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COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION University of the Philippines Diliman

FORMAT GUIDEBOOK FOR

THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY

APRIL 2016 Version 1

Guidebook 2016, page 2

This document is designed as a guide for preparing and presenting theses and dissertations at the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.

This guidebook uses inputs from the style manuals of the UP School of Library and

Information Science and the Ohio University. It was originally developed in 2008 by the Thesis Format Committee organized by Dean Elena Pernia. The committee was chaired by Dr. Fernando D. Paragas with Prof. Yvonne T. Chua, Ms. Luzviminda J. Matulac, Dr.

Perlita G. Manalili, and Dr. Arminda V. Santiago as members. It was subsequently revised by Dr. Fernando D. Paragas on April 2016 following new guidelines for public

access to theses and dissertations.


CONTENTS OF THE GUIDEBOOK

I. General Guidelines A. Formatting of Text

B. Formatting of Charts, Pictures and Illustrations, and Tables and Matrices C. Submission Procedures

II. Formatting Guidelines A. Sample Cover

B. Sample Spine C. Sample Title Page for B.A. Theses D. Sample Title Page for M.A. Theses and Dissertations

E. Sample University Permission Page F. Sample Approval Sheet Page for B.A. Theses

G. Sample Approval Sheet Page for M.A. Theses and Dissertations H. Sample Biographical Page I. Sample Acknowledgment Page

J. Sample Dedication Page K. Abstract Page Samples

L. Sample Table of Contents M. Sample Lists N. Sample Page Layout

O. Sample First Page of a Chapter P. Subheads

Q. Sample Tables R. Sample Chart S. Sample Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations)

T. Sample Matrix

III. Supplementary Materials A. Basic Outline of Chapters and Sections B. Basic Writing Guidelines

C. Memorandum No. FRN 15-038

IV. Online Resources Please consult the following websites for citation and reference styles:

- APA Style Guide: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/

- MLA Style Guide: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/11/

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/11/


I. GENERAL GUIDELINES

A. Formatting of Text

Use the following for the entire document: 1. Citation and references: Use APA (American Psychological Association) 6th

Edition or MLA (Modern Language Association) for in-text citation and the listing of references. Do not mix citation styles.

2. Font: Times New Roman 12 points or Arial 11 points normal, for the entire document, except for footnotes (see below). No other font may be used, even for the preliminary section.

3. Paper: White, 8.5” x 11”, 80gsm. No special paper may be used in any part of the document, except for photo paper for pictures, graphics, and other illustrations.

4. Margin: 1.5” for the left margin, 1.0” for the top, right, and bottom margins 5. Justification. Use ragged right margin because this is more readable than forced

justify margin.

6. Spacing: Double spacing for the entire document. No additional spacing between paragraphs. Add an extra double space between sections.

7. Page numbers: Place page numbers in the header, on the top right corner. Follow these formatting guidelines for specific pages in the document. Examples are in Sections III and IV.

a. For all pages preceding the first chapter, use lowercase Roman numerals (i, ii, iii…). However, page numbers shall first appear on the Table of Contents.

Although the Title, Approval Sheet, Biographical Data, Acknowledgment, Dedication, and Abstract pages are counted in the pagination, their page numbers are not shown.

b. For the body, use Hindu-Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3…). Numbering should begin with the first page of the first chapter, but the page number should not appear on

the first page. Similarly, the first page of each succeeding chapter should have no page number.

c. Page numbers stand alone, with no special formatting. Do not use dashes (-2-) or

the word “Page” (Ex.: Page 2) to identify page numbers. 8. Footnotes should be used instead of endnotes to promote readability. Place

sequentially numbered footnotes at the bottom of the appropriate page. Footnotes must be single-spaced, using Times New Roman 11 points or Arial 10 points. Footnotes must be separated from the main body by a short line.

B. Formatting of Charts, Pictures and Illustrations, and Tables and Matrices 1. Charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices should appear on the same

page or on the following page after they are mentioned in the text. Put an extra double space before and after these items. Photo paper may be used for charts, pictures, and

illustrations.


2. Images must fit and be centered within margins. If a table, figure, or picture does not fit in a portrait page layout, change to a landscape layout. Put this landscaped page

immediately after the page that cites the table, figure, or picture. The landscaped page must have a 1.5” margin at the top, and 1.0” margin on all others. Landscaped pages

must be oriented away from the binding. 3. No text should appear to the left or to the right of the charts, pictures and illustrations,

and tables and matrices.

4. Label charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices chronologically using Hindu-Arabic numerals.

5. Put titles at the top of the charts, pictures and illustrations, and tables and matrices. Ensure that these titles match those in the Table of Contents and in the document. Titles must be flush left, rather than centered, on the page.

6. Place captions at the bottom of the pictures and illustrations. Captions must be single-spaced. Separate captions from the text with an extra double space.

C. Submission Procedures

The deadline for submission of loose leaf theses and dissertations is at least one

workweek before the last day for the submission of grades for graduating students to provide sufficient time for content and format checking, corrections and binding. For

example, if the deadline for submission of grades is June 7, theses and dissertations

must be approved for binding by the adviser before May 31.

Undergraduate and master’s theses must be hardbound using maroon leatherette with gold lettering. Doctoral dissertations must be hardbound using black leatherette with gold lettering.

The filenames for the digital files (either the document version or the digital version of

the production work) should be as follows: “Last Name, First Name Middle Name; the month and year of graduation; and the title of the thesis/dissertation (Ex.: De la Cruz, Juana Santos 04-07 A Case Study of the University of the Philippines College of Mass

Communication)

The CD/DVD must be submitted in a thin transparent plastic case without any special cover or label. Simply write the title and the name/s of the author/s on the disc itself using an alcohol-based CD/DVD marker. The ink of ordinary pentel pens penetrates the disc

and destroys the files. Consult the CMC Library for an example.


To be considered for graduation, an undergraduate student should submit the following to his/her Department Secretary:

1. For Broadcast Communication

- Three hardbound copies—one each for the library, the department, and the student

- Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF format—one each for the

library, the department, the adviser, and the student - Four CD/DVD copies of any production work—one each for the library, the

department, the adviser, and the student

2. For Communication Research

- Three hardbound copies and three CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF format—one each for the library, the adviser, and the student.

- One additional CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the department

3. For Film - Four hardbound copies—one each for the library, the Institute, the adviser, and

the student - Four DVD copies of the production work—one for the library, the Institute, the

adviser, and the student. These DVD copies may use a designed cover.

- One CD/DVD copy of the consolidated thesis in PDF format for the library - One mini-DVD copy for the Institute

4. For Journalism

- Four CD/DVD copies of the consolidated thesis in PDF format—one each for the

library, the department, the adviser, and the student - One hardbound copy for the library

According to the 2006 UP CMC Rules for MA and PhD Students, an “applicant for graduation must submit to the Graduate Studies Department at least five (5) bound copies

and at least one digital copy of the approved master’s thesis as a prerequisite for graduation.”

Moreover, PhD students who are applying for graduation must submit to the Graduate Studies Department at least one pre-print (or pre-publication) paper on the approved

doctoral dissertation, where applicable, as another prerequisite for graduation.


II. FORMATTING GUIDELINES

External features

A. Cover B. Spine

Preliminary Section

C. Title page D. University Permission page

E. Approval Sheet page F. Biographical page

G. Acknowledgment page H. Dedication page I. Abstract page

J. Table of Contents K. List of Tables

Body

L. Page layout

M. First page of a chapter N. Subheads O. Tables

P. Chart Q. Graphics (Pictures, Illustrations)

R. Matrix


AN ACADEMIC LIFE:

A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION

JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ

COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN

APRIL 2008

Only one of the following may appear on the cover:

October for First Semester, April for Second

Semester, and May for

Summer graduation. Use

all caps.

The name of the College and the

University must appear about 3.5”

above the bottom edge of the cover. Please note the correct

spelling of UP

Diliman.

The month and the year of

graduation must appear about 2” above the bottom

edge of the cover.

A. SAMPLE COVER

All theses and dissertations must be hardbound. They must use gold lettering and

Times New Roman, 14 points, on the cover. Theses must be covered in deep maroon

leatherette and dissertations in black leatherette. Bound copies must measure 8.5”

by 11”.

All text in the cover must be single-spaced.

The full title must appear centered within

the cover, with the creative title (if any) on

the first line. Use all caps for the title.

Your FULL name must appear about 5.5” from

the top edge of the cover. Use all caps. In case of multiple

authors, vertically center your names

around 5.5” from the

top edge of the cover.

The title should appear 2.5” from

the top edge of

the cover.

Alphabetically list multiple authors

according to their surnames.


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B. SAMPLE SPINE

The spine must use

gold lettering and

Times New Roman, 14

points. All caps must be

used.

The first 3” must contain the

name/s of the author using this format: Surname, First name initials Middle name

initials. For streamlined look, remove periods after initials.

(Use DE LA CRUZ, JS. Do not use DE LA CRUZ J.S.) Name/s must be horizontally

and vertically centered within this space.

East Asian names may omit

the comma.

There is a single 6-point gold line at

the top and bottom areas of the spine, as well as between

the main items in it.

The middle 6” must contain the full title, which must be

horizontally and vertically

centered within this space.

The bottom 2” of the spine must contain the initials UP

CMC as well as the month and the year of graduation.


SOME NOTES ON THE FRONT SECTION OF THESES AND DISSERTATIONS

The required first three pages of theses and dissertations are as follows: 1. Title page

2. University Permission page 3. Approval page (this is the page where faculty members sign)

The first two pages are based on Memorandum No. FRN 15-038 issued by UP Diliman Vice Chancellor for Research and Development Fidel R. Nemenzo, DSc to clarify and

revise guidelines for public access to Theses and Dissertations. As the Memorandum indicates, theses and dissertations will be classified into one of only

four categories: - I: has patentable or registrable invention or registration

- P: author wishes to publish the work personally - C: confidential information of a third party is embedded - F: a regular work, i.e., it has no patentable invention or creation, the

author does not wish for personal publication, there is no confidential information.

Most theses and dissertations perhaps fall into the F category. If theses and dissertations are classified in any of the other categories, please consult the Memorandum which is

included the third chapter of this guidebook.


UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Bachelor of Arts in Broadcast Communication


JUAN REYES DE LOS SANTOS

A Case Study of the College of Mass Communication of the University of the Philippines

Thesis Adviser:

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree]

College of Mass Communication

University of the Philippines

Date of Submission

31 May 2016

Thesis Classification:

F

This thesis is available to the public.

Top margin: 1”

Bottom margin: 1”

C. SAMPLE TITLE PAGE FOR

B.A. THESES

Two double spaces from the top margin for the 1”x1” UP logo. The full UP name should be typed on the

third double space, followed by the degree and program name.

Type these three lines,

separated by double spaces,

from the bottom of the page.

Make sure you indicate the correct degree and program:

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN

- BROADCAST COMMUNICATION

- COMMUNICATION

RESEARCH - JOURNALISM

- FILM

Please follow the

system of capitalization

as indicated in this

example.

Left

margin:

1.5”

Two double spaces from the top margin. Your name should be in the third double space. List multiple

authors alphabetically, separated y single spaces

After your name/s, type your thesis title in italics.

Two double spaces above the Thesis Classification line, indicate the actual date

of submission of the bound

copy.

Two double spaces above the date of submission,

indicate your adviser: e.g., Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD


UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Master of Arts in Communication


A Case Study of the College of Mass Communication of the University of the Philippines

Thesis/Dissertation Adviser:




Thesis/Dissertation Reader:




Date of Submission

31 May 2016

Thesis Classification:

F

This thesis is available to the public.

Top margin: 1”

Bottom margin: 1”

C. SAMPLE TITLE PAGE FOR

M.A. THESES & PhD DISSERTATIONS


third double space, followed by the degree and program name.

Type these three lines,

separated by 1.5 spaces,

from the bottom of the page.

Make sure you indicate

the correct degree and program:

MASTER OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION

(COMMUNICATION RESEARCH)

MASTER OF ARTS IN MEDIA STUDIES

- (BROADCAST) - (FILM)

MASTER OF ARTS IN JOURNALISM

DOCTOR OF

PHILOSOPHY IN - COMMUNICATION - MEDIA STUDIES

Please follow the

system of capitalization

as indicated in this

example.

Left

margin:

1.5”

Two double spaces from the top margin. Your name should be in the third double space.

After your name/s, type your title in

italics.

Two 1.5 spaces above the Thesis Classification line, indicate the actual date of

submission of the bound

copy.

Two 1.5 spaces above the date of submission, indicate

your adviser and reader: .e.g., Professor Bituin N.

Masinag, PhD


UNIVERSITY PERMISSION PAGE

I hereby grant the University of the Philippines a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free license to reproduce, publish and publicly distribute copies of this thesis or dissertation in whatever form subject to the provisions of applicable laws, the provisions of the UP IPR

policy and any contractual obligation, as well as more specific permission marking the Title Page.

Specifically I grant the following rights to the University:

a) To upload a copy of the work in the thesis database of the college/school/institute/department and in any other databases available on the

public internet;

b) To publish the work in the college/school/institute/department journal, both in

print and electronic or digital format and online; and

c) To give open access to the above-mentioned work, thus allowing “fair use” of the work in accordance with the provision of the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293), especially for teaching, scholarly, and

research purposes.

JUANA S. DE LA CRUZ

JUAN REYES DE LOS SANTOS College of Mass Communication University of the Philippines

D. SAMPLE UNIVERSITY PERMISSION

PAGE

Top margin: 1”


third double space.


AN ACADEMIC LIFE:

A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION

by

JUANA SANTOS DE LA CRUZ (Author 2) (Author 3)

(Author 4)

has been approved for the [State your Department/Institute]

and the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication by


[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree] Dean, College of Mass Communication

Left margin:

1.5”

Top margin: 1”

Right margin:

1”

E. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR B.A. THESES

Nine single spaces from the title. The word “by” must be typed on

the tenth single space. Remove a space for every additional line in

the case of a long title.

Four single spaces from the preceding line. Type the name of the adviser on the fifth single space. Make sure you have the correct

name and degree of your adviser.

Ex:

Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD

CHOOSE ONE:

Department of

Broadcast Communication

Department of Communication Research

Department of Journalism

Film Institute

Department of Graduate Studies

Seven single spaces between the line of the

first author’s name and the line “has been

approved for.”

Four single spaces from the top margin. The title begins on the fifth

single space.

Four single spaces between the adviser’s name and the dean’s name. Type the

name of the dean on the

sixth single space.


AN ACADEMIC LIFE: A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

COLLEGE OF MASS COMMUNICATION

by


has been approved for

the [State your Department/Institute] and the University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication

by


Adviser

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Reader/Critic

[State Rank, Name of Adviser, Degree] Member


Member


Member

[State Rank, Name of the Dean, Degree] Dean, College of Mass Communication

Left

margin:

1.5”

Bottom margin: 1”

Right margin:

1”

E. SAMPLE APPROVAL SHEET FOR

M.A. THESES & Ph.D. DISSERTATIONS

Eight single spaces from the title. The word “by” must be typed on

the ninth single space. Remove a space for every additional line in

the case of a long title.

Four single spaces from the preceding line. Type the name of the adviser on the fifth single space. Make sure you have the correct

name and degree of your adviser.

CHOOSE ONE:

Department of

Broadcast Communication

Department of Communication Research

Department of Journalism

Film Institute

Department of Graduate Studies

Four single spaces between author’s name and the line

“has been approved for.”

Four single spaces

Four single spaces

Four single spaces

Example for faculty entries:

Professor Bituin N. Masinag, PhD


BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

PERSONAL DATA

Name Juana S. De la Cruz

Permanent Address Line 1

Line 2

Telephone Number (+63-Area Code) First Three Digits-Last Four Digits

Date & Place of Birth Day Month Year, Manila

EDUCATION

Secondary Level Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province

of School

Primary Level Honor (if applicable), School, City/Municipality, Province

of School

ORGANIZATIONS Position, Organization

Position, Organization

WORK EXPERIENCE Position, Office, Months working

Position, Office, Months working

Position, Office, Months working

ACHIEVEMENTS Achievement 1

Achievement 2

F. SAMPLE BIOGRAPHICAL DATA SHEET

Limit to one page per

author. No pictures and

special paper.

Example for educational

level: Valedictorian,

Philippine School for the

Arts, Los Baños, Laguna

For work experience,

cite the three most

recent/comprehensive

jobs you have had in

college.

For achievements, cite

the three most

prestigious. Combine

similar achievements in

one line. Example:

College scholar: 1st and

2nd semester, AY2014-

2015, 2nd semester, AY

2015-2016.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The following thesis, while an individual work, benefited from the insights and

direction of several people.

First, my Thesis Adviser, Dr. Bituin N. Masinag, exemplifies the high quality

scholarship to which I aspire. In addition, Mr. Pasencioso N. Masigasig provided timely

and instructive comments and evaluation at every stage of the thesis process, allowing me

to complete this project on schedule. Next, I wish to thank the complete Thesis

Committee. Each individual provided insights that guided and challenged my thinking,

substantially improving the finished product.

In addition to the technical and instrumental assistance above, I received equally

important assistance from family and friends. My colleague, Lito N. Glito, provided on-

going support throughout the thesis process, as well as technical assistance critical for

completing the project in a timely manner.

Finally, I wish to thank the respondents of my study (who remain anonymous for

confidentiality purposes). Their comments and insights created an informative and

interesting project with opportunities for future work.

G. SAMPLE ACKNOWLEDGMENT PAGE

This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional

since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document. The example in this page is

culled from http://www.gradschool.uky.edu/ThesisExample11.pdf.

Limit your acknowledgments to one page only, focusing on those who directly

helped you in conducting your study. Consolidate your acknowledgments if you

are part of a group.

Double-space and justify your text. Note that there is no “e” after the letter “g”

in acknowledgment.


DEDICATION

To my parents

Victorio and Milagros de la Cruz

For instilling in me

From an early age

The desire to obtain a UP degree

H. SAMPLE DEDICATION PAGE

This is an optional page. If you decide to write one, make it sound professional

since the thesis/dissertation is an academic document.

Limit your dedication/s to one page. Consolidate your dedications in one page if

you are part of a group.

Double-space and horizontally and vertically center your text.


ABSTRACT

De la Cruz, J.S. (2007). Rhetoric and Riot in Rio de Janeiro, Unpublished Doctoral

Dissertation, University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication.

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil

and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper

editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de

Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture

is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power.

As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his

legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political

events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers

published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were

leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it

under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics

operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.

I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES

Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must

succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives

based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework,

a short description of your methodology, and a brief discussion of your most

pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component,

include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research.

The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from

http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.

Include the proper citation of

your work.


ABSTRACT

Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences

of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,

State University of New York at Stony Brook.

This dissertation examines the role of newspaper editors in the political turmoil

and strife that characterized late First Empire Rio de Janeiro (1827-1831). Newspaper

editors and their journals helped change the political culture of late First Empire Rio de

Janeiro by involving the people in the discussion of state. This change in political culture

is apparent in Emperor Pedro I's gradual loss of control over the mechanisms of power.

As the newspapers became increasingly numerous and powerful, the Emperor lost his

legitimacy in the eyes of the people. To explore the role of the newspapers in the political

events of the late First Empire, this dissertation analyzes all available newspapers

published in Rio de Janeiro from 1827 to 1831. Newspapers and their editors were

leading forces in the effort to remove power from the hands of the ruling elite and place it

under the control of the people. In the process, newspapers helped change how politics

operated in the constitutional monarchy of Brazil.

Your abstract must be 200 words or less. (The text above has 163 words). It must

succinctly contain the following: a statement of your problem/s and objectives

based on a synthesis of your related literature review and theoretical framework,

a short description of your methodology, and a brief discussion of your most

pertinent findings and interpretation. If your thesis has a production component,

include a concise explanation of how it relates to your research.

The abstracts above and on the next page were downloaded from

http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/abstracts.html.

I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES Include the proper citation of

your work.


ABSTRACT

Andrews, K.T. (1997). 'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences

of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,

State University of New York at Stony Brook.

This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi- layered

study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through

the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by

which movements transform social structures and the constraints' movements face when

they try to do so. The time period studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of

voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and

the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty

programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level

data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews,

newspapers and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that

movements are inconsequential. Indeed, some view federal agencies, courts, political

parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change. Typically these

groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage brought to bear by the

civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent

structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling

change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy

in Mississippi.

I. ABSTRACT PAGE SAMPLES Include the proper citation of

your work.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Biographical Data iii

Acknowledgments iv

Dedication v

Abstract vi

Table of Contents vii

List of Tables x

List of Matrices xi

List of Figures xii

I. INTRODUCTION 1

A. Background of the Study 1

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives 5

C. Significance of the Study 7

D. Scope and Limitations 10

The first page number

appears on the page of the

Table of Contents. Locate it 0.5” from the top and

align it with the right

margin. Use Times New

Roman 12 points.

Use this as a checklist for the needed

pages/sections in your thesis:

Insert a two-column table, with the

right column width pegged at 0.5”

The subheads indicated here are only

for formatting purposes. They are not

the required minimum contents for

each chapter.

Note that only the first-level subhead is

included in the Table of Contents.

J. SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS vii


LIST OF TABLES

Number Title Page

1 Profile of Respondents 1

2 1

3 5

4 7

5 10

LIST OF FIGURES

Number Title Page

1

2

3

4

5

The following examples serve as a guide for the look of your lists of tables,

matrices, and figures (which includes charts, illustrations, pictures, and other

graphics). In your actual document, begin a new page for each list.

Make sure that the titles in these lists are the same as those in the body of your

document. Also, number all your tables consecutively using Hindu-Arabic

numerals without decimal places (E.g. 1, 2, 3 and not 1.0., 1.1., 1.2.) . Details for

the titling of tables and other collaterals are in Section IV.

In creating these lists, insert a three-column table and label each column

accordingly. The first column has a width of 0.75” while the third column has a

width of 0.5”.

Single-space titles, but put a double space between titles.

K. SAMPLE LISTS


2

Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil

molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor

incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud

exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.

Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu

fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui

officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.1

Sed ut perspiciatis unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium

doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam, eaque ipsa quae ab illo inventore veritatis et

quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam

voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni

dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.




1 Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,

adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem.

Top margin: 1”

L. SAMPLE PAGE LAY-OUT

Left margin:

1.5”

Right margin:

1”

The page number

appears on the second

page of each chapter.

Locate it 0.5” from the

top and align it with the right margin. Use

Times New Roman, 12

points.

Use superscripted Hindu-Arabic

numerals for footnotes. Use footnotes rather than endnotes.

Footnotes are located at the bottom of each page, separated from

the main text by a line. Footnotes are numbered consecutively using

Hindu-Arabic numerals. The text uses the same font and font size

as the main body. The footnote text is single-spaced and the

justification is ragged right. Its first line is indented by 0.5”.

Make sure that the footnote and its referent are on the same page.

Bottom margin: 1”


CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION






officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.



quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo (Cicero, 1995). Nemo enim ipsam

voluptatem quia voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni

dolores eos qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.

Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur,

adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore

magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum

exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi

consequatur?

At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus qui blanditiis

praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti quos dolores et quas molestias excepturi

sint occaecati cupiditate non provident, similique sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt

mollitia animi, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum quidem rerum facilis est et

expedita distinctio.

M. SAMPLE FIRST PAGE OF A CHAPTER There is no page number

on the first page of each

chapter.

The chapter must be labeled with the

appropriate Roman numeral and title, in

all caps.

Paragraphs must be indented, ragged right justify,

and double-spaced. There are no extra spaces

between paragraphs. But there is an extra double

space between sections.

READ the supplementary materials for details about

in-text citation, using either APA or MLA. Do not

mix citation styles.

Do not use any footer. The bottom part of the page must be devoted to footnotes, if any.


I. INTRODUCTION






officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

A. The First Subhead



quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem quia

voluptas sit aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos qui

ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt.

1. The Second Subhead



magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minima veniam, quis nostrum

exercitationem ullam corporis suscipit laboriosam, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commodi

consequatur?

a. The Third Subhead

Quis autem vel eum iure reprehenderit qui in ea voluptate velit esse quam nihil

molestiae consequatur, vel illum qui dolorem eum fugiat quo voluptas nulla pariatur?

N. SUBHEADS

The chapter must be labeled with the appropriate

Roman numeral and title, in all caps.

This is the only subhead that appears in

the Table of Contents (TOC). It must be the same as the one in the TOC.

The first-level subhead must be centered and

labeled with the appropriate letter in caps.

The second-level subhead must be centered,

italicized, and labeled with the appropriate

Hindu-Arabic numeral.

There must only be three levels of subheads to promote readability. The flush-left

third-level subhead is labeled with a lowercase letter.




magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem.

Table 2. Profile of Respondents (N=365)

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 44.4

Female 55.6

Age

21 to 34 50.3

35 to 57 49.7

Notes:

Instructions: 1. Consolidate similar data in one table with spanner heads, as shown in the example.

Column heads and spanner heads (e.g. Gender) must be centered within the cell, while row entries must be flush left.

2. Single-space the table. Include an extra double space before and after the table.

3. Figures must be aligned right, then centered in the cell. Distinguish percentage figures from frequencies through a single decimal place.

4. Do not compute percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less than 100. Use either raw frequencies or proportions.

5. Include notes on the last merged row of the table. Examples of notes include sources,

multiple response items, among others. 6. Place a table immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit

on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. Remember that since tables are visual aids, they must be located after they are cited. In other words, the discussion must precede the table.

O. SAMPLE TABLES

Extra double space before a table. Number tables consecutively using Hindu-Arabic numerals.

Separate Table Numbers from the Table Title

Titles must be concise and italicized. Ensure that titles are the

entered the same way in the TOC. “N” indicates total sample size.


Table 3. Change in Job by Gender and Age

Change in job

Sample

(N=320)

Gender Age

Male

(n=142)

Female

(n=178)

21 to 34

years old (n=161)

35 to 57

years old (n=159)

First employment 27.2 19.7 33.1 26.7 27.7

Underemployed 13.4 7.7 18.0 12.4 14.5

The same 56.9 68.3 47.8 59.0 54.7

Better 2.5 4.2 1.1 1.9 3.1

Chi-square 2 (3, N = 320) = 30.30,

p < .01

2 (3, N = 320) = 1.06,

p = .79

Instructions: 1. For cross-tabulations, put independent variables on the columns and dependent

variables on the rows. 2. Indicate the sub-sample sizes with a small letter n. 3. For bi-variate and multi-variate tables with Chi-square tests of significance,

remember to include the following statistics:

- 2 (1, N = 320) = 1.00, p = .32 2 (Degree of freedom, N = Sample size),

Computed Chi-square value, p = Significance score 4. For t-tests and ANOVA, create a table that shows mean scores and standard

deviation. Include the following statistics: - t (318 = 3.99, p < .01) t (Degree of freedom = Computed T-test value, p =

Significance score)

- F (3,316 = 5.76, p < .01) F (Degree of freedom, Sample size = ANOVA value, p = Significance score)

5. If SPSS shows p = .00 change the notation to p < .01


Chart 1. Annual Deployment of Overseas Filipino Workers, 1984-2002

Instructions: 1. Consecutively number charts using Hindu-Arabic numerals.

2. Streamline charts, removing extra lines, zeroes, etc. 3. Do not use color in distinguishing the categories in the charts. Instead, use patterns or

a palette of black, white, and distinct shades of gray.

4. Single-space the text in the chart. Include an extra double space before and after the chart.

5. Include notes at the bottom of the chart. Examples of notes include sources and multiple response items. For sources, follow APA guidelines, as shown in the example above.

6. Place a chart immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As

with other visual aids, charts must be located after they are cited. In other words, the discussion must precede the chart.

P. SAMPLE CHART

Source. Philippine Overseas Employment Administration. (2005). Overseas Employment Statistics [Data in Microsoft Excel files]. Retrieved March 17, 2008 from

<www.poea.gov.ph>.

Land-based

Sea-based

Total

2002

Year

Num

ber

(in

‘00

0)

1984 1986 1988

1,000

800

600

400

200

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2003 2004

http://www.poea.gov.ph/


Figure 1. Images from the 2005 Philippine Fiesta in America

Clockwise, from top left: Last year’s beauty pageant winners; a booth selling Philippine cable TV services, food items sold turo-turo (point-point) style; a booth with a traditional

hut; and a parade of colors.

Instructions: 1. Consecutively number figures using Hindu-Arabic numerals. Include all pictures,

illustrations, and graphics under figures. 2. Consolidate similar images in a collage as shown above. Crop pictures to save space. 3. Single-space the caption. Include an extra double space before and after the chart.

4. Include notes after the caption. Examples of notes are sources, in which case, follow APA guidelines.

5. Place a figure immediately after the paragraph in which it is first cited. If it does not fit on the page where it is first cited, place it on the immediately succeeding page. As with other visual aids, figures must be located after they are cited. In other words, the

discussion must precede the figure.

Q. SAMPLE GRAPHIC


Matrix 1. Sample Episode Codes for Sex and the City

Item Episode 7. The Chicken Dance Episode 9. The Man, the Myth, and

the Viagra

Alcohol They drink at the footsteps of the apartment next to Miranda’s while

chatting. They even walk with “open containers.” Samantha looks drunk at the wedding reception.

Carrie drinks wine at the dinner with Big. Miranda drinks at the

Comic bar then when she meets Steve. Cocktails at Denial. Brunch with alcohol. Samantha is at a bar

drinking wine when she meets the old guy.

Nutrition Meals are served during the love

triangle date, the going-away party for Jeremy, during their regular meal at Café, café and also during

the wedding.

Brunch al fresco at Vermouth.

Mountains of vegetables. Miranda eats rice pudding.

Instructions: 1. Include only summary matrices in the body of the document. Place extended

matrices—such as those that include verbatim interview transcripts—in the

appendices. Since these extended matrices organize transcripts, raw transcripts must no longer be included in the thesis.

2. Vertically and horizontally center column heads. 3. Matrices must be formatted the same way as the other organizing tools. Notice the

title format and the single-spaced text, for instance. Also, include an extra double

space before and after the matrix. 4. Consecutively number matrices using Hindu-Arabic numerals.

5. Place a matrix on the same page, or on the next page immediately after the page, where it is cited.

R. SAMPLE MATRIX


III. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

A. Basic Outline of Chapters and Sections

The following are suggested chapters and sections that may be used for theses and dissertations.

Title Page Approval Sheet Page

Biographical Data Page Abstract Table of Contents

Lists of Tables, Matrices, Figures (if any)

I. Introduction II. Review of Related Literature III. Study Framework

IV. Methodology/Research Design V. Results and Discussion

VI. Summary and Conclusion VII. Implications and Recommendations

Bibliography Appendices

B. Basic Writing Guidelines

I. INTRODUCTION. This chapter provides an overview of the entire work. A. Background of the Study. This section must contain the following:

1. An introduction of the communication or media concern that the work seeks to discuss using historical and baseline data (e.g., timelines, statistical trends, population data, media facts and figures), and qualitative insights (e.g.,

quotations, anecdotes, reviews); 2. An introduction and explanation of the chosen cases (e.g., a media

organization, the population of young adults, a specific geographical area) that are going to be used to study the communication or media concern.

[For example, the introduction first introduces corruption in media outlets by

explaining envelopmental and checkbook journalism. It then explains why beat reporters are the best people to study for this type of corruption in media.]

B. Statement of the Problem and Objectives. This section must not only be a listing of the problem and objectives. Instead, it must link the problem to the arguments presented in the background of the study (ideally, in a 100-word paragraph). The

research problem itself must be a clearly articulated research question or a series of questions.

C. Significance of the Study. This must state why the study is being done. It must draw arguments from the background of the study, the related literature, the study


framework to explain 1) how the study can illuminate a specific communication or media concern and 2) why the chosen cases can best address this concern. It

must provide a preview of the implications and recommendations.

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. This chapter must provide a substantive review of the findings, methods, and theories from previous studies as published in academic and scholarly-reviewed documents such as journals, research anthologies,

theses, and dissertations. Some helpful tips in writing the review: - Begin the literature with a description of the concepts that are being explored in

the chapter. Do not say, “This chapter reviews related literature.” - The literature that is being reviewed must be organized according to substantive

concepts/themes that adhere to the objectives of the study. Thus, refrain from

organizing the literature into “local studies” and “foreign studies” unless the research objective of the study is to compare territorial perspectives. Also, never organize the related literature review according to document type (e.g., journals,

books, theses, dissertations). - The literature must not be an enumeration of previous studies. In other words, it

must not appear as an extended annotated bibliography. (An example would be to have a series of paragraphs that begin with “A thesis by…,” “Another thesis

by…,” and “Yet another thesis by…”.) - The literature links your study to previous research. Thus, a review must cogently

compare and contrast what has been argued in literature on the communication or media concern that is at the heart of the current work; afterwards, explain how

these arguments relate to your own research. Group together similar findings, then contrast these with dissenting results. Provide a critique of the literature being

reviewed. - Textbook definitions and the etymologies of concepts must appear in the

introduction, not in this chapter. - In citing related literature, use the past tense (e.g., Cicero (1945) said/argued/

wrote; According to Cicero (1945), pleasure was…). However, in relating related

literature to your own research, use the present tense. Please use the appropriate APA or MLA in-text citation format.

- Conclude this chapter with a synthesis of research gaps—what is known and what

is unknown, what has been done and what has not been done, what theoretical

approaches have been used and which have not been used as regards your research question. This facilitates the connection of your study to previous knowledge and helps you articulate the significance of your research.

III. STUDY FRAMEWORK. This chapter presents the theoretical—sociological, critical,

humanistic—foundations of your research. Further, it explains how previous scholarly arguments inform your research. Finally, it serves as a blueprint as to how the variables/concepts in your study relate to one another.

There are generally two ways of presenting the study framework. One approach that

is perhaps useful for qualitative research is a conceptual framework that combines the theoretical concepts and conceptual constructs that are used in the research. Another

III.G. SAMPLE TABLE OF CONTENTS viii


approach that is perhaps useful for quantitative research is the three-level operationalization process, which is discussed below.

The use of models is encouraged since this helps visualize the relationships among

variables and measure or concepts and indicators. A. Theoretical Level. This section explains why a chosen theory best informs the

research. It discusses the theory’s author/s and historical roots as well as the original context for which it was developed. It explains each concept in the theory

and the inter-relations among these concepts. Moreover, the section includes a literature-based critique of the theory. Thus, the discussion of the theoretical level must not solely depend on a textbook compendium of theories (such as

Littlejohn’s), but on a thorough research of the theory’s evolution itself and a comprehensive analysis of its concepts and arguments using various scholarly

sources. Should the research involve several theories, each individual theory must be discussed as described in the preceding paragraph. Then, a discussion of how the

theories integrate—which concepts are either included or excluded, for instance—must be included.

Remember that theoretical framework must be parsimonious. Thus, avoid unnecessarily complicated models and arguments that cover a bigger ground than what the research does.

B. Conceptual Level. This applies the theory or the integrative theory into the thesis/dissertation. It explains the soundness of how a concept as originally

defined by its author translates into the current effort. C. Operational Level. This section explains the specific measures for the measures or

indicators that are being used in the study to explore particular variables and

concepts. This section must match the components of the research instrument. D. Operational Definition of Terms. This section includes terms that are used

differently from their dictionary definitions. E. Statement of Hypotheses. Quantitative studies that involve statistical analysis must

include this section. Each hypothesis (labeled as H1, H2a, H2b…) must be

introduced by an explanatory paragraph.

IV. METHODOLOGY. This chapter describes and explains the logic behind the gathering and analysis of research data. In the proposal stage, this chapter is written in the future tense. Thus, during thesis writing stage, make sure that this chapter’s text is

changed into past tense. A. Research Design and Methods. This section explains the choices in the conduct of

the research. Did the study use a qualitative, a quantitative, or a triangulate approach? Did it use a one-shot, cross-sectional, or longitudinal approach? Which specific methods were used? Why?

B. Concepts and Indicators/Variables and Measures. This links the framework and the methodology. Thus, this section discusses how specific variables or concepts

were operationalized into particular measures or indicators.


C. Research Instruments. This section describes the questionnaires that were used to gather data. Rather than simply regurgitating the elements of the instruments, this

section must explain the logic behind the design of these questionnaires. D. Units of Analysis and Sampling. This section explains how specific units (e.g.,

households or groups, newspapers or news articles) were chosen for the study. Also, it explains how these units were selected using probability or non-probability sampling.

E. Data Gathering/Generation and Construction. This section describes in detail the protocols that were followed during data gathering, especially in the

implementation of the sampling scheme, and the rationale behind these protocols. It can also include a timetable or a budget report. This section also explains any changes between the proposed and the implemented data gathering procedure.

F. Data Analysis. This section explains how and why the data were organized, analyzed, and interpreted accordingly.

G. Scope and Limitations. This section must explain the parameters of the study. An important caveat is that a concern that is not within the scope of the study must not be considered as a limitation. For instance, do not say that a qualitative study

is limited by its inability to provide representativeness and generalizability because, in the first place, a qualitative study is not designed to do so.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION*. This chapter presents the findings of the study. To

ensure that the research does address what it originally sought to do, this chapter must

be organized according to the specific objectives. In the case of studies that use triangulation, this chapter must not be organized

according to methods to promote consistency across theses and dissertations and ease of access to their findings. Thus, a section in the Results and Discussion chapter must draw from both quantitative and qualitative data to address the objectives. Findings

can only be organized by method if the study is primarily methodological in nature. Thus, an answer to a specific objective must draw from both quantitative and

qualitative data. This transmutation table below must be used for quantitative data. Never use percentages for sample sizes where the units of analysis number less than 100.

Instead, use proportions or ratios. Percentage Proportion/Fractions Ratios

20 1/5 1 out of 5 2 out of 10

25 1/4 1 out of 4 2 out of 8 33.3 1/3 1 out of 3 More than 3 out of 10

50 1/2 1 out of 2 5 out of 10 51 Majority

60 3/5 6 out of 10 A big majority

66.7 2/3 2 out of 3 About 7 out of 10 70 Exactly 7 out of 10

75 ¾ 3 out of 4 6 out of 8 80 4/5 4 out of 5 8 out of 10

90 9 out of 10 Almost all 95-99 Most

100 All


Some helpful items to remember in writing the results and discussion:

- Discussion must precede any visual aid such as tables, charts, pictures or

matrices. - All direct quotes must be italicized and attributed to specific informants (use

pseudonyms if needed). Quotes that are longer than three manuscript lines must be indented by 0.5”. Non-English quotes from interviewees and FGD participants

must be followed by an English translation in brackets. - When discussing data, use the past tense because there were gathered weeks

before the write-up is composed. However, use the present tense when making inferences across findings.

- The findings of the study must be linked to the earlier chapters. To compose a

sound and solid thesis or dissertation, compare and contrast the findings with what has been earlier found in literature or argued in theory. Thus, cite previous studies and theories in making your arguments.

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION. This chapter must include the following:

A. Summary. This answers the general objective by discussing the findings

across specific objectives. In doing this, cite previous studies and theories to support various arguments.

B. Conclusion. This succinctly answers the research question. VII. IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Any research must ultimately

answer the question “So what?” This chapter directly answers this question on at least three levels (see below). There are other possible implications and

recommendations. A. Theoretical Issues. This section explains 1) the theoretical value of the

findings and 2) the soundness of the original study framework. It must chart

future research directions on the same topic but from or with a different theoretical perspective. It may also offer a new theory—this is particularly

important for a dissertation. B. Methodological Issues. This section explains the soundness of the

methodology as it was implemented. It discusses the implications of the

methods, the units of analysis, sampling scheme, research instruments, and data gathering procedures on the resultant findings. It must chart future

directions for studies on the same topic but which use a different methodology.

C. Practical Issues. This section discusses the practical implications and

applications of the findings. Examples include recommendations on improving media literacy and communication practice.


C. Memorandum No. FRN 15-038

college of mass communication - pbworks

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