columbian exchange. columbian exchange and… how did it change the world? what is the
TRANSCRIPT
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Columbian Exchange
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Columbian Exchange And…
How did it change the World?
• What is the
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Impact on Native Americans
• Europeans were learning of the profitability of the plantation system – relying on what?– Economic benefit of using local forced labor
• Disease – Europeans, unknowingly brought measles, mumps, chickenpox, smallpox, typhus and others.
• The local people had no built-up natural immunity to these diseases yet.
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Impact on Africans
• With decline of native work force, labor was needed from elsewhere.
• Slave trade exploded, especially in W. Africa
Over the next 300 years (1500-1800) appx 10 million people were taken
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Impact on Europeans• Europeans began to cross the Atlantic
creating one of the largest voluntary migrations in world history.
• Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries in Europe causing conflict.– Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 (Spain Vs. Portugal)
• Growth of trade markets completely changed the world
FOREVER!
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The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.
• Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas.
• Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping cultural changes.
• Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of plants, animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange.
• Plants, animals developed in very different ways in hemispheres
• Europeans—no potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, turkeys
• People in Americas—no coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle
The Exchange of Goods
The Columbian Exchange
• Arrival of Europeans in Americas changed all this
• Previously unknown foods taken back to Europe
• Familiar foods brought to Americas by colonists
Sharing Discoveries
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Different Foods
• Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies
• Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans
• Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer
Italian Food Without Tomatoes?
• Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes
• Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous
• By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included in Italian cookbooks
Economics and Gastronomics
• Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible without Columbian Exchange; cows, coffee native to Old World
• Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
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The Exchange can be positive or negative in its effects
• In the exchange that started along the coast of Newfoundland and was made widespread by Columbus, disease was the most negative for the Native American population
• Fatality rate over a period of two to three generations was 95% for many tribal groups
• In some cases, as in the Mohegans case, the fatality rate could be 100 percent
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Europeans believed that it was God’s will that Indians died
• No germ theory at the time of contact.
• Illness in Europe was considered to be the consequence of sin
• Indians, who were largely “heathen” or non-Christian were regarded as sinners thus subject to illness as a punishment
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Devastating Impact
• Native American population continued to decline for centuries
• Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to 2 million in 1600
• North American population fell from 2 million in 1492 to 500,000 in 1900—but disease not only factor in decrease of population
• Intermittent warfare, other violence also contributed
The Introduction of New Diseases
• Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases
• Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions
• Population of central Mexico may have decreased by more than 30 percent in the 10 years following first contact with Europeans
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Old World Diseases
• European disease was particularly virulent• Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough,
chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and influenza were the most common diseases
• Nearly all of the European diseases were communicable by air and touch.
• The pathway of these diseases was invisible to both Indians and Europeans
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Effects Widespread
Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only in Europe, Americas
• China
– Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped population grow tremendously
– Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas
• Africa
– Two native crops of Americas—corn, peanuts—still among most widely grown
• Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops grown in world are of American origin
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• Wealth measured by amount of gold, silver possessed by nation
• Mercantilists believed there was fixed amount of wealth in world
• For one nation to become wealthier, more powerful—had to take wealth, power away from another nation
• Mercantilism led to intense competition between nations
Intense Competition
• Founding of colonies, new goods in Europe led to significant changes
• 1500s, Europeans developed new economic policy, mercantilism
• Nation’s strength depended on its wealth
• Wealthy nation had power for military and expanded influence
New Economic Policy
Mercantilism
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• Mercantilists built wealth two ways—•extract gold, silver from mines at home, in colonies; •sell more goods than it bought from foreign countries, creating favorable balance of trade
• With favorable balance of trade, country received more gold, silver from other nations than it paid to them
• Increased its power; weakened foreign competitors
• To achieve favorable balance of trade, could reduce amount of imports by placing tariffs on goods
• Importer paid tariff, added cost to price of good
• Imported goods more expensive, discouraged people from buying
Imports
• Encourage exports that could sell for higher prices than raw materials
• Countries encouraged manufacturing and export of manufactured goods
• Governments provided subsidies to help start new industries
Exports
Balance of Trade
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Controlling Sources
Third approach for favorable balance of trade,
Controlling Sources
• Nation that controlled own sources would not need to import from competing nations
• Why important
– Country did not need to spend own money to obtain raw materials
– Foreign countries considered rivals, might become active enemy, cut off supply of raw materials
• European nations worked to become more self-sufficient
• Nations began to establish colonies
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Building colonial empires essential to mercantilist system
• European powers wanted to establish colonies
– To control sources of raw materials
– To provide new markets for manufactured goods
• To mercantilist, colonies existed only to benefit home country
Colonies
• Monarchs restricted economic activities in colonies
• Colonists could not sell raw materials to other countries
• Could not buy manufactured goods from other nations
• Strict laws forbade colonies from manufacturing goods
• Forced to buy only from home country
Strict Laws
Colonies
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Summarize
What were the main principles of mercantilism?
Answer: •nation's strength depended upon its wealth;
•needed a favorable balance of trade
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Commercial Revolution
• What: The transition (change) from Mercantilism & then to Capitalism IS the
COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
• When: 16th -17th centuries• Who/Where: Europeans & European
countries & colonies• Why?: changes in commerce (trade) & money
making methodsChanges in the power structure btwn
countries
• Why Care?:Influenced today’s financial dealings (the way we do business)
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Commercial Revolution
• CAUSE: – new wealth + dramatic growth in overseas trade
= new business and trade practices
• EFFECTS: – set the stage for the development of CAPITALISM– Basis of today’s financial practices
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Increasing trade between Europe and colonies created new business and trade practices during the 1500s and 1600s. These practices would have a great impact on the economies of European nations.
• In capitalism, most economic activity carried on by private individuals, organizations in order to seek profit
• During this time, capitalism expanded
Capitalism Emerges
• Individuals amassed great trade fortunes
• Merchants supplied colonists with European goods
• Returned products, raw materials
Overseas TRADE
• Overseas trade made many merchants rich
• Wealth enabled them to invest in more business ventures
• Business activity in Europe increased greatly
Increased
BUSINESS ACTIVITY
The Rise of Capitalism
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Money Supply
• Increase of money supply another factor in higher prices (INFLATION)
• Shiploads of gold, silver flowed into Europe from Americas to be made into new coins
• Over time, increase of money in circulation pushed prices for goods still higher
Rising Prices (INFLATION)
• Investors took risks of investing in overseas trade because of inflation
• Inflation: steady increase in prices
• Demand for goods increased due to growing population, scarcity of goods; rising demand drove prices higher
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New Ventures
• Overseas business ventures often too expensive for individual investors
• Investors began pooling money in joint-stock companies
Shares
• Profit, loss based on number of shares owned
• If company failed, investors lost only amount invested
Joint-Stock Companies
• Investors bought shares of stock in company
• If company made profit, each shareholder received portion
Financing Colonies
• British East India Company, one of first joint-stock companies
• 1600, imported spices from Asia
• Others formed to bear cost of establishing colonies
A New Business Organization
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So… What is CAPITALISM• Economic System based on:
– private ownership & – investment of wealth for profit– Free Trade
• Cause: overseas colonization & trade = lots of merchants getting RICH!– And… they continued to invest in trade to get
RICHER (increase profits)– AND then… they re-invested more to get even
RICHER!