Colonial SettlementMr. Webster’s Class

Vocabulary

• technology – the use of scientific knowledge for practical purposes• circumnavigate – to go around completely• conquistador – Spanish explorer• immunity – resistance• pueblo – a town and center of trade in Spanish America• mission – a Spanish community for the religious conversion

and training of Native Americans• presidio – a fort in Spanish America• plantation – a large farm

“Age of Exploration” Research Assignment – due 9/15• For this assignment, you are to research a topic that

relates to the exploration and settlement of the American continents.• You must then create a 3-paragraph paper that explores

the topic in depth. To conduct your research, you MUST consult a historical source and cite the source as well. PLAGIARISM WILL NOT BE TOLERATED! • In addition to your paper, you must also produce an

illustration to present to the class. Your illustration can be a poster, a power point presentation, a 3-dimensional likeness, a play, poem, or rap.

“Age of Exploration” Research Assignment – worth 50 pointsResearch Paper – worth 30 points

• Paragraph One - 10 points• Paragraph Two – 10 points• Paragraph Three – 10

points• ***Each paragraph should

be at least 5 sentences. Grading will be based on accuracy of content, following instructions, and grammar and punctuation.***

Presentation – worth 20 points

• Accuracy of Content – 10 points• Creativity / Effort – 10

points

Europe - the 1400s

• By the 1400s, Europe was finally emerging from the Dark Ages and European countries competed to find a sea route to the Indies – islands located southeast of Asia.• The Indies were a source of

valuable spices, which were used as medicine and also to keep food from spoiling.• Sailors from Portugal were the first

to find a new route that involved sailing around Africa.

Christopher Columbus

• Italian-born Christopher Columbus hoped to find a different route to Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean.• New technology, (including better maps, better ships, and better tools,) helped make Columbus’s voyage possible.• To make his voyage a reality,

Columbus needed help funding it.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

• In time, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain agreed to fund the expedition. • They knew that if Columbus found a new route to Asia, Spain would grow rich from the increased trade.• In addition, Columbus promised the Spanish monarchs that he would bring Christianity to any lands he found.

Columbus’s Voyage

• On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain. • Columbus had three ships – the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.• The three ships carried about 90

sailors and a 6-month supply of food and water.• Still, after a few weeks at sea, the

sailors grew nervous about the distance they had traveled. • Many wanted to turn back around.

Columbus refused.

Columbus “Discovers” America

• On October 12, 1492, Columbus and his crew finally spotted land!• Columbus named the island that he found San Salvador, and claimed it for Spain. It is located in what is now the Bahamas.• Unaware of America’s existence, Columbus believed he had arrived in the Indies, off the coast of Asia.

Encountering the Natives

• The natives that Columbus encountered were peaceful and friendly.• Columbus called the natives “Indians,” since he thought he had arrived in the Indies.• Columbus noted that the natives lacked modern weaponry, and that they could be easily conquered.• Before returning to Spain, Columbus

kidnapped a handful of natives and later presented them to the Spanish king and queen.

Columbus’s “Discoveries”

• After his first voyage, Columbus made three more voyages to the Americas.• Throughout the course of his

voyages, he “discovered” a number of places, including Cuba, Hispañola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica.• It is generally accepted by

historians that Columbus died thinking the lands he found were a part of Asia.• Clip

Assignment - Mapping Florida (worth 25 points)• In Christopher Columbus’s day, mapmaking was a profession that required

dedication, precision, and skill. Explorers took detailed notes and observations of the places they traveled in an effort to create accurate and precise maps for future voyages.

• Oftentimes, maps from this time period contained illustrations that were creative and colorful, and many of these maps are now considered works of art.

• In this assignment, you are to try your own hand at mapmaking by using the clues you have been provided to create an accurate map of Florida.

• Your map must include the following locations: Jacksonville, Tallahassee, Pensacola, Orlando, Tampa, Miami, Key West, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Georgia, & Alabama

• The assignment is worth 25 points, and I will be grading as follows:• Accuracy – 10 points• Completeness – 10 points• Creativity / Color – 5 points

Assignment – Mapping Florida Clues

• Jacksonville is located approximately 30 miles south of the FL/GA border and 15 miles west of the Atlantic Ocean, in the northeastern corner of the state.• Tallahassee is located approximately 150 miles west of Jacksonville.• Pensacola is located approximately 200 miles west of Tallahassee.• Orlando is located approximately 130 miles directly south of Jacksonville.• Tampa is located approximately 75 miles southwest of Orlando near the

west coast of the state.• Miami is located approximately 350 miles south of Jacksonville on the

eastern coast of the state.• Key West is located approximately 140 miles southwest of Miami.• The state of Florida is bordered by Alabama to the northwest, Georgia to the

northeast, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Gulf of Mexico to the west.

Amerigo Vespucci

• After Columbus, other voyages explored the Americas. • In 1502, Amerigo Vespucci concluded that South America was a separate continent, and not part of Asia.• As a result, European geographers began calling the continent “America,” in honor of Vespucci.

The Columbian Exchange

• The voyages of European explorers brought America to the forefront of Europe’s attention.• The voyages also led to the exchange of people, plants, animals, and germs.• This exchange, known as the Columbian Exchange, had a great effect on the world’s culture.• For Native Americans, contact with Europeans introduced new diseases, which had devastating effects.

Searching for Riches

• When Spanish explorers reached the Americas, natives told tales of gold, silver, and kingdoms wealthy beyond belief. • Although many of these

tales proved to be false, the Spanish traveled far and wide in search of these riches.• These early Spanish explorers were known as conquistadors.

Mexico and Peru

• Although many of the tales of gold and riches proved to be false, some were true. Two of the richest empires were the Aztec (in Mexico) and the Inca (in Peru).• In 1519, Hernán Cortés landed on the east coast of present-day Mexico. Within two years, Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire that ruled the region. • In 1533, Francisco Pizarro led an army into the Inca capital of Cuzco (Peru), and quickly defeated the natives.• The conquest of these empires brought Spain great wealth.

Why Spain Won

• The Spanish were able to defeat both the Aztecs and the Incas for the following reasons:• The Spanish had weapons

and animals that the Aztec and Inca had never seen. They had guns, cannons, horses, and ferocious dogs. To the natives, the Spanish almost seemed like gods.• Disease also played a large

role. For many native groups, contact with Europeans was deadly since they had no resistance to European diseases.

Ponce de León and Florida

• Not all of Spain’s conquests generated great wealth. Such is the case with Florida.• On April 2, 1513, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León came ashore on the Florida coast. • He claimed the territory for Spain, and is credited with “discovering” it and naming it “La Florida.”• According to legend, Ponce de León was searching for the mythical fountain of youth. No such fountain was ever found.

Early Colonization Efforts in Florida

• In 1521, Ponce de León returned to Florida with the intent to establish a settlement. However, his expedition was attacked by natives and Ponce de León died a few days later.

• In 1528, another Spaniard, Panfilo de Narvaez tried to start a colony in Florida. His expedition was disastrous. Out of the 300 men who began the expedition, only 4 survived.

• In 1536, the four survivors finally reached Mexico and rejoined Spanish society. One of the survivors was Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca, who wrote an account of his experiences throughout the voyage.

Early Exploration Milestones

• 1492 – Columbus “discovers” America• 1501 – The first African slaves are sent to the Caribbean• 1502 – Amerigo Vespucci concludes that America is a separate

continent• 1513 – Vasco Nunez de Balboa “discovers” the Pacific Ocean• 1513 – Juan Ponce de Leon “discovers” Florida• 1521 – Hernán Cortes conquers the Aztec Empire in Mexico• 1520-1522 – The crew of Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigate

the world• 1533 – Francisco Pizarro conquers the Incan Empire in Peru

Early Spanish Settlements in the Americas• Santo Domingo (D.R.) – 1496• Havana (Cuba) – 1515• Panama City (Panama) – 1519• San Juan (Puerto Rico) – 1521• Mexico City (Mexico) – 1521

• Originally Tenochtitlan - 1325

• Spanish Town (Jamaica) - 1534• Lima (Peru) – 1535• Asunción (Paraguay) - 1537• Santiago (Chile) - 1541• St. Augustine (U.S.A) - 1565

St. Augustine

• In 1564, a group of French settlers established a colony in Florida. They named it Fort Caroline.• One year later, in 1565, the Spanish founded a settlement of their own and drove out the French. They named the settlement St. Augustine.• To this day, St. Augustine remains the oldest permanent European settlement in the United States.

Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation• In 1517, a German priest named Martin Luther nailed a list of complaints on the door of a local Catholic church.• His ideas helped spark the Protestant Reformation.• During the Protestant Reformation, many Christians began to reject the teachings of the Catholic church and the leadership of the pope.

Religious Rivalries in Europe

• In 1533, King Henry VIII of England left the Catholic Church and established the Church of England.• His daughter Queen Mary I,

however, reinstated Catholicism during her brief reign• It was finally during the reign

of Elizabeth I (Henry’s daughter and Mary’s sister) that England became firmly established as a Protestant nation.

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

• England’s Protestantism often caused conflict with Spain.• In 1588, King Philip of Spain

sent an armada, or war fleet, of ships to attack and invade England. • At the time, Spain had the

mightiest navy in the world. • In an upset victory, England defeated the Spanish Armada and ended Spain’s dominance of the seas.

Sir Walter Raleigh and Roanoke Colony• Having noticed Spain’s successes in

America, other European powers were eager to achieve similar successes. • In 1584, Queen Elizabeth I of England

gave Sir Walter Raleigh the right to claim land in North America.• Raleigh soon dispatched an expedition,

and his scouts select Roanoke as a suitable site for colonization. • Roanoke was located within Virginia,

which was named after Queen Elizabeth, the “Virgin Queen.”

Roanoke Timeline

• April 1585 – Richard Grenville leads an expedition to Roanoke with plans to establish a settlement.• August 1585 – Grenville goes

back to England to acquire more supplies. He leaves 107 men behind to establish the colony.• Meanwhile in Roanoke, tensions

escalate between the Natives and the English settlers.

Roanoke Timeline Cont.

• 1586 – Natives attack the settlement at Roanoke. Following the attack, Sir Francis Drake stops by the settlement and offers to take the colonists back to England. They accept his offer.• Upon returning to the

settlement, Grenville finds it abandoned. He returns to England, leaving behind only a small detachment.

Roanoke

• On July 22, 1587, a new group of colonists arrive in Roanoke and establish a colony. They are led by John White. When they arrive, they find nothing or no one, except a skeleton. • Shortly after arriving on the island,

White’s daughter, who was part of the expedition, gives birth. • White’s granddaughter, Virginia Dare, is the first English child born in North America.

Roanoke

• White tries to re-establish relations with the Natives, but the Natives refuse to meet with him. • After an English colonist is killed by one of the local Indians, the colonists persuade White to return to England to ask for help. • Approximately 115 settlers stay

behind, including White’s newly born granddaughter – Virginia Dare.

Roanoke – The Lost Colony

• When White leaves, he instructs the colonists to carve a Maltese cross into a nearby tree should they face distress and be forced to relocate. • As a result of fighting between

Spain and England, White is unable to return to Roanoke until 1590 (3 years later).• Upon returning, White finds the colony deserted.

Roanoke – The Lost Colony

• There is no sign of struggle or battle, and the only clues come from the word “Croatoan” carved into a fencepost and “Cro” carved into a tree.• Because of an approaching storm,

White’s expedition is forced to return to England without searching Croatoan.• Almost 20 years go by before

another search is conducted.• The colonists are never seen again…• Clip

So what happened to them????

Roanoke Assignment – worth 25 points• First, you need to choose a theory about the Lost Colony that you feel is most

plausible.• Second, you need to pretend that you are one of the Roanoke colonists.• Third, based on the theory you have chosen, you need to create a message that

will inform rescuers of your whereabouts.** You have the option to draw your message, or you can write it out. Either way, your finished product needs to be clear and concise so that if it was found, it would be easily understood. **Feel free to be creative, but remember to base your finished product on the evidence you have been given.I will be grading as follows:Plausibility of Theory – 10 pointsCompleteness / Followed Instructions – 10 pointsCreativity / Effort – 5 points

Jamestown• Following the ordeal at Roanoke, the next

attempt at colonization did not occur until 1606.

• In December 1606, the Virginia Company of London sent 144 settlers to America. The settlers traveled in three ships and arrived in April 1607.

• The first women did not arrive until a year later in 1608.

• They named their new settlement Jamestown, and it was located within the colony of Virginia.

• Jamestown is the oldest permanent English settlement in America.

Captain John Smith

• The Jamestown colonists did not find gold or riches in Virginia, only hardship. They survived partly because of Capt. John Smith, who forced the settlers to work.• Smith also built ties with the local Powhatan tribe, who helped feed the English.• Relations between the English and the

natives was initially peaceful, but things turned sour though when the English colonists began stealing from the native food supplies.

The Starving Time

• In late 1609, Smith was injured and had to return to England. The colony struggled as the Powhatan stopped providing food.• During the winter of 1609-1610, the Jamestown colonists experienced what is known as “the starving time.”• Out of 500 colonists, only 60 survived.• Somehow Jamestown survived this terrible time. More colonists arrived to replace those who had died, and the colonists found a way to make money by growing tobacco.

Pocahontas

• Captain John Smith is perhaps best remembered for his relationship with Pocahontas, who was the daughter of the Powhatan chief.• According to an account by Smith, Pocahontas risked her own life to save his. • Because of Smith’s account, the two are

often romantically linked in fictional versions of their lives.• In the centuries since her death,

Pocahontas’s life has been become the stuff of legend.

Pocahontas• In 1613, Pocahontas converted to Christianity and took the name Rebecca. • The following year she married the tobacco planter John Rolfe. Their marriage is the first recorded interracial marriage in North American history. • Pocahontas’s marriage with

Rolfe created a climate of peace between the English and the Natives.

Pocahontas

• In 1615, Pocahontas became a mother to a son named Thomas.• The following year, she traveled

to London, where she saw John Smith again and met the king.• In 1617, while returning to

Virginia from London, Pocahontas became ill and died. • Clip 1• Clip 2

Jamestown and Slavery

• The success of the tobacco crop in Jamestown ultimately brought about the importation of African slaves. • In 1619, the first slaves arrived in Virginia.• Within a matter of decades,

slavery had become a firmly entrenched part of Southern society and economy.• Clip

Jamestown DBQ Assignment (worth 25 points)• For this assignment, you are to read “Early Jamestown: Why Did So Many

Colonists Die?” and work with your partner to answer the questions contained throughout the reading.• Once you have read through the documents and answered all questions,

you and your partner must brainstorm so that you may EACH create YOUR OWN 1-paragraph reflection that answers the question from the title, “Why did so many colonists die?”• Your reflection should contain at least 5 sentences, it should be clear and

concise, and it should successfully answer the question mentioned above.• Even though you will be working with a partner throughout this exercise,

you must turn in your own reflection and set of answers. • The completed set of answers from the packet will be worth 20 points,

and the reflection will be worth 5 points.

Vocabulary

• joint-stock company – a company in which investors buy stock in return for a share of its future profits• tolerance – the ability to accept or put up with different views or

behaviors• indentured servant – laborer who agrees to work without pay for

a certain period of time in exchange for passage to America• debtor – a person or country that owes money• triangular trade – trade route between three destinations, such

as Britain, West Africa, and the West Indies• slave code – rules focusing on the behavior and punishment of

enslaved people

Separatists

• While the Jamestown settlers had come to America seeking wealth, the next wave of English colonists arrived in search of religious freedom.• The people that we now know as Pilgrims were originally called Separatists.• Separatists derived their name from the fact that they wanted to “separate” from the Church of England.• Beginning in 1606, a group of Separatists

began meeting privately at a house in their home town of Scrooby, England.

From Scrooby to Holland• The Separatists were often

persecuted, and many were fined and thrown into prison.• In 1607, the Scrooby Separatists decided to relocate to Holland.• In Holland, the Separatists could practice their own religion, but they found the Dutch customs strange. They wanted to retain their English identity, culture, and language.• After living in Holland for a decade,

they decide to relocate.

Relocating to America• The Separatists began making

plans to settle in America as they had received permission to practice their religion freely there.• They obtained grants of land from

the Virginia Company, and planned to settle near the mouth of the Hudson River (present-day New York City).• Their trip was financed by a stock

company.

The Mayflower

• Initially, there were two ships that were supposed to make the voyage to America: the Speedwell and the Mayflower.• Shortly after setting sail, the

Speedwell began taking in water and the colonists had to turn back.• Finally, the Pilgrims (Separatists) successfully set sail aboard the Mayflower in September of 1620.

The Voyage of the Mayflower

• There were 102 passengers on the Mayflower. One passenger died during the voyage, and there was one birth. • The first land the Pilgrims sighted was Cape Cod – well north of their target.• Shoals and currents made it

difficult for the Pilgrims to proceed to their destination.

Plymouth / The Mayflower Compact

• The Pilgrims decided to come ashore at a place they called Plymouth. This happened in December 1620.• Plymouth was well outside the territory of the Virginia Company.• While still aboard the ship, the Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, which created an orderly and democratic form of government for the settlement.

The First Year

• During the first winter, almost half of the Pilgrims died.• Luckily, two Native Americans,

Squanto and Samoset, befriended the colonists.• Squanto and Samoset taught the Pilgrims how to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins, and showed them where to hunt and fish.

The First Thanksgiving• Squanto and Samoset helped the

Pilgrims make peace with the Wampanoag people who lived in the area.• For a time, the two groups lived in

harmony.• In the fall of 1621, the Pilgrims included their Wampanoag friends in a feast of thanksgiving. • To this day, Americans celebrate

Thanksgiving in honor of this precedent established by the Pilgrims.• Clip

Early North American Settlements (excluding Mexico and the Caribbean)

• St. Augustine (Spanish) – 1565

• Roanoke (English) – 1587 (vanished by 1590)

• Jamestown, VA (English) – 1607

• Quebec City (French) – 1608

• Santa Fe, NM (Spanish) – 1610

• Plymouth, MA (English) – 1620

• New Amsterdam (Dutch) – 1625 (now New York City)

• Boston, MA (English) – 1630

• Fort Christina (Swedish) – 1638 (now Wilmington, DE)

New England Colonies – Massachusetts and New Hampshire

• Massachusetts was founded by Puritans. In 1630, they settled in a place they called Boston.• During the 1630s, more than 15,000

Puritans journeyed to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution. This is known as the Great Migration.• The Puritans were devoutly religious, and had little tolerance for different beliefs.• New Hampshire was the

northernmost colony, and it was first settled in the 1620s.

New England Colonies – Rhode Island and

Connecticut • Rhode Island was founded by Roger Williams in 1636.• Williams was forced by Mass.

leaders to leave the colony. He found refuge with the Narragansett, and later founded the town of Providence.

• Connecticut was founded by Thomas Hooker in 1636.• Hooker founded the town of

Hartford, and in January 1639, the Connecticut Colony adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the 1st written constitution in America.

Middle Colonies – New York and New Jersey•New York was originally settled by the Dutch, and it was called New Netherlands.• The main settlement in New

Netherlands was New Amsterdam (now New York City), and it was settled in 1625.

• The English took over the colony in 1664 and renamed it New York, after the Duke of York.

• New Jersey was originally part of New Netherlands, until the Duke of York decided to divide the colony.• New Jersey did not have a natural harbor, so

it did not develop any major ports or cities.

Middle Colonies – Pennsylvania and Delaware• Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn, who was a Quaker.• In 1682, Penn founded the city

of Philadelphia, which means the “City of Brotherly Love.”

• Delaware was originally founded by Swedes.• The major settlement was Fort

Christina, now Wilmington, settled in 1638.

• In 1655, the Dutch overthrew the Swedes

• In 1664, the English overthrew the Dutch.

Southern Colonies – Maryland and Virginia• Maryland was established in 1634 as a

haven for English Catholics.• Maryland’s economy quickly became based

around the production of tobacco, and many indentured servants and slaves were imported into the colony.

• Virginia was the first English colony in America.• After its difficult beginnings, Virginia

eventually became successful, largely because of tobacco.

• Many Englishmen came to Virginia as indentured servants, and the first African slaves arrived in Virginia in 1619.

Southern Colonies – The Carolinas and Georgia• North Carolina & South Carolina were initially founded as one colony: Carolina.• In time, the northern and southern portions developed

separate identities and they split apart.• Farmers from Virginia settled North Carolina and tobacco

became a major crop, while settlers in South Carolina took advantage of fertile soil and the settlement at Charles Town (established in 1680).

• Georgia was founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe.• Oglethorpe received a charter to create a colony

where debtors and poor people could create a fresh start.

• Savannah was the colony’s most important city.

• Clip

Slavery

• By the time Europeans began sailing to the Americas, slavery was widely practiced in West Africa.• Many West African kingdoms enslaved those they defeated in war.• Some were sold to Arab slave

traders; others were forced to work in gold mines or farm fields.• The arrival of Europeans in America created a huge demand for slaves.

Slavery

• For Africans, the voyage to America usually began with a march to a European fort on the West African coast. • There they were sold to

Europeans, who loaded them on ships.• The trip across the ocean was called the “Middle Passage.”• The Middle Passage was the “middle” leg of the triangular trade.

The Middle Passage

• The Middle Passage was a terrible ordeal.• Prisoners were chained together for

more than a month, and they could barely sit or stand.• They received little food or water.• Those who died or became sick

were thrown overboard.• Those who refused to eat were

whipped.• Those who survived were put up

for sale as laborers to plantation owners.

Life as a Slave

• Some slaves did housework, but most worked in the fields.• Many colonies had slave codes, or

rules governing the behavior and punishment of slaves.• Some slave codes made it illegal to teach enslaved people to read and write.• Punishments ranged from whipping

to hanging or even burning to death.

Life as a Slave• Although enslaved Africans had

strong family ties, their families were often torn apart.• Many slaves found strength in their African roots.• They developed a culture that drew on the languages, customs, and religions of their homelands.• This culture has become an imbedded part of American life. • Clip

King Philip’s War

• King Philip’s War (1675-78) was an armed conflict between the Native American and English inhabitants of New England.• The war resulted from English expansion onto Native lands.• King Philip’s war had

devastating effects. Roughly 10% of adult English males were killed, and approx. 2/3 of the Native population died as well.

The Golden Age of Piracy

• The “Golden Age of Piracy” lasted from approximately 1650 to 1720. • During this period, pirates took advantage of the lucrative maritime trade that existed between the various European powers and their overseas colonies.• Oftentimes, Europeans powers

openly employed privateers to attack foreign vessels and ports.

Piracy in Florida

• Throughout its history, St. Augustine has been attacked multiple times by pirates. • In 1586, English privateer Sir

Francis Drake raided and burned the city. In 1668, Robert Searle did the same.• As a result, the Spanish constructed the Castillo de San Marcos.• The Castillo was constructed

between 1672 and 1695, and it is the oldest fort in the U.S.A.

Pirate History

• A General History of the Pyrates (published in 1724) is the prime source for our historical knowledge of pirates.• This book contains biographies of the

most notable pirates, such as “Blackbeard.” • In 1718, notorious pirate Edward Teach,

or “Blackbeard” staged a successful blockade of Charles Town (SC), but was later hunted down and killed off of Ocracoke Inlet in North Carolina.• Clip

Salem Witch Trials

• The Salem Witch Trials was a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft• They occurred in 1692 in Salem Village, which was a part of Massachusetts colony.• The trials were one of the most notorious cases of mass hysteria in American history.• Overall, 19 people were hanged, 1 person was pressed to death, and others died in jail while awaiting trial.• Clip

Salem Witch Trial Writing Assignment (worth 25 points)

• For this assignment, you are to write about the Salem Witch Trials from the perspective of EITHER accuser or accused.• If you choose to write from the perspective of an accuser, you need to

make an argument as to why you feel the accused are guilty of witchcraft.• If you choose to write from the perspective of the accused, you need

to defend you (or your client’s) actions and explain why you (they) are innocent.• The paper should consist of at least three 5-sentence paragraphs, and

it should include background information as is listed in the handout you have been provided.• Each paragraph is worth 5 points. Punctuation / grammar is also

worth 5 points, and I will be giving 5 points for creativity.

Colonial America – Population Figures• The number of people living in the 13

colonies rose from about 250,000 in 1700 to around 2.5 million by the mid-1770s. • The population of African-Americans

increased from around 28,000 to 500,000.• Immigration was a major factor in the

population growth.• Between 1607 and 1775, an estimated

690,000 Europeans came to the colonies, as well as 278,000 enslaved Africans.

Colonial America – Spirit of Independence• Since American colonists

were far from the rules and limits of their home countries, many began to develop their own ways of doing things.• People adapted their traditions

to their new conditions of life.• Religion, education, and the arts

contributed to a new American culture.• The family formed the basic

foundation of colonial society.

Colonial Society

• In colonial America, men were the formal heads of the households and they managed the farm or business and represented the family in the community.• Women ran their households, cared for

children, and many worked in the fields with their husbands. Women had few rights.• Children as young as 4 or 5 often had

jobs. When they played, they enjoyed simple games like hopscotch or leap frog. Their toys were usually made from common objects .

Colonial America - Education

• Most colonists valued education.• It was important for people to be able to read and study the Bible.• Parents often taught their children to read and write at home.• Public education was most common

in New England.• The earliest colleges were founded

to train minsters. • The first college in the colonies was Harvard. It was founded in 1636.

The Great Awakening• Religion had a strong influence on

colonial life.• In the 1730s and 1740s, a religious revival called the Great Awakening swept through the colonies.• Ministers called for a return to the

strong faith of the earlier days.• Two important ministers were

Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield

The Enlightenment

• By the mid-1700s, many educated colonists were influenced by the Enlightenment. • This movement spread the idea that knowledge, reason, and science could improve society.• In the colonies, the Enlightenment

increased interest in science.• It also promoted freedom of thought

and expression, and the ideas of equality and popular government.

Extra Credit Opportunity – due 10/14• For this assignment, you must conduct research and construct a paragraph

AND visual aid that examines one of the following topics:• Golden Age of Piracy• Salem Witch Trials• Atlantic Slave Trade• King Philip’s War• First Thanksgiving

• Your finished product MUST include a source so that I know where you got your information. You are NOT simply using your notes from class.

• This assignment is worth 20 points. Both the paragraph and visual aid will be worth 10 points. In the paragraph, I will be looking to make sure your content is factual, and that your thoughts flow together. For the visual aid, I will be looking for accuracy of content and creativity and effort.

• LATE SUBMISSIONS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED!