)

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SFSTsHGN cont.

Be prepared for cross‐examination! Defendants will complain that passing cars, strobe lights, poor lighting conditions, etc. affected the test

Make sure officer can testify that, “Based on my training, that is not true” and explain why.

SFSTsWalk and Turn:

At the scene – fully explain and demonstrate the entire test for the suspect; make sure they understand all directions.

Allow suspect to remove shoes, move to level surface (no excuse later for results).

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SFSTsAsk about/document any physical conditions/injuries that may limit test

On cross‐exam – know the manual!

SFSTsOne Leg Stand:

Again, make sure officer fully explained and demonstrated what suspect should do and not do.

Allow suspect to remove shoes, etc.

Use a reliable timing mechanism.

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SFSTs – GENERAL TIPSMake sure officer knows the NHTSA Manual

For each test, have officer explain to the judge/jury what clues he was looking for and found; take the wind from the defense and explain what he did not find and why

OR why suspect failed/could not perform

The more details the better

SFSTs and the Law Because these tests are non‐testimonial, no Mirandawarnings are required, but…

If the test is not administered as prescribed in NHTSA manual, test can still be treated as non‐standardized exercise. It still provides information to the officer about impairment.

When facing admissibility challenges on SFSTs, prosecutor should always argue that the problem alleged by defendant goes to weight and not admissibility!

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INTOXILYZER 5000 (and soon 9000)

Defense areas of attack:

Chemical rights form

Machine certification

Officer certification

Operational Checklist

Wait 15 minutes!

Diabetes Defense

Faulty Machine

CHEMICAL RIGHTS FORMUse the standardized form (La. R.S. 32:661(c) prescribes what the form must contain)

Form should indicate that the suspect has a right to refuse the intoxilyzer

Make sure the form was signed by suspect and that officer read it to suspect

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Machine Recertification Form

Original certificates are kept in the clerk of court’s office in most jurisdictions (in EBR, yes)

Certified copies may be used at trial in lieu of originals

Re‐certifications are done quarterly, by statute

Since these qualify as “business records,” the tech certifying the machine need not testify (???)

OFFICER CERTIFICATION Officers must maintain and renew their IntoxilyzerCertification cards every 2 years

They must keep the old cards!

Do not toss them, because whichever card was valid at the time of the offense is the one applicable to that trial

If an old card is lost or destroyed, Code of Evidence art. 1004 allows a copy to be introduced

Copies are kept on file at LSP Applied Technology

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OPERATIONAL CHECKLISTMake sure the checklist is part of the DWI “packet” of docs

Make sure the court knows that this checklist was performed prior to the suspect blowing.

15 MINUTE OBSERVATION TIME Be sure the officer fully explains this observation time

Notes/report should be precise

Indicate what time piece was used to calculate time, is it used each time, how was time calculated?

Make sure the officer watched the defendant!

Note specifically that he was watched for the entire 15 minutes, where the officer was during this time, where defendant was…

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EMERGING ISSUE? Can defense attorneys file SDTs to obtain all BAC information for an intox machine? For all available intox machines?

Happened in City Court in Baton Rouge…judge denied State’s motion to quash the SDT

HIGHLY overburdensome for LSP‐Applied Tech

Fishing expedition

WHAT TO DO?  File a writ (not appeal) of the quash denial

DIABETES DEFENSEDefendant claims his impairment was caused by a diabetic reaction, rather than alcohol

OR, defendant claims that his intoxilyzerreading is a false‐positive due to high acetone levels which interfere with breath alcohol measurements

“Atkins diet” defenses

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DIABETES DEFENSE cont.How to prepare for a diabetes defense:

Prosecutor can obtain medical records, which includes time of diagnosis; consult an expert, especially if defense intends to call one

Officer – be sure to ask the suspect, at the scene, about any medical conditions and record them in report (less credibility if the condition “pops up” later at trial)

MOUTH ALCOHOL This seems to be a popular defense to the intoxilyzer

Defense argues that the instrument may detect unabsorbed mouth alcohol from the last drink, mouthwash, breath sprays, gum, or burping/ regurgitating

This defense is BOGUS – why?

The mouthpiece specifically filters out “mouth alcohol”

Have officer explain this to judge/jury!

Prosecutors – ask about this beforehand!

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Alternative “Explanations” to Impairment

“Man, I was just tired.”

“I only had 2 beers.”

“I was taking medication that made me appear groggy/eyes red/etc.”

“I have a back/knee/etc. injury” that caused poor performance on SFSTs

“I was just nervous.”

“ONLY 2 BEERS” Be sure to investigate the type of beers consumed!

Example: Dogfish Head craft beers, including the World Wide Stout and 120 Minute IPA, can contain up to 20% alcohol by volume.

This compared to 3%‐7% alcohol by volume for typical beers.

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NO REFUSAL INITIATIVERequires cooperation among law enforcement, the courts, prosecutors, and medical personnel

Adopted 24/7 by a few jurisdictions (9th

JDC in Alexandria, 24th JDC in Jefferson)

Other jurisdictions – special holidays

What is “No Refusal”? If a person suspected of driving while intoxicated refuses either a breath test or a blood test, the officer submits a constitutionally valid search warrant to a local judge

The warrant requires the suspect to submit to a blood test to search for alcohol/drugs

If the warrant is signed, the suspect’s blood is drawn by a qualified person (medical personnel, phlebotomist) and tested

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Why “No Refusal”?TRAFFIC FATALITIES*:

In 2009, 49% of Louisiana traffic fatalities were due to alcohol related crashes

49% mark steady for years 2007, 2008, and 2009

In 2010 and 2011, down to 42% (lowest ever except Katrina)

In 2012, there were 652 fatal crashes, with 264 estimated involving alcohol – down to 40%

*Data provided by Louisiana Highway Safety Commission

Why “No Refusal”?DWI ARRESTS/REFUSALS:

2009 – 31,970 arrests in Louisiana

2010 – 31,065 arrests in Louisiana

2011 – 29,922 arrests in Louisiana

2012 – 27,643 arrests in Louisiana

(up from 24,791 arrests in 2008)

In EBR parish, 2,055 DWI arrests in 2012 

527 BAC refusals in 2012 (25% of total DWIs, down from 35% refusals in 2009)

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So, Why “No Refusal”?DETERRENCE!!

Fatality data suggests a possible deterrent effect

May not even need a warrant – having a “dressed out” nurse on duty DETERS refusals

Word is getting out…

Is It Constitutional? Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757 (1966)

Held warrantless blood draw does not violate 4th

amend. if PC to arrest for DWI – Why? B/c issue of destruction of evidence (alcohol leaving system)

Blood draw held to be reasonable

Must be drawn in “reasonable manner”

Recognized by Louisiana courts

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“No Refusal” Procedure1. Officer arrests suspect for DWI

2. Officer offers breath test (arrestee’s rights form), which suspect refuses

3. Officer prepares affidavit for search warrant and search warrant to fax to judge

4. Officer calls appropriate judge and advises of warrant; judge swears in officer

5. Officer signs affidavit and faxes affidavit and warrant to judge; if signed, judge faxes back

“No Refusal” Procedure6. Officer copies warrant, serves suspect and reads 

the judge’s order to submit to blood test

‐ NOTE: some allow breath test at this point

7. Officer transports suspect to hospital (or other approved location) for blood draw (approved kit)

‐ officer personally observes blood draw!

8. Officer takes sample to evidence locker (proper storage is critical)

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“No Refusal” Procedure9.  Officer takes blood to crime lab w/in 7 days

10. Officer prepares the return and inventory and includes one of the copies of the affidavit with his original signature to send to judge

11. Judge mails copy of warrant with his original signature to arresting agency

“No Refusal” Issues… Statutory “right to refuse” v. valid search warrant

Implied consent – drivers give “implied consent” to searches for alcohol/drugs (R.S. 32:661(A)(1))

Legislature created “right to refuse” (ability to w/draw consent) after informed of consequences of refusal (R.S. 32:666(A))

Valid search warrant negates need for consent

Does statutory “right” trump a constitutional search warrant?

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(Potential) Solutions JUDICIAL: Favorable outcome in court system

LEGISLATIVE: Governor’s DWI Taskforce is considering a bill to revise R.S. 32:661 (implied consent law)

Insertion of language, “That refusing a voluntary test or tests under this Part does not preclude a law enforcement officer from compelling a sample after acquiring a search warrant.”

Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011)USSC case decided 6/23/11

Held: forensic lab report (here, DWI blood draw) is testimonial and cannot be admitted into evidence w/o testimony from analyst who actually made the certification on that blood draw.

Cannot substitute another analyst familiar with the machines/procedure.

HUGE burden on the crime lab…

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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION “No Refusal Weekend Toolkits”

nhtsa.gov/Impaired

lahighwaysafety.org/impaired

Includes sample affidavits and warrants

tdcaa.com/dwi (Texas District & County AttyAssoc.)

Great links to video and documents

“Admissibility of HGN”

“It Does Not Make Sense!”

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Christie Chapman

Assistant District Attorney

19th Judicial District Court

222 St. Louis Street, 5th Floor

Baton Rouge, LA

(225) 389‐3453

[email protected]