ColonizationColonization

January 25January 25thth, 2012, 2012

Knowledge of ColonizationKnowledge of Colonization

Comes from the presence of the colonies Comes from the presence of the colonies themselves.themselves.

Many historiographical references.Many historiographical references.

Herodotus’ account of the colonization of Herodotus’ account of the colonization of Cyrene (630 BCE) the only extant account.Cyrene (630 BCE) the only extant account.

Epigraphy critical.Epigraphy critical.

Early ColonizationEarly Colonization Ca. 1100 BCE – The Mycenaean collapse.Ca. 1100 BCE – The Mycenaean collapse.

Itinerant populations moving east.Itinerant populations moving east.

Greek settlements on the shores of Asia Minor Greek settlements on the shores of Asia Minor (aka. Ionia).(aka. Ionia).

Miletus – settled by Ionian Greeks ca. 1000 BCE.Miletus – settled by Ionian Greeks ca. 1000 BCE.

Ionians would settle 12 more sites in “Ionia” Ionians would settle 12 more sites in “Ionia” between 1000 and 800 BCE; the between 1000 and 800 BCE; the Pan-IonionPan-Ionion..

Herodotus on the Settlement of Herodotus on the Settlement of IoniaIonia

““As for the Ionians, the reason why they made twelve cities and As for the Ionians, the reason why they made twelve cities and would admit no more was in my judgment this: there were twelve would admit no more was in my judgment this: there were twelve divisions of them when they dwelt in the Peloponnese, just as divisions of them when they dwelt in the Peloponnese, just as there are twelve divisions of the Achaeans who drove the there are twelve divisions of the Achaeans who drove the Ionians…. For this reason, and for no other, the Ionians too made Ionians…. For this reason, and for no other, the Ionians too made twelve cities; for it would be foolishness to say that these are twelve cities; for it would be foolishness to say that these are more truly Ionian or better born than the other Ionians; since not more truly Ionian or better born than the other Ionians; since not the least part of them are Abantes from Euboea, who are not the least part of them are Abantes from Euboea, who are not Ionians even in name, and there are mingled with them Minyans of Ionians even in name, and there are mingled with them Minyans of Orchomenus, Cadmeans, Dryopians, Phocian renegades from their Orchomenus, Cadmeans, Dryopians, Phocian renegades from their nation, Molossians, Pelasgian Arcadians, Dorians of Epidaurus, and nation, Molossians, Pelasgian Arcadians, Dorians of Epidaurus, and many other tribes; and as for those who came from the very town-many other tribes; and as for those who came from the very town-hall of Athens and think they are the best born of the Ionians, hall of Athens and think they are the best born of the Ionians, these did not bring wives with them to their settlements, but these did not bring wives with them to their settlements, but married Carian women whose parents they had put to death.” married Carian women whose parents they had put to death.” (Herodotus, (Herodotus, HistoriesHistories 1.145.1.1 -146.2. Trans. A. Godley, 1920) 1.145.1.1 -146.2. Trans. A. Godley, 1920)

General RemarksGeneral Remarks Ca. 780 – 500 BCE = Period of widespread Greek Ca. 780 – 500 BCE = Period of widespread Greek

colonization across the Mediterranean and Black colonization across the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins.Sea basins.

Early Greek colonization not to be confused with Early Greek colonization not to be confused with imperialism.imperialism.

Colonization occurred for a variety of reasons; not Colonization occurred for a variety of reasons; not aimed at the subjugation or domination of people or aimed at the subjugation or domination of people or territory.territory.

Homer, Homer, OdysseyOdyssey and the and the Voyage of Argo Voyage of Argo saga saga poetic reflections of the colonization movement.poetic reflections of the colonization movement.

The Greeks and The Greeks and ColonizationColonization

Chronology of Greek Chronology of Greek Colonization in the West and Colonization in the West and

EastEast 780 BCE – Pithekousai (Italy) – founders = Eretria and Chalkis780 BCE – Pithekousai (Italy) – founders = Eretria and Chalkis 750 BCE – Rhegium (Italy) – founders = Chalkis and Zankle750 BCE – Rhegium (Italy) – founders = Chalkis and Zankle 734 BCE – Syracuse (Sicily) – founder = Corinth734 BCE – Syracuse (Sicily) – founder = Corinth 725 BCE – Cumae (Italy) – founders = Pithekousai and Chalkis725 BCE – Cumae (Italy) – founders = Pithekousai and Chalkis 720 BCE – Sybaris (Italy) – founder = Achaea720 BCE – Sybaris (Italy) – founder = Achaea 709 BCE – Croton (Italy) – founder = Achaea709 BCE – Croton (Italy) – founder = Achaea 706 BCE – Tarentum (Italy) – founder = Sparta706 BCE – Tarentum (Italy) – founder = Sparta 598 BCE – Massalia (France) – founder = Phokai598 BCE – Massalia (France) – founder = Phokai

800 BCE – Al Mina (Syria) founder = Calchis.800 BCE – Al Mina (Syria) founder = Calchis. 660 BCE – Byzantium (Turkey) – founder = Megara.660 BCE – Byzantium (Turkey) – founder = Megara. 630 BCE – Kyrene (Libya) – founder = Thera.630 BCE – Kyrene (Libya) – founder = Thera. 570 BCE – Naucratis (Egypt) – founders = Greek mercenaries.570 BCE – Naucratis (Egypt) – founders = Greek mercenaries. Black Sea Coast colonized by Miletus through the 6Black Sea Coast colonized by Miletus through the 6 thth century century

BCE.BCE.

Colonization in Homer:Colonization in Homer:The The OdysseyOdyssey 6.4-10 6.4-10

““The Phaiakians had previously lived in The Phaiakians had previously lived in the broad lands of Hypereie near the the broad lands of Hypereie near the Kyklopes, aggressive types who ravaged Kyklopes, aggressive types who ravaged their land and were stronger than they. their land and were stronger than they. So godlike Nausithoos took them away So godlike Nausithoos took them away from there and settled in Scherie, far from there and settled in Scherie, far from the bustle of men. And he built a from the bustle of men. And he built a wall around the polis and constructed wall around the polis and constructed houses and erected temples of the gods houses and erected temples of the gods and divided up the land.” (Homer, and divided up the land.” (Homer, OdysseyOdyssey 6.4-10) 6.4-10)

Strabo on the Colonization of Strabo on the Colonization of the Western Mediterraneanthe Western Mediterranean

““And Ephorus says that these were the first Greek And Ephorus says that these were the first Greek cities to be founded in Sicily, in the tenth generation cities to be founded in Sicily, in the tenth generation after the Trojan War. For earlier men feared the after the Trojan War. For earlier men feared the pirates from Etruria and the savagery of the natives pirates from Etruria and the savagery of the natives in the area, so that they did not even sail there by in the area, so that they did not even sail there by way of trade. But Theokles the Athenian was carried way of trade. But Theokles the Athenian was carried to Sicily by the wind and observed both the to Sicily by the wind and observed both the weakness of the natives and the richness of the weakness of the natives and the richness of the land; when he returned, he failed to persuade any land; when he returned, he failed to persuade any Athenians, but took many of the Chalkidians of Athenians, but took many of the Chalkidians of Euboia and some of the Ionians (of Asia Minor) and Euboia and some of the Ionians (of Asia Minor) and even some of the Dorians, of whom the majority even some of the Dorians, of whom the majority were Megarians, and so sailed. And the Chalkidians were Megarians, and so sailed. And the Chalkidians founded Naxos and the Dorians Megara, which was founded Naxos and the Dorians Megara, which was earlier called Hybla….” (Strabo, earlier called Hybla….” (Strabo, GeographyGeography 6.2.2. 6.2.2. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 15)Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 15)

What were some of the main What were some of the main reasons that the Greeks sent reasons that the Greeks sent

out colonists?out colonists?

Reasons for ColonizationReasons for Colonization Varied from one expedition to another.Varied from one expedition to another.

Land shortage (i.e. through overpopulation, drought or Land shortage (i.e. through overpopulation, drought or famine, atomization); Cyrene – ca. 630 BCE.famine, atomization); Cyrene – ca. 630 BCE.

Stasis (i.e. civil conflict) – Thera (?).Stasis (i.e. civil conflict) – Thera (?).

Trade (Al Mina – ca. 800 BCE, Pithecusae – ca. 780 BCE, Trade (Al Mina – ca. 800 BCE, Pithecusae – ca. 780 BCE, Byzantium – ca. 660 BCE; Emporiae, ca. 550 BCE); search Byzantium – ca. 660 BCE; Emporiae, ca. 550 BCE); search for trade routes and search for land not mutually exclusive.for trade routes and search for land not mutually exclusive.

Warfare (i.e. Naucratis, ca. 570 BCE).Warfare (i.e. Naucratis, ca. 570 BCE).

The Colonization of CyreneThe Colonization of Cyrene630 BCE630 BCE

““For the next seven years it did not rain on Thera and in their course every For the next seven years it did not rain on Thera and in their course every tree except one on the island died of drought. And when the Therans asked tree except one on the island died of drought. And when the Therans asked (the oracle at Delphi what to do), the priestess brought up the apoikia (i.e. (the oracle at Delphi what to do), the priestess brought up the apoikia (i.e. colony) in Libya….The Therans agreed to send a contingent on men out, with colony) in Libya….The Therans agreed to send a contingent on men out, with brother drawing lots with brother and each one of the seven villages brother drawing lots with brother and each one of the seven villages participating….They reached Libya, but could not think what to do, and so participating….They reached Libya, but could not think what to do, and so sailed back to Thera. But the Therans attacked them as they put in and did sailed back to Thera. But the Therans attacked them as they put in and did not let them land, but ordered them to sail back again. Thus constrained the not let them land, but ordered them to sail back again. Thus constrained the sailed back again….” (Herodotus, sailed back again….” (Herodotus, HistoriesHistories 4.151-156.2. Crawford & 4.151-156.2. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 16A).Whitehead, Doc. 16A).

““But f they do not establish the settlement and the Therans are unable to give But f they do not establish the settlement and the Therans are unable to give it assistance and they are oppressed by hardships for five years, they shall it assistance and they are oppressed by hardships for five years, they shall depart without fear from the land to Thera, to their own property, and they depart without fear from the land to Thera, to their own property, and they shall be politai. And if any man does not wish to go when the polis sends him shall be politai. And if any man does not wish to go when the polis sends him he shall be liable to the death penalty and his property shall belong to the he shall be liable to the death penalty and his property shall belong to the demos. And the man harbouring him or concealing him, whether he be a demos. And the man harbouring him or concealing him, whether he be a father (aiding his) son or a brother his brother, is to suffer the same penalty father (aiding his) son or a brother his brother, is to suffer the same penalty as the man who does not wish to sail. On these conditions a sworn agreement as the man who does not wish to sail. On these conditions a sworn agreement was made by those who stayed there and by those who sailed to found the was made by those who stayed there and by those who sailed to found the settlement and they invoked curses against those who transgress it or do not settlement and they invoked curses against those who transgress it or do not abide by it, whether they are those who settled in Libya or those who abide by it, whether they are those who settled in Libya or those who remained there.” (Meiggs and Lewis, 5; Crawford & Whitead, Doc. 16B)remained there.” (Meiggs and Lewis, 5; Crawford & Whitead, Doc. 16B)

Colonization and Trade:Colonization and Trade:The Founding of EmporiaeThe Founding of Emporiae

““Even at that time Emporiae consisted of two towns Even at that time Emporiae consisted of two towns divided by a wall. One of the towns was inhabited by divided by a wall. One of the towns was inhabited by Greeks from Phocaea (which was the original home of Greeks from Phocaea (which was the original home of the Massilians), the other by Spaniards. The Greek the Massilians), the other by Spaniards. The Greek town was open to the sea, and the whole extent of its town was open to the sea, and the whole extent of its wall was less than a hundred yards in length; whereas wall was less than a hundred yards in length; whereas the Spaniards, who were further removed from the the Spaniards, who were further removed from the sea, had a wall with a circumference of three sea, had a wall with a circumference of three miles….the Spaniards, who had no seafaring miles….the Spaniards, who had no seafaring experience, were glad to do business with the Greeks experience, were glad to do business with the Greeks and wanted to purchase the foreign goods which the and wanted to purchase the foreign goods which the Greeks imported in their ships, and to dispose of the Greeks imported in their ships, and to dispose of the produce of their farms.” (Livy, produce of their farms.” (Livy, AUCAUC. 34.10). 34.10)

Colonization and Stasis:Colonization and Stasis:The Colonization of TheraThe Colonization of Thera

““On the island now called Thera, but then Calliste, there were descendants of On the island now called Thera, but then Calliste, there were descendants of Membliarus the son of Poeciles, a Phoenician; for Cadmus son of Agenor had put in Membliarus the son of Poeciles, a Phoenician; for Cadmus son of Agenor had put in at the place now called Thera during his search for Europa; and having put in, either at the place now called Thera during his search for Europa; and having put in, either because the land pleased him, or because for some other reason he desired to do because the land pleased him, or because for some other reason he desired to do so, he left on this island his own relation Membliarus together with other so, he left on this island his own relation Membliarus together with other Phoenicians. [5] These dwelt on the island of Calliste for eight generations before Phoenicians. [5] These dwelt on the island of Calliste for eight generations before Theras came from Lacedaemon. It was these that Theras was preparing to join, Theras came from Lacedaemon. It was these that Theras was preparing to join, taking with him a company of people from the tribes; his intention was to settle taking with him a company of people from the tribes; his intention was to settle among the people of Calliste and not drive them out but claim them as in fact his among the people of Calliste and not drive them out but claim them as in fact his own people. So when the Minyae escaped from prison and camped on Teügetum, own people. So when the Minyae escaped from prison and camped on Teügetum, and the Lacedaemonians were planning to put them to death, Theras interceded for and the Lacedaemonians were planning to put them to death, Theras interceded for their lives, that there might be no killing, promising to lead them out of the country their lives, that there might be no killing, promising to lead them out of the country himself. The Lacedaemonians consented to this, and Theras sailed with three thirty-himself. The Lacedaemonians consented to this, and Theras sailed with three thirty-oared ships to join the descendants of Membliarus, taking with him not all the oared ships to join the descendants of Membliarus, taking with him not all the Minyae but only a few; for the greater part of them made their way to the lands of Minyae but only a few; for the greater part of them made their way to the lands of the Paroreatae and Caucones, and after having driven these out of their own the Paroreatae and Caucones, and after having driven these out of their own country, they divided themselves into six companies and established the cities of country, they divided themselves into six companies and established the cities of Lepreum, Macistus, Phrixae, Pyrgus, Epium, and Nudium in the land they had won; Lepreum, Macistus, Phrixae, Pyrgus, Epium, and Nudium in the land they had won; most of these were in my time taken and sacked by the Eleans. As for the island most of these were in my time taken and sacked by the Eleans. As for the island Calliste, it was called Thera after its colonist.” (Herodotus, Histories 4.147.4-148.4. Calliste, it was called Thera after its colonist.” (Herodotus, Histories 4.147.4-148.4. Trans. A.D. Godley, 1920)Trans. A.D. Godley, 1920)

The Settlement of Naucratis The Settlement of Naucratis (570 BCE)(570 BCE)

““To the Ionians and Carians who had helped him, To the Ionians and Carians who had helped him, Psammetichus gave places to live in called The Camps, Psammetichus gave places to live in called The Camps, opposite each other on either side of the Nile; and besides opposite each other on either side of the Nile; and besides this, he paid them all that he had promised…. The Ionians this, he paid them all that he had promised…. The Ionians and Carians lived for a long time in these places, which are and Carians lived for a long time in these places, which are near the sea, on the arm of the Nile called the Pelusian, a near the sea, on the arm of the Nile called the Pelusian, a little way below the town of Bubastis. Long afterwards, king little way below the town of Bubastis. Long afterwards, king Amasis removed them and settled them at Memphis to be Amasis removed them and settled them at Memphis to be his guard against the Egyptians. It is a result of our his guard against the Egyptians. It is a result of our communication with these settlers in Egypt (the first of communication with these settlers in Egypt (the first of foreign speech to settle in that country) that we Greeks foreign speech to settle in that country) that we Greeks have exact knowledge of the history of Egypt from the have exact knowledge of the history of Egypt from the reign of Psammetichus onwards.” (Herodotus, reign of Psammetichus onwards.” (Herodotus, HistoriesHistories 2.154.1-5. Trans. A.D. Godley, 1920) 2.154.1-5. Trans. A.D. Godley, 1920)

What were the steps What were the steps typically taken once the typically taken once the decision to send out a decision to send out a

colony had been made?colony had been made?

The Process of ColonizationThe Process of Colonization Choosing an oikistes (i.e. a founder).Choosing an oikistes (i.e. a founder).

Choosing a site.Choosing a site.

Gathering together settlers (i.e. apoikoi); from the home polis and Gathering together settlers (i.e. apoikoi); from the home polis and elsewhere.elsewhere.

The embassy to Delphi.The embassy to Delphi.

Establish a Establish a politeiapoliteia..

Construction of a temple; transfer of the sacred hearth fire.Construction of a temple; transfer of the sacred hearth fire.

The division of land (The division of land (kleroskleros).).

Cyrene Again (630 BCE)Cyrene Again (630 BCE) ““God. Good fortune. Damis son of Bathykles proposed: God. Good fortune. Damis son of Bathykles proposed:

concerning the matters which the Therans raise, (whose concerning the matters which the Therans raise, (whose spokesman is) Kleidamas son of Euthykles, in order that the spokesman is) Kleidamas son of Euthykles, in order that the polis may prosper and the polis may prosper and the demosdemos of the Kyrenaians enjoy of the Kyrenaians enjoy good fortune the Therans shall be given good fortune the Therans shall be given politeiapoliteia according according to the ancestral customs which our forefathers established, to the ancestral customs which our forefathers established, both those who founded Kyrene from Thera and those who both those who founded Kyrene from Thera and those who remained at Thera, remained at Thera, just as Apollo granted Battos (i.e. the just as Apollo granted Battos (i.e. the oikistes) oikistes) and the Therans who founded Kyrene to enjoy and the Therans who founded Kyrene to enjoy good fortune if they abided by the sworn agreement which good fortune if they abided by the sworn agreement which our ancestors concluded with them our ancestors concluded with them when they sent out the when they sent out the apoikia according to the command of Apollo Archagetasapoikia according to the command of Apollo Archagetas.” .” (Meiggs and Lewis, no. 5. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 14B)(Meiggs and Lewis, no. 5. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 14B)

Plato on How to Establish a Plato on How to Establish a ColonyColony

““As for the next stage, the first thing to do is to designate a site for the polis As for the next stage, the first thing to do is to designate a site for the polis as far as possible in the center of its as far as possible in the center of its chorachora and to pick a site which possesses and to pick a site which possesses the other characteristics which are favorable to the foundation of a polis….The the other characteristics which are favorable to the foundation of a polis….The next thing to do is to divide the whole into twelve parts, but first it is next thing to do is to divide the whole into twelve parts, but first it is necessary to designate a sacred area to necessary to designate a sacred area to HestiaHestia, Zeus and Athena, to call it the , Zeus and Athena, to call it the akropolisakropolis and to build a wall round it; then it is possible to lay out twelve and to build a wall round it; then it is possible to lay out twelve parts, both in the polis itself and in the parts, both in the polis itself and in the chorachora as a whole. And the twelve parts as a whole. And the twelve parts must be equal, with the parts made up of good land (which is close to the must be equal, with the parts made up of good land (which is close to the center) and of land which is at a distance; and a plot near the polis goes with a center) and of land which is at a distance; and a plot near the polis goes with a plot near the frontier and so on. And, bearing in mind what has just been said plot near the frontier and so on. And, bearing in mind what has just been said about poverty and richness of soil, it is necessary to exercise care over the about poverty and richness of soil, it is necessary to exercise care over the two separate plots, making the whole of a lot equal by varying the size of two separate plots, making the whole of a lot equal by varying the size of what is distributed. And it is necessary to divide the men up into twelve parts what is distributed. And it is necessary to divide the men up into twelve parts and to assign as far as possible the entire extent of non-landed property into and to assign as far as possible the entire extent of non-landed property into twelve equal parts, on the basis of a complete declaration. And after this one twelve equal parts, on the basis of a complete declaration. And after this one must designate twelve lots for the Twelve Gods and name and consecrate the must designate twelve lots for the Twelve Gods and name and consecrate the lot which falls to each god and name a lot which falls to each god and name a phylephyle after each god. And then one after each god. And then one must divide up the twelve parts of the polis in the same way in which the must divide up the twelve parts of the polis in the same way in which the chorachora as a whole has been assigned; and everyone must be given two houses, as a whole has been assigned; and everyone must be given two houses, one near the center and one near the edge. And thus the foundation is one near the center and one near the edge. And thus the foundation is complete.”complete.” (Plato, (Plato, LawsLaws. 745B-E. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 17B). 745B-E. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 17B)

What relationship did the What relationship did the colony have with the colony have with the

founding city?founding city?

Relations Between Colony and Relations Between Colony and MetropolisMetropolis

MetropolisMetropolis = “Mother-city” (i.e. the = “Mother-city” (i.e. the founding city.founding city.

ApoikiaApoikia = The Colony (Lit. = “Home away = The Colony (Lit. = “Home away from home”).from home”).

Common cult (i.e. sacred hearth fire).Common cult (i.e. sacred hearth fire).

ApoikiaApoikia otherwise wholly independent of otherwise wholly independent of metropolis and sovereign.metropolis and sovereign.

Corcyra and Epidamnus (433 Corcyra and Epidamnus (433 BCE)BCE)

““The city of Epidamnus is situated on the right hand as you sail up the The city of Epidamnus is situated on the right hand as you sail up the Ionian Gulf. The neighboring inhabitants are the Taulantians, a Ionian Gulf. The neighboring inhabitants are the Taulantians, a barbarian tribe of the Illyrian race. [2] The place was colonised by the barbarian tribe of the Illyrian race. [2] The place was colonised by the Corcyraeans, but under the leadership of a Corinthian, Phalius, son of Corcyraeans, but under the leadership of a Corinthian, Phalius, son of Eratocleides, who was of the lineage of Heracles; he was invited, Eratocleides, who was of the lineage of Heracles; he was invited, according to ancient custom, from the mother city, and Corinthians and according to ancient custom, from the mother city, and Corinthians and other Dorians joined in the colony. [3] In process of time Epidamnus other Dorians joined in the colony. [3] In process of time Epidamnus became great and populous, [4] but there followed a long period of civil became great and populous, [4] but there followed a long period of civil commotion, and the city is said to have been brought low in a war commotion, and the city is said to have been brought low in a war against the neighboring barbarians, and to have lost her ancient power. against the neighboring barbarians, and to have lost her ancient power. [5] At last, shortly before the Peloponnesian War, the notables were [5] At last, shortly before the Peloponnesian War, the notables were overthrown and driven out by the people; the exiles went over to the overthrown and driven out by the people; the exiles went over to the barbarians, and, uniting with them, plundered the remaining barbarians, and, uniting with them, plundered the remaining inhabitants both by sea and land. [6] These, finding themselves hard inhabitants both by sea and land. [6] These, finding themselves hard pressed, sent an embassy to the mother-city Corcyra, begging the pressed, sent an embassy to the mother-city Corcyra, begging the Corcyraeans not to leave them to their fate, but to reconcile them to Corcyraeans not to leave them to their fate, but to reconcile them to the exiles and settle the war with the barbarians. [7] The ambassadors the exiles and settle the war with the barbarians. [7] The ambassadors came, and sitting as suppliants in the temple of Herè preferred their came, and sitting as suppliants in the temple of Herè preferred their request; but the Corcyraeans would not listen to them, and they request; but the Corcyraeans would not listen to them, and they returned without success.”returned without success.” (Thucydides, 1. 24. Trans. B. Jowett, 1881) (Thucydides, 1. 24. Trans. B. Jowett, 1881)

How would you characterize How would you characterize the relations between Greek the relations between Greek

colonists and the native colonists and the native inhabitants?inhabitants?

Relations between Colonists Relations between Colonists and Nativesand Natives

Varied from colony to colony.Varied from colony to colony.

Range from hostility to friendly Range from hostility to friendly relations and intermarriage.relations and intermarriage.

Generally stable when the colony Generally stable when the colony meets the interests of both colonizer meets the interests of both colonizer and natives.and natives.

A Case of Good Relations:A Case of Good Relations:The Greeks of the Massalia.The Greeks of the Massalia.

““And Aristotle records a similar story in the Massalioton Politeia; he And Aristotle records a similar story in the Massalioton Politeia; he says: ‘The Phokaians, the trading people from Ionia, founded Massalia. says: ‘The Phokaians, the trading people from Ionia, founded Massalia. Euxenos of Phokaia was a xenos of Nannos the king; that was his Euxenos of Phokaia was a xenos of Nannos the king; that was his name. Now this Nannos was celebrating the nuptials of his daughter name. Now this Nannos was celebrating the nuptials of his daughter when Euxenos happened to be present, so he invited him to the feast. when Euxenos happened to be present, so he invited him to the feast. And the nuptials were conducted thus: the procedure was for the And the nuptials were conducted thus: the procedure was for the daughter to come in after the dinner and give a cup of wine to daughter to come in after the dinner and give a cup of wine to whomsoever she wished of the suitors who were present; and to whomsoever she wished of the suitors who were present; and to whomsoever she gave it, he was the bridegroom. Now the daughter whomsoever she gave it, he was the bridegroom. Now the daughter came in and either at random or for some reason gave the cup to came in and either at random or for some reason gave the cup to Euxenos; and the daughter was called Petta. And when this happened Euxenos; and the daughter was called Petta. And when this happened and the father asked him to her on the grounds that the gift was and the father asked him to her on the grounds that the gift was ordained by providence, Euxenos took her as his wife and lived with ordained by providence, Euxenos took her as his wife and lived with her, changing her name to Aristoxene; and there is a family in her, changing her name to Aristoxene; and there is a family in Massalia to this day descended from her and called Protiadai; for the Massalia to this day descended from her and called Protiadai; for the son of Euxenos and Aristoxene was Protis.” (Athenaeus 13. 576A-B. son of Euxenos and Aristoxene was Protis.” (Athenaeus 13. 576A-B. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 19)Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 19)

A Case of Bad Relations:A Case of Bad Relations:Cyrene AgainCyrene Again

And under Battos, the founder of Kyrene, who ruled for forty years, And under Battos, the founder of Kyrene, who ruled for forty years, and his son Arkesilaos, who ruled for sixteen years, the Kyrenaians in and his son Arkesilaos, who ruled for sixteen years, the Kyrenaians in the settlement remained the same in number as had originally been the settlement remained the same in number as had originally been sent out to the colony; but under the third king, Battos surnamed the sent out to the colony; but under the third king, Battos surnamed the Fortunate, the priestess (at Delphi encouraged all the Greeks to sail to Fortunate, the priestess (at Delphi encouraged all the Greeks to sail to in order to settle Libya jointly with Kyrenaians; for these were in order to settle Libya jointly with Kyrenaians; for these were summoning others to share in the parceling of the land….A large summoning others to share in the parceling of the land….A large population thus developed at Kyrene and the Libyans who lived in the population thus developed at Kyrene and the Libyans who lived in the neighborhood found themselves deprived of a great deal of land; so neighborhood found themselves deprived of a great deal of land; so they and their king, whose name was Adikran, on the grounds that they and their king, whose name was Adikran, on the grounds that they were being deprived of their land and were being treated they were being deprived of their land and were being treated insolently by the Kyrenaians, sent to Egypt and put themselves under insolently by the Kyrenaians, sent to Egypt and put themselves under the protection of Apries, king of Egypt. And he collected a large the protection of Apries, king of Egypt. And he collected a large number of Egyptians and sent it against Kyrene. But the Kyrenaians number of Egyptians and sent it against Kyrene. But the Kyrenaians marched out to the place called Irasa and the well called Thestes and marched out to the place called Irasa and the well called Thestes and joined battle with the Egyptians and were victorious.” (Herodotus, joined battle with the Egyptians and were victorious.” (Herodotus, HistoriesHistories 4.157-159. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 16A) 4.157-159. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 16A)

What do you think the consequences of colonization were for Greece and the wider

Mediterranean world?

The Implications of Greek The Implications of Greek ColonizationColonization

Facilitated the evolution of the polis and Facilitated the evolution of the polis and politeiapoliteia (Communities (Communities founded from scratch; opportunity to think about the ideal polis).founded from scratch; opportunity to think about the ideal polis).

Fostered Pan-Hellenism (Community of Greeks surrounded by non-Fostered Pan-Hellenism (Community of Greeks surrounded by non-Greeks; many colonists drawn from multiple poleis).Greeks; many colonists drawn from multiple poleis).

The Oracle of Delphi and the Olympic Games.The Oracle of Delphi and the Olympic Games.

The spread of Greek culture and influence throughout the The spread of Greek culture and influence throughout the Mediterranean basin; influenced the development of other Mediterranean basin; influenced the development of other civilizations (i.e. Etruscans, Romans, Latins etc.); the civilizations (i.e. Etruscans, Romans, Latins etc.); the NostoiNostoi (i.e. (i.e. Herakles, Aeneas, Odysseus, Jason etc).Herakles, Aeneas, Odysseus, Jason etc).

Absorption of external cultural elements; the “orientalizing period.”Absorption of external cultural elements; the “orientalizing period.”

The Pan-Hellenic Nature of The Pan-Hellenic Nature of Some ColoniesSome Colonies

““And Ephorus says that these were the first Greek cities to And Ephorus says that these were the first Greek cities to be founded in Sicily, in the tenth generation after the Trojan be founded in Sicily, in the tenth generation after the Trojan War. For earlier men feared the pirates from Etruria and the War. For earlier men feared the pirates from Etruria and the savagery of the natives in the area, so that they did not savagery of the natives in the area, so that they did not even sail there by way of trade. But Theokles the Athenian even sail there by way of trade. But Theokles the Athenian was carried to Sicily by the wind and observed both the was carried to Sicily by the wind and observed both the weakness of the natives and the richness of the land; when weakness of the natives and the richness of the land; when he returned, he failed to persuade any Athenians, but took he returned, he failed to persuade any Athenians, but took many of the Chalkidians of Euboia and some of the Ionians many of the Chalkidians of Euboia and some of the Ionians (of Asia Minor) and even some of the Dorians, of whom the (of Asia Minor) and even some of the Dorians, of whom the majority were Megarians, and so sailed. And the Chalkidians majority were Megarians, and so sailed. And the Chalkidians founded Naxos and the Dorians Megara, which was earlier founded Naxos and the Dorians Megara, which was earlier called Hybla….” (Strabo, called Hybla….” (Strabo, GeographyGeography 6.2.2. Crawford & 6.2.2. Crawford & Whitehead, Doc. 15)Whitehead, Doc. 15)

Temple of Herakles:Temple of Herakles:Akragas, Sicily (ca. 500 BCE)Akragas, Sicily (ca. 500 BCE)

http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Cities/Agrigentum.html

Tomb Painting – Paestum, Tomb Painting – Paestum, Italy ca. 490-470 BCEItaly ca. 490-470 BCE

Etruscan and Latin Etruscan and Latin Adaptation of Greek ScriptAdaptation of Greek Script

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/images3/EtruscanLatin.jpg

The Nestor Cup (Ca. 750 The Nestor Cup (Ca. 750 BCE)BCE)

http://mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu/cciv243/cciv243.NestCup.html