COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

❑CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS “DISCOVERED” THE NEW WORLD IN 1492 –THIS EVENT STARTED AN EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE OLD WORLD (EUROPE & AFRICA) AND THE NEW WORLD (THE AMERICAS)

❑THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: THE EXCHANGE OF DISEASES, IDEAS, FOOD CROPS, AND POPULATIONS BETWEEN THE NEW WORLD AND THE OLD WORLD

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – FOOD PLANTS

❑COCOA, CORN, POTATOES, PEPPERS, AND TOMATOES GREW IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

• THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE DISCOVERED THESE FOODS AND TOOK THEM BACK TO EUROPE (OLD WORD)

❑COFFEE, PEACHES, SUGAR, AND WHEAT

• EUROPEANS BROUGHT THESE ITEMS FROM EUROPE AND AFRICA TO THE NEW WORLD

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – DISEASES

❖THE INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WERE DEFEATED BY DISEASES HA WERE ALSO PART OF THE COLUMBIA EXCHANGE

• EUROPEANS BROUGHT MANY DISEASES THAT THE NATIVE PEOPLE HAD NOT SEEN BEFORE – S0, THEY HAD NO IMMUNITY (NATURAL RESISTANCE) TO THE DISEASES

❖SOME OF THE DISEASES BROUGHT TO THE NEW WORLD WERE: SMALLPOX, INFLUENZA (THE FLU), MEASLES, AND TYPHOID FEVER

❖BETWEEN 50% AND 75% LOST THEIR LIVES TO THESE DISEASES

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – ANIMALS➢EUROPEANS INTRODUCE ANIMALS TO THE NEW WORLD:

oPIGS, COWS, GOATS, HORSE, AND BEES

➢THE HORSE – CHANGED THE CULTURE OF THE NEW WORLD

oIT ALLOWED NATIVE PEOPLE TO TRAVEL FARTHER AND FASTER

oIT WAS USEFUL IN BATTLE AND HUNTING

oIT HELPED THE NATIVE PEOPLE SPREAD THEIR TERRITORY AND TRADE WITH OTHER TRIBES

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – POPULATIONS

• AFRICANS BECAME PART OF THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE.

• EUROPEANS INTRODUCED AFRICANS IN THE NEW WORLD AS SLAVES

AFRICAN SLAVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

AMERICAS

AFRICAN SLAVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAS

• EUROPEANS WANTED CHEAP AND STEADILY AVAILABLE WORK FORCE

• TO MAINTAIN THE COLONIES (LAND CONTROLLED BY THE EUROPEANS)

• TO CULTIVATE (GROW) AND EXPORT SUGARCANE AND COFFEE

AFRICAN SLAVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAS TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

❑INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

• AT FIRST, THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE SOUGHT A FREE LABOR SOURCE AMONG THE CONQUERED INDIGENOUS POPULATION (NATIVE AMERICANS)

❑PROBLEM: THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS BROUGHT WITH IT A NUMBER OF DISEASES WHICH DECIMATED (KILLED) THE NATIVE POPULATION

❑THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE BEGAN IMPORTING SLAVE LABOR FROM WESTAFRICA – KNOW AS THE TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

❑TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE = THE ENSLAVEMENT AND FORCED TRANSPORTATION OF ROUGHLY 15 MILLION BLACK AFRICANS TO THE AMERICAS BETWEEN THE 15TH AND 19TH CENTURIES ( 1400S – 1800S)

❖ TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

1. EUROPEAN BROUGHT TEXTILES (FOR CLOTHES). RUM AND OTHER MANUFACTURED GOOD TO AFRICA

2. AFRICANS WERE SENT TO THE NEW WORLD IN SHIPS AN ENSLAVED TO WORKED ON THE PLANTATIONS

3. ITEMS PRODUCED BY SLAVE LABOR WERE THEN SHIPPED BACK TO EUROPE (SUGAR, COFFEE, COTTON, MINED ITEMS, ETC.)

AFRICAN SLAVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAS –TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

❖PLANTATION AND LIVING CONDITIONS ON THE SLAVE SHIPS WHICH BROUGHT AFRICANS TO THE AMERICAS WERE DEPLORABLE (VERY BAD)

❖MORTALITY RATE (DEATH RATE) – WAS TYPICALLY 25%

❖AFRICAN SLAVE LABOR FORCE WAS FORCED TO WORK ON PLANTATIONS THROUGHOUT LATIN AMERICA AS WELL AS GOLD AND DIAMONDS MINES IN BRAZIL

AFRICAN SLAVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAS TRANSATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

❖ALTHOUGH SLAVERY WAS ABOLISHED (DONE AWAY WITH) IN EUROPE IN THEEARLY 19TH CENTURY (1800S) – IT CONTINUED IN LATIN AMERICA THROUGH THE 1800S – MOSTLY IN CUBA AND BRAZIL

❖OVER TIME, INTERMARRIAGE AMONG THOSE OF SPANISH & PORTUGUESE ANCESTRY WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLE AND BLACK AFRICANS GAVE RISE TO A NEW CULTURE IDENTITY WHICH IS SEEN TODAY IN LATIN AMERICA

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE INFLUENCE ON LANGUAGE AND RELIGION IN LATIN AMERICA

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE INFLUENCE ON LANGUAGE AND RELIGION IN LATIN AMERICA

✓THE TERM “LATIN AMERICA”oBOTH SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE ARE ROMANCE LANGUAGES

oTHIS MEANS THEY COME FROM THE LATIN LANGUAGE FAMILY GROUP

oTHIS IS WHERE THE TERM LATIN AMERICA COMES FROM – SPANISH/PORTUGUESE COME FROM LATIN

SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE INFLUENCE ON LANGUAGE AND RELIGION IN LATIN AMERICA

✓SPANISH

o MOSTLY FOUND THROUGHOUT MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA, NORTHERN AND WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA, AND WESTERN CARIBBEAN

o MEXICO = MOST SPANISH SPEAKING LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD

✓PORTUGUESE

o OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF BRAZIL

o BRAZIL – MOST PORTUGUESE SPEAKING LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD

✓BOTH SPAIN AND PORTUGAL WREN OFFICIALLY ROMAN CATHOLIC COUNTRIES DURING COLONIZATION

o SO, BOTH COUNTRIES SPREAD CATHOLICISM (CATHOLIC) THROUGHOUT THEIR LATIN AMERICAN COLONIES

o LATIN AMERICA REMAINS HEAVILY CATHOLIC TODAY