cold war: organized crime?

7/30/2019 Cold War: Organized Crime?

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From Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas, U.S.A.:

Lone Gunman or Patsy?The Assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 196

Ameri!an President John F. Kennedy, a devo"t #oman $atho%i!, and his &ife Ja!'ie Kennedy ride in a motor!ade in (a%%as,Te)as, United States of Ameri!a on November 22, 196, moments before President Kennedy &as assassinated.

*After the +ay of Pis disaster, JFK -President John F. Kennedy had been b%"nt abo"t his fee%ins to&ard the inte%%ien!e e%ithat had !on!o!ted the $"ban s!heme. Ie !ot to "o somet#in! a$out t#ose %IA $astar"s,&he had raed. /eads had ro%and A%%en ("%%es, the +"shes0 !%ose friend, &as sti%% smartin over his firin. So &as $har%es $abe%%, the brother of (a%%asmayor ar%e $abe%% and the $A0s de3"ty dire!tor of o3erations d"rin the +ay of Pis invasion4 Kennedy dee35si)ed his !areA%so ho%din a r"de aainst the Kennedys &as Pres!ott +"sh, &ho &as f"rio"s at both JFK and #FK for sa!'in his !%osefriend ("%%es. And there &ere many others. 7Family of Secretsby #"ss +a'er, $ha3ter 6, 3. 86


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International Bankers & Communism

David Rockefeller (left), President of Chase Manhattan Bank, and his dauhter !eva Rockefeller (second from left) reet "ovPremier !ikita #hrushchev (riht) at the #remlin in Mosco$, "oviet %nion on &uly ', *+. David Rockefeller attended theMarch 1964 Bilderberg Meetings held in Williamsburg, Virginia, !"!#!(Photo Memoirs-y David RockefellerWide World Photos)

/merican ca0italist David Rockefeller (left), the President of Chase Manhattan Bank -ankin firm in !e$ 1ork City, visits "ovCommunist -ureaucrat /leksei #osyin in Mosco$, "oviet %nion. David Rockefeller is a mem-er of the Council on 2oreinRelations, a 0rivate orani3ation in !e$ 1ork City.


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#merican ca$italist David Rockefeller(left), the Chairman and C45 of Chase Manhattan Bank (located in !e$ 1ork City),and "oviet communist #leksei %os&gin(riht), the Premier of the "oviet %nion, are seen lauhin.

"oviet Premier !ikita #hrushchev (left) and 'ohn Mc(lo&, former )resident of the World Bank and former (hairman of tboard of (hase Manhattan Bank, are seen s$immin in a s$immin 0ool toether at !ikita #hruschev6s house in the "ovie%nion. ("ource The Wise Men: Six Friends and The World They Made-y Walter 7saacson and 4van 8homas)

2ront 0ae 0hoto Charles Bohlen (left) $atches %.". /m-assador to "oviet %nion /verell 9arriman (center) shake hands $it"oviet Commissar &osef "talin durin a meetin at 1alta Conference in 2e-ruary +:. /verell 9arriman $as an internationa-anker (0artner of Bro$n Brothers 9arriman ; Co. in !e$ 1ork City), a mem-er of the Council on 2orein Relations from 'to =*, and a mem-er of "kull ; Bones at 1ale %niversity.


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Bro*n Brothers +arriman (o! $artner #verell +arrimansits -et$een British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and "ovieRussia6s Commissar &osef "talin in +'. >eore W. Bush6s randfather Prescott Bush and /verell6s -rother Roland 9arrimfinanced the !a3is -efore and durin World War 77. /verell 9arriman $as a mem-er of "kull ; Bones and the Council on

2orein Relations. "oviet Russian 2orein Minister ?yacheslav Molotov is seated on the far riht. (Photo Li-rary of Conres

(hase Manhattan Bank (hairman and (-. David Rockefeller(left) visits Red China6s 2orein Minister Chou 4nlai in Pekn @


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/verell 9arriman (riht) visits "oviet Premier !ikita #hrushchev (left) in the "oviet %nion in &une :. / 0ortrait of ?ladimirLenin can -e seen in the -ackround. (Photo -y 9o$ard "ochurek8ime Life Pictures>etty 7maes)

/verell 9arriman and his $ife Pamela 9arriman reet "oviet Commissar 1uri /ndro0rov (far riht) in &une =< in Mosco$./ndro0ov $as the former chief of the #>B and former head of the "oviet %nion.("ource Spanning The Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman !"#!$!#"%-y Rudy /-ramson)


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/m-assadorAatALare /verell 9arriman (second from riht) meets $ith 1uoslavia6s communist leader &osi0 Bro3 8ito (seconfrom left) in 1uoslavia on &anuary , **. (/P Wire0hoto)

/verell 9arriman (left) meets $ith "oviet Communist Leader Leonid Bre3hnev in Mosco$, "oviet %nion on &une +, @+.(/P Wire0hoto)


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"oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev, President >eore 9.W. Bush, and /ederal Reserve (hairman #lan 0reens$ana00n a receivin line at a state dinner in Washinton, D.C. on May reens0an.


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World Bank )resident Robert B! oellicklistens to Red ?ietnams Prime Minister !uyen 8an Dun in 9anoi on /uust *,'@. (E 8 he World Bank)

/ormer (hairman of (hase Manhattan Bank David Rockefellerreets Communist Cu-a6s des0ot 2idel Castro. (Wally Mc!ameeC5R
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/EXTPRESIDENT2007/0,,contentMDK:21432773~menuPK:64822337~pagePK:64821878~piPK:64821912~theSitePK:3916065,00.htmlhttp://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ORGANIZATION/EXTPRESIDENT2007/0,,contentMDK:21432773~menuPK:64822337~pagePK:64821878~piPK:64821912~theSitePK:3916065,00.html


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World Bank )resident 'ames D! Wolfensohn(left) meets $ith Red China6s President 9u &intao at the >reat 9all of the Peon BeiFin on May


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U.S. President yndon +. Johnson :riht; meets &ith Fe"eral 'esere %#airman (illiam )*%#esney )artin +r. :se!ond

from %eft;, Assistant Se!retary of $ommer!e for !onomi! Affairs (r. Andre& F. +rimmer :third from riht;, and UnderSe!retary of State


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Cartoon -y Ro-ert Minor in "t. Louis PostADis0atch (). #arl MarH surrounded -y an a00reciative audience of Wall "treet financiers &ohD. Rockefeller, &. P. (PontifeH MaHimus) Moran, (PontifeH MaHimus), &ohn D. Ryan of !ational City Bank, and Moran 0artner >eore W.

Perkins. 7mmediately -ehind #arl MarH is 8eddy Roosevelt, leader of the Proressive Party.


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Leon 8rotsky (left, May =, ':) and &oe "talin (riht, Man of the 1ear, &anuary , +)

!ikita #hrushchev (left, Man of the 1ear, &anuary *, :=) and 1uri /ndro0ov (riht, !ovem-er '', =')


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Mao 8seAtun (left, &anuary uevara (left, /uust =, *) and 2idel Castro (riht, &anuary '*, :)


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9o Chi Minh of !orth ?ietnam (left, !ovem-er '', :+) and #im 7l "un of !orth #orea (riht, &une eneral WoFciech &aru3elski of Poland (Decem-er '=, =)


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ICold WarJ "oviet Russian 7m0erialism or Phony WarK

Prime Minister of >reat Britain Winston Churchill, %.". President 2ranklin D. Roosevelt, and "oviet Russian tyrant &osef "talimeet at 1alta in 2e-ruary +:. "tandin from left to riht British 2orein "ecretary /nthony 4den, %.". "ecretary of "tate4d$ard R. "tettinius &r., %.". "ecretary of Commerce 9arry 9o0kins, "oviet 2orein Minister ?yacheslav Molotov, and %."./m-assador to the "oviet %nion W. /verell 9arriman. W. /verell 9arriman $as a mem-er of the Council on 2orein Relationand a mem-er of "kull ; Bones at 1ale %niversity.

8he decision to s0lit #orea into t$o countries $as decided -y the /llied Po$ers at the Potsdam Conference. 8he decision toallo$ the "oviet Communists to occu0y and su-Fuate 4astern 4uro0e $as decided at 1alta and Potsdam conferences. 8hedecision to allo$ four /llied armies (/merica, Britain, 2rance, Russia) to occu0y >ermany and /ustria $as decided at 1altaConference. 8he decision allo$in the Re0u-lic of China to recover the island of 8ai$an $as decided at Cairo Conference.


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Se!retary of =ar /enry Stimson :!enter;, Assistant Se!retary of =ar John >!$%oy :riht;, and Soviet di3%omat Andrei


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9arry ". 8ruman and &ose0h "talin meet at the Potsdam Conference on &uly =, +:. 2rom left to riht, first ro$ "talin,8ruman, "oviet /m-assador /ndrei >romyko, "ecretary of "tate &ames 2. Byrnes, and "oviet 2orein Minister ?yacheslavMolotov. "econd ro$ 8ruman confidant 9arry ?auhan, Russian inter0reter Charles 4. Bohlen, 8ruman naval aide &ames #.?ardaman, &r., and Charles >riffith Ross (0artially o-scured). (Photo %.". /rmy9arry ". 8ruman Presidential Li-rary)

/merican President 2ranklin Delano Roosevelt (riht), $ith /dmiral William D. Leahy and >eneral >eore C. Marshall at the1alta Conference in the Crimea in 2e-ruary +:. "oviet Commissar Marshal &ose0h "talin (=@A:etty 7maes)
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/view.php?id=392http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/view.php?id=392


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*n this irre"%ar fashion the Soviet Union 3"shed her 3o&er f"rther &est and so"th in "ro3e than the #"ssian m3ire had evrea!hed. The territoria% ains of the Soviet Union itse%f &ere re%ative%y modest. n addition to the territoria% a!"isitions she hamade &hi%e sti%% *ne"tra% in 1995E? at the e)3ense of Po%and, #"mania, Fin%and, and the +a%ti! states, the U.S.S.#. a!"iredthe $ar3atho5U'raine, &hi!h had former%y been 3art of $Ie!hos%ova'ia, 3art of ast Pr"ssia, and additiona% territory fromFin%and, the most sinifi!ant 3art of &hi!h, the Petsamo ni!'e%5minin area, made the Soviet bo"ndary !oin!ide &ith that ofNor&ay. n addition she had a!"ired a fifty5year %ease on the Por''a%a 3enins"%a, idea%%y sit"ated for a nava% base in the an!h"ria, toremove to #"ssia as m"!h as 3ossib%e of the 3hysi!a% e"i3ment of Ja3anese5o&ned 3%ants in that area, as &e%% as to send theJa3anese so%diers into Soviet %abor !am3s. In ort# -orea, o**uie" $y Soiet /or*es en"in! esta$lis#ment o/ aroisional !oernment /or t#e 0#ole o/ -orea, a uet %ommunist !oernment 0as romtly set u. Soiet troos

remaine" also in t#e nort#0estern *orner o/ Iran, 0#ere t#ey #a" $een !uar"in! t#e Ameri*an suly line.n additionthe $omm"nists s"33orted stron *"nderro"nd movements, sometimes in !ontro% of e)tensive territory, in areas &hereSta%in .had !on!eded to $h"r!hi%% a 3re3onderant inf%"en!e for +ritain. C"tstandin &as the !ase of and its fihtin oraniIation, *AS, offered stron resistan!e to +ritish 3ost&ar o!!"3ation and 3rovo'ed a !ivi% &ar. venFran!e and ta%y, n"meri!a%%y stron $omm"nist 3arties seemed a threat to the stabi%ity of these *%iberated !o"ntries. The$omm"nists made no attem3t to in!or3orate the h"e area of astern "ro3e into the Soviet Union or even immediate%y to

introd"!e the !hara!teristi! feat"res of Soviet e!onomy. ven today, &hat are !ommon%y !a%%ed the *sate%%ite states are not raas *so!ia%ist re3"b%i!s b"t on%y as *3eo3%e0s demo!ra!ies. This &as not at a%% the res"%t of 3romises made, either at Ba%ta ore%se&here, nor &as it an indi!ation that the $omm"nists had abandoned their dream of &or%d revo%"tion. #ather, it &as one m3roof of &hat &as a%ready 3atent eno"h, name%y, that they &ere 3rin!i3a%%y "ided by !on!ern for the interests of the state thr"%ed as the heirs of the #"ssian m3erors. Po%iti!a%%y they e)er!ised !om3%ete !ontro% thro"h the handf"% of adherents :on thsty%e of


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>a3 of 3ost5=or%d =ar o!!"3ation of


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The ron $"rtain The stab%ishment of NATC and =arsa& Pa!t

>a3 of NATC and =arsa& Pa!t nations


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:So"r!eAmericas Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germanyby Thomas A%an S!h&artI;


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+ritish Forein Se!retary rnest +evin :%eft;, U.S. Se!retary of State arsha%% :!enter; and Fren!h Forein >iniste#obert S!h"man :riht; meetin at the Fren!h >inistry of Forein Affairs fo%%o&in the Soviet UnionMs veto !on!ernin thesit"ation in +er%in d"rin a meetin at the "ai d0Crsay in Paris, Fran!e on C!tober 2G, 19E8. : USSDC$(;htt3DD&&&.oe!d.orD!ontentvie&D?,E26,enO21@G161O869@29@O8G1G?66O1O1O1O1,??.htm%
http://www.oecd.org/contentview/0,3426,en_21571361_38695295_38717066_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/contentview/0,3426,en_21571361_38695295_38717066_1_1_1_1,00.html


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Armed $Ie!h =or'ersM >i%itia &ho b"%%ied non5$omm"nists into s"bmission mar!h thro"h Pra"e, $Ie!hos%ova'ia in!e%ebration of the ne& $omm"nist overnment insta%%ed in 19E8.


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%.". "ecretary of "tate Dean /cheson sins the !/85 8reaty for the %nited "tates on /0ril +, +. "tandin -ehind /cheson is %.".President 9arry 8ruman. !/85 $as set u0 durin the Cold War as an /tlantic (4uro0ean) /lliance aainst the "oviet %nion. (!/85 Pho

:So"r!eAmericas Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germanyby Thomas A%an S!h&artI;


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Meeting bet*een %onrad #denauer and #nthon& -den, Dean #cheson and Robert "chuman in $re$aration for thefuture Bonn #greements 3Ma& 4, 1957 8he 2ederal Chancellor of >ermany, #onrad /denauer (center), meets $ith 2orei"ecretary of >reat Britain /nthony 4den (on the left), %.". "ecretary of "tate Dean /cheson, and 2orein Minister of 2ranceRo-ert "chuman (on the riht) on May '+, :' to discuss the final outstandin uestions relatin to the future Convention onrelations -et$een the 8hree Po$ers and the 2ederal Re0u-lic of >ermany(Photohtt0$$$.cvce.euvie$erAcontentf:-ce:Aaa'A+


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>erman children $ave to an air0lane as the air0lane 0re0ares to land at 8em0elhof /ir0ort in West Berlin. 8he /mericanmilitary delivers food and su00lies to the >erman 0eo0le livin in West Berlin durin the Berlin /irlift and the "oviet -lockade West Berlin from &une += until May +.

!umerous CA+@ aircrafts unloadin caro at 8em0elhof /ir0ort in West Berlin durin the Berlin /irlift. (%.". /ir 2orce Museu


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U.S. S3e!ia% #e3resentative >i%ton KatI :%eft;, /erbert Pra!', /ead of the A"strian (e%eation :!enter;, and C$ Se!retaryarLo%in :riht; dis!"ss the areement on the "ro3ean Payments Union, &hi!h fa!i%itated finan!ia% transa!tioamon "ro3ean !o"ntries d"rin re!onstr"!tion fo%%o&in =or%d =ar , at the $hatea" de %a >"ette in Paris, Fran!e onSe3tember 19, 19@?. >i%ton KatI &as a member of the $o"n!i% on Forein #e%ations in Ne& Bor' $ity. :Photo C$(;htt3DD&&&.oe!d.orD!ontentvie&D?,E26,enO21@G161O869@29@O8G1G?66O1O1O1O1,??.htm%
http://www.oecd.org/contentview/0,3426,en_21571361_38695295_38717066_1_1_1_1,00.htmlhttp://www.oecd.org/contentview/0,3426,en_21571361_38695295_38717066_1_1_1_1,00.html


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Lavrenti Beria, head of the "oviet "ecret Police (!#?D) and the "oviet >ula, a00ears $ith "oviet dictator &osef "talin and"talins dauhter, "vetlana. &osef "talin ordered Beria to develo0 a "oviet atomic arsenal shortly after the end of World War 8he "oviet overnment tested Both "talin and Beria died in :


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S"s3e!ted Ameri!an $omm"nist aent J"%i"s #osenber :!enter; is f%an'ed by F+ aents as he &as bein ta'en to Federa%+"i%din for "estionin on J"%y 19, 19@?4 J"%i"s #osenber &as !hared &ith es3ionae. :Asso!iated Press 3hoto;:So"r!e he umultuous Fifties: A !ie" from he #e" $or% imes &hoto Archi'esby (o"%as (reish3oon and A%an

Tra!htenber;


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Mem-ers of the >eneral /dvisory Committee visit Los /lamos, !e$ MeHico, %."./. in +@. 2rom left to riht 9arvard%niversity President &ames B. Conant, &. Ro-ert 500enheimer, %.". /rmy >eneral &ames McCormack &r. (later a %.". /ir2orce maFor eneral), 9artley Ro$e, &ohn Manley, 7sidor 7. Ra-i, and Roer Werner. (onant, .$$enheimer, Mc(ormack, aRabi *ere members of the (ouncil on /oreign Relations, a $rivate foreign affairs organi8ation in 2e* ork (it&!

*=or%d =ar interr"3ted the &or' and %ives of most Ameri!an 3hysi!ists. n 19E2, C33enheimer &as a33ointed to the>anhattan ProLe!t, !ode name for the 3roLe!t formed to deve%o3 an atomi! bomb. The 3roLe!t invo%ved severa% %aboratories inse!ret %o!ations a!ross the !o"ntry, in!%"din the University of $hi!ao4 Ca' #ide, Tennessee4 and os A%amos, Ne& >e)i!C33enheimer oversa& the !onstr"!tion of the os A%amos %aboratory, &here he athered the best minds in 3hysi!s to &or' onthe 3rob%em of !reatin an atomi! bomb. +e!a"se of his %eadershi3 in this 3roLe!t, he is often referred to as the QfatherQ of theatomi! bomb. =hen the &ar ended, the overnment set "3 the Atomi! nery $ommission :A$; to re3%a!e the >anhattanProLe!t. The A$ &as !hared &ith overseein a%% atomi! resear!h and deve%o3ment in the United States. As $hairman of the!$arthy of =is!onsin. >!$arthy and anti5$omm"nist Iea%ots devoted themse%ves to rootin o"t $omm"niss3ies from every &a%' of Ameri!an %ife. C33enheimer &as s"bLe!ted to a se!"rity investiation that be!ame a !a"se !R%bre andivided the inte%%e!t"a% and s!ientifi! !omm"nity. n 19@, he &as denied se!"rity !%earan!e and %ost his 3osition &ith the A(oors that had former%y been o3en to him &ere !%osed.So"r!e htt3DD&&&.ias.ed"D3eo3%eDo33enheimer
http://www.ias.edu/people/oppenheimerhttp://www.ias.edu/people/oppenheimer


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A%bert instein :%eft; a33ears &ith J. #obert C33enheimer :riht; in 19EG. A%bert instein "red the U.S. overnment todeve%o3 an atomi! bomb in 199, a 3roLe!t J. #obert C33enheimer :riht; &o"%d oversee, %eadin to the 19E@ defeat of Ja3anand the start of the n"!%ear era. +. 'o$ert 4en#eimer 0as a mem$er o/ t#e %oun*il on Forei!n 'elations.

:Photo A%fred isenstaedtDTime ife Pi!t"resD


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d&ard Te%%er :riht; testified aainst J. #obert C33enheimer at the 19@E se!"rity hearin. n 196, Te%%er shoo' C33enheimhand &hen C33enheimer re!eived the A$Ms nri!o Fermi A&ard. C33enheimer &as a%ready i%% &ith the throat !an!er that'i%%ed him. At %eft is Kitty C33enheimer4 the man standin bet&een C33enheimer and Te%%er is A$ $hairman


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8he heads of state of the IBi 2ourJ 0o$ers 0ose in the arden of the %nited !ations Palace in >eneva, "$it3erland on &uly , :: Left riht "oviet leader !ikolai /leksandrovich Bulanin, %.". President D$iht D. 4isenho$er, 2rench Prime Minister 4dar 2aure, and BritishPrime Minister "ir /nthony 4den. 8he three state leaders of the Western 0o$ers and the "oviet %nion met on the neutral territory of"$it3erland to neotiate im0ortant 0ostA$ar issues the day -efore. (Photo E Roh$edderd0aCor-is)

8he -i four Chiefs of "tate and their aides donned the dinner Fackets and met socially for the first time durin the QsummitQ talks $hen theyattended the state dinner iven for them -y "$iss President MaH Pettit0ierre in >eneva, "$it3erland on &uly '


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8he trial of /merican %.". /ir 2orce 0ilot 2rancis >ary Po$ers in Mosco$ in /uust *.

Wreckae from a do$ned /merican %A' s0y 0lane is on dis0lay in Mosco$ in May *. (Carl MydansLife Maa3ine)


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Protesters !arry sins !ondemnin the Soviet #"ssian intervention in /"nary in front of the Soviet #"ssian %eation in Ne&Bor' $ity in November 19@6. :Photo =a%ter SandersDife maes;


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Anti5!omm"nist 3oster and 3i!'ets d"rin United Nation


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President Reaan meets $ith President of the Phili00ines 2erdinand Marcos and 7melda Marcos durin a state visit outside the 5val 5ffice "e0tem-er *, ='. 2erdinand Marcos $ould flee to 9a$aii after he attem0ted to ri the 0residential elections in the Phili00ines in =:.8he %.". overnment maintained military -ases in the Phili00ines, includin Clark /ir Base and "u-ic Bay naval -ase. 2erdinand Marcosm0osed martial la$ on the Phili00ines in @' under the 0reteHt of fihtin communism in the Phili00ines 2erdinand Marcos sus0ended0residential elections under martial la$. (Photo Ronald Reaan Presidential Li-rary)

California >overnor Ronald Reaan dances $ith Phili00ine 2irst Lady 7melda Marcos, $hile Phili00ines President 2erdinand Marcos dance$ith !ancy Reaan, durin a state visit to Manila, Phili00ines in *. (BettmannC5RB7")
http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/leaders.htmlhttp://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/photographs/leaders.html


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ndira inister of ndia, meets &ith U.S. President yndon +aines Johnson in the Cva% Cffi!e of the =hite /oin =ashinton, (.$. on >ar!h 28, 1966.

#i!hard Ni)on :%eft;, President of the United States, stands beside ndira inister of ndia, in 19G1. ndira inister of ndia from Jan"ary 2E, 1966 "nti% >ar!h 2E, 19GG and aain from Jan"ary 1E, 198? "nti% her death bassassination on C!tober 1, 198E. The +an%adesh iberation =ar %asted from >ar!h 26, 19G1 "nti% (e!ember 16, 19G1, res"%tinthe se3aration of +an%adesh :former%y ast Pa'istan 3rovin!e; from Pa'istan.


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Council on 2orein Relations mem-ers meet $ith the "oviets in 9elsinki on &uly romyko, "oviedictator Leonid Bre3hnev, ?iktor "ukhodrev, /leksandrov, ?avilov, Peter W. Rodman, 9elmut "onnenfeldt, "ecretary of "tate 9enry #issin(hidden -ehind 2ord), >erald 2ord, Walter &. "toessel, Brent "co$croft, and William >. 9yland (at $indo$). (Photo >erald R. 2ord Li-rary

President &immy Carter sins an uneual treaty $ith "oviet Commissar Leonid Bre3hnev on &une =, @ in ?ienna. Chairman of the &oiChiefs of "taff >en. David &ones ($earin his uniform), !ational "ecurity /dvisor -inie$ Br3e3inski, Defense "ecretary 9arold Bro$n, "De0artment assistant Les >el- (standin -ehind 9arold Bro$n), "ecretary of "tate Cyrus ?ance, "oviet 2orein Minister /ndrei >romyko, "oviet /m-assador to the %.". /natoly Do-rynin are standin in the -ackround. Carter, &ones, Br3e3inski, Bro$n, and >el- are mem-erthe Council on 2orein Relations ?ance $as a mem-er of the Council on 2orein Relations.


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President Ronald Reaan meets $ith "oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev at Maison de "aussure in >eneva, "$it3erlanddurin the >eneva "ummit on !ovem-er ', =:. "ecretary of "tate >eore P. "hult3 is sittin on the lo$er riht corner. DRean is standin directly -ehind >or-achev. (Photo Ronald Reaan Presidential Li-rary)

/merican envoy Paul !it3e shakes hand $ith "oviet neotiator 1uli #vitsinsky at an 7!2 summit in >eneva, "$it3erland on!ovem-er


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?arious /merican cor0orate -usinessmen contri-uted to the develo0ment of the "oviet military -y sellin factory eui0ments and s0are 0arto the Communist reime in Mosco$. (Photo (i*ita +hrush'hev and the Creation of a Superpo)er-y "erei !. #hrushchev)


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A s!ene of the mi%itary fias!o at the +ay of Pis, $"ba on A3ri% 1G, 1961.

Part of the 1@?? member anti5$astro 3arami%itaries &ere !a3t"red at the +ay of Pis in $"ba in A3ri% 1961.


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$A5trained $"ban *%iberation so%diers !a3t"red at the +ay of Pis :=ide =or%d Photo;

Fide% $astro ins3e!ts the &re!'ae of an Ameri!an 3%ane that !rashed at P%aya


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U.S. President John F. Kennedy :2nd%eft; sha'es hands &ith Soviet Premier Ni'ita Khr"sh!hev at the ienna S"mmit in ien

A"stria on J"ne E, 1961. U.S. Se!retary of State (ean #"s' is seen standin on the far riht.:Photo by Pi!toria% ParadeDAr!hive PhotosD


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n his Qs"mmitQ meetin &ith Ni'ita Khr"sh!hev in J"ne 1961, President John F. Kennedy be!omes a&are that a ne& test ofast5=est reso%ve &as abo"t to o!!"r over +er%in. :=ide =or%d Photo;


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Soviet $ommissar Ni'ita Khr"sh!hev meets &ith his advisers at the Krem%in in >os!o& to dis!"ss the 3ossibi%ity of anAmeri!an invasion of $"ba 7 and the Soviet UnionMs deterrent in the form of n"!%ear ti33ed ba%%isti! missi%es 3%a!ed in $"ba iA3ri% 1962. :=ide =or%d Photo;


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Aeria% s3y 3hotos of a medi"m rane ba%%isti! missi%e base &ith %abe%s detai%in vario"s 3arts of the base d"rin the $"ban>issi%e $risis, San $ristoba%, $"ba in C!tober of 1962. :Photo by /"%ton Ar!hiveD


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Soviet missi%e bases in $"ba on C!tober 1@, 1962 :U.S. Air For!eDU%%stein +i%derdienst, +er%in;


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An Ameri!an &arshi3 es!orts a Soviet tan'er !arryin missi%es o"t of $"ba d"rin the s"mmer of 1962. :$ar% >ydans D F

(e3art"re of Soviet missi%es from $"ba in 1962 :UPD+ettmann;


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(e%eates raise their hands in a vote of 1951 a33rovin the United StateM de!ision to ta'e ste3s aainst $"ba, d"rin a meetinthe CraniIation of Ameri!an States, !a%%ed by President Kennedy, to !onsider $"baMs threat to the se!"rity of the =estern/emis3here, Ne& Bor', 1962. :Photo by Photo"estD


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U.S. President John F. Kennedy :front ro&, !enter;, U.S. i!e President yndon +aines Johnson :front ro&, se!ond from %eft;U.S. Se!retary of (efense #obert >!Namara :front ro&, se!ond from riht;, and Pa"% /. NitIe :Assistant Se!retary of (efensfor nternationa% Se!"rity Affairs, ba!' ro&, se!ond from riht;, and other senior members of the Kennedy Administration atta !onferen!e d"rin the $"ban >issi%e $risis in C!tober 1962.

:Photo htt3DD&&&.mi)edmartia%arts.!omDmma.!fmofor"m.3ostsVfor"m2Vthread2?@1?26V3ae1;

4lementary school children in "t. Peters-ur, 2lorida, %."./. duck under their desks durin a nuclear disaster drill on 5cto-er ':, *', at theiht of the Cu-an Missile Crisis. (E BettmannC5RB7")
http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/mma.cfm?go=forum.posts&forum=2&thread=2051026&page=1http://www.mixedmartialarts.com/mma.cfm?go=forum.posts&forum=2&thread=2051026&page=1


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The U.S. destroyer +arry 3"%%s a%onside the #"ssian freihter Anosov in the At%anti! C!ean, November 1?, 1962, to ins3e!t!aro as a U.S. 3atro% 3%ane f%ies overhead. The Soviet shi3 3res"mab%y !arries a !aro of missi%es bein &ithdra&n from $"b

The inter!e3tion too' 3%a!e abo"t G8? mi%es northeast of P"erto #i!o. :AP Photo;


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8he "inin the 8est Ban 8reaty in Mosco$ in /uust *romyko ('ndleft), "oviet /m-assador to the %.". /natoly Do-rynin (fourtheft), /tomic 4nery Commission chairman >lenn 8. "ea-or (center of ta-le, rear), %.". "enator &. William 2ul-riht (< rdrihand %.". "ecretary of "tate Dean Rusk. (%P7Bettmann !e$s0hotos)

Photora0hers take a 0icture of the deceased /rentineA-orn uevara (May +,'=A5cto-er , *@) after >uevara $as eHecuted -y the Bolivian army in Bolivia on 5cto-er , *@. !a3i >erman $arcriminal #laus Bar-ie lived in Bolivia in *@ and had alleedly masterminded the ca0ture of Che >uevara.


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4ast >ermany Berlin Wall ; "tasi

Conrad "chumann, a AyearAold 4ast >erman ?olks0oli3ei (Peo0le6s Police or ?o0o) officer, deserts his 0ost in 4ast Berlin aesca0es into West Berlin on /uust :, * in his uest for freedom.

8he infamous Berlin Wall erected -y the "oviet reime 0revented >ermans in 4ast Berlin from esca0in into West Berlin.


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ay (ay in front of the Friedri!hstrasse +ahnhof train station in ast +er%in on >ay E, 19@.:Photo #a%3h $raneDife maes; htt3DD&&&.an%ona"tes.!omDhistO"sO2?O!o%dO&arDhistO"sO2?O!o%dO&ar.htm

ay (ay in +er%in on >ay E, 19@. :Photo #a%3h $raneDife maes;htt3DD&&&.an%ona"tes.!omDhistO"sO2?O!o%dO&arDhistO"sO2?O!o%dO&ar.htm
http://www.anglonautes.com/hist_us_20_cold_war/hist_us_20_cold_war.htmhttp://www.anglonautes.com/hist_us_20_cold_war/hist_us_20_cold_war.htmhttp://www.anglonautes.com/hist_us_20_cold_war/hist_us_20_cold_war.htmhttp://www.anglonautes.com/hist_us_20_cold_war/hist_us_20_cold_war.htm


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A Soviet #ed Army tan' a33ears in ei3Ii, ast


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Konrad Adena"er, the $han!e%%or of =est


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Construction of the Berlin Wall in /uust *. (Photo from %niversity of %tah -y Corey 9atch)

President &ohn 2. #ennedy meets $ith West >ermany6s Chancellor #onrad /denauer in the 5val 5ffice in Washinton, D.C. /0ril ', *. (BettmannC5RB7")
http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/berlin_wall.htmlhttp://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/berlin_wall.html


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8he standAoff -et$een %.". /rmy M+= tanks and "oviet 8:: tanks at Che'*point Charlie in ,erlin during the &order dispute olate -'to&er !#%!. /hoto: htt0$arandame.$ord0ress.com'@':check0ointAcharlieAocto-erA* )
http://warandgame.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/checkpoint-charlie-october-1961/http://warandgame.wordpress.com/2007/12/05/checkpoint-charlie-october-1961/


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President &ohn 2. #ennedy o-serves the Berlin Wall in West Berlin, West >ermany on &une '*, *


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North Korea0s $omm"nist des3ot Kim % S"n :%eft; visits ast


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4ast >erman Commissar 4rich 9onecker (left) $atches Cu-an Commissar 2idel Castro carry a rifle.

4ast >erman Commissar 4rich 9onecker (left) $elcomes /merican Communist leader /nela 1vonne Davis in 4ast Berlin, 4>ermany (>erman Democratic Re0u-lic) on "e0tem-er , @'. 8he visit came Fust after Davis $as acuitted of murder andkidna00in, defeatin an 2B7 frameAu0 in court. 8he $ellAkno$n Communist Party %"/ mem-er and famous Professor of2eminist Philoso0hy $as iven an honorary deree from #arl MarH %niversity in 4ast Berlin.(Photo >erman 2ederal /rchivesBundesarchiv)


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9eads of state sin the 9elsinki /ccords at the Conference on "ecurity and Coo0eration in 4uro0e in 9elsinki, 2inland on/uust , @:. "eated at the ta-le from left to riht Chancellor of 2ederal Re0u-lic of >ermany (West >ermany) 9elmut"chmidt, Chairman of the "tate Council of the >erman Democratic Re0u-lic (4ast >ermany) 4rich 9onecker, President of the%nited "tates >erald 2ord, and Chancellor of /ustria Bruno #reisky. 9elmut "chmidt, >erald 2ord, and Bruno #reisky attendthe Bilder-er Meetins in the 0ast. +elmut "chmidt attended the 19:4 Bilderberg Meetings held in Megeve, /rance from19;1 #$ril 19:4! (Photo >erman 2ederal /rchivesBundesarchiv)

Chancellor of West >ermany 9elmut "chmidt (left) a00ears $ith 4ast >ermany6s Commissar 4rich 9onecker at the BerlinA"chnefeld /ir0ort on Decem-er , =. (Photo htt0$$$.mdr.dedamalsschmidt@'.html)
http://www.mdr.de/damals/schmidt172.htmlhttp://www.mdr.de/damals/schmidt172.html


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9elmut "chmidt (riht), the Chancellor of West >ermany, revie$s the honor uard $ith Leonid Bre3hnev (left), >eneral "ecretary of the "ovCommunist Party and President of the %""R, after his arrival in Mosco$, "oviet %nion on &une


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9elmut "chmidt (riht), Chancellor of West >ermany, meets $ith "oviet 2orein Minister /ndrei >romyko in !ovem-er @(Photo Men and /o)ers: A /oliti'al 0etrospe'tive-y 9elmut "chmidt)

9elmut "chmidt (ermany, meets $ith "oviet 2orein Minister >romyko (center) a/leksei #osyin in Mosco$, "oviet %nion in &uly =. +elmut "chmidt attended the 19


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4ast >erman Commissar 4rich 9onecker (center) and Chancellor of West >ermany 9elmut #ohl (left) arrive in Bonn, West>ermany on "e0tem-er @, =@. 9elmut #ohl attended the == Bilder-er Meetins held in 8elfsABuchen, /ustria from


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"oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev (left) a00ears $ith 4ast >ermany6s Commissar 4rich 9onecker.(Photohtt0$$$.n'+.demediaSfotos-ilderalerien''mr3''saarlandShoneckerSd0aSP".F0)

"oviet President Mikhail >or-achev (center) and his $ife Raisa >or-achev are $elcomed -y 4ast >erman Commissar 4rich9onecker (riht) $ith a fraternal kiss in 4ast Berlin, 4ast >ermany after the >or-achevs arrive to cele-rate the +th anniversaof 4ast >ermany on 5cto-er *, =. (Reuters)
http://www.n24.de/media/_fotos/bildergalerien/002012/mrz2012/saarland_1/honecker_dpa_PS.jpghttp://www.n24.de/media/_fotos/bildergalerien/002012/mrz2012/saarland_1/honecker_dpa_PS.jpghttp://www.n24.de/media/_fotos/bildergalerien/002012/mrz2012/saarland_1/honecker_dpa_PS.jpg


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"oviet President Mikhail >or-achev (center) and his $ife Raisa >or-achev are $elcomed -y 4ast >erman Commissar 4rich9onecker (riht) $ith a fraternal kiss in 4ast Berlin, 4ast >ermany after the >or-achevs arrive to cele-rate the +th anniversa

of 4ast >ermany on 5cto-er *, =.


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A 3reserved se!tion of the border fortifi!ations at /Wtens%eben,


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C"ter stri3 of the inner


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U.S. President #ona%d #eaan ives his famo"s *>r.


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>erman citi3ens 0rotest aainst the Communist reime in Lei03i, 4ast >ermany on 5cto-er *A@, =.

>erman citi3ens 0rotest aainst the Communist reime in Lei03i, 4ast >ermany on 5cto-er *A@, =.


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>ermans in West Berlin destroy the Berlin Wall in !ovem-er =.

C3enin of the inner


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The o%d Stasi /ead"arters in eastern +er%in

Stasi 3risoner trans3ort tr"!'


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4ast >ermany6s Communist dictator 4rich 9onecker (left) reets "tasi chief 4rich Mielke in 4ast Berlin on 2e-ruary =, =.4rich Mielke served as the Minister of "tate "ecurity ("tasi) from :@ until !ovem-er =. (Photo >erman 2ederal /rchiv

4m-lem of the "tasi (left) and a "tasi s0y camera


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4rich 9onecker (left) chats $ith 4ast >ermany6s Commissar Walter %l-richt in @.(Photohtt0iconic0hotos.$ord0ress.com'+0ae')

/rom Russia With >ove7"oviet dictator Leonid Bre3hnev kisses 4ast >ermany6s des0ot 4rich 9onecker in @.

(Photohtt0$$$.military0hotos.netforumssho$thread.0h0KtT


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Soiet Inasion an" 4**uation o/ A/!#anistan =67>7367


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"oviet 7nvasion of /fhanistan. 8he "oviet War in /fhanistan lasted from Decem-er '+, @ to 2e-ruary :, =.

>a3 of >aLor ns"rent


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'esistan*e to %ommunist 'ule:The /"narian #evo%"tion :19@6;, Pra"e S3rin :1968;, So%idarity Stri'e in Po%and :19G95198?

and #omanian #evo%"tion of 1989

9unarian re-els $ave the 9unarian tricolor fla from a "oviet Russian tank ca0tured in the main suare in front of the housof 0arliament in Buda0est, 9unary on !ovem-er ', :*. 8he u0risin -ean on 5cto-er '


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:So"r!e $uri Andropo': A Secret &assa*e into the -remlinby %adimir So%ovyov and %ena K%e3i'ova;

9unary6s Ili-eralJ Communist 0remier 7mre !ay delivers a s0eech inside the 0arliament in Buda0est, 9unary. !ay su00orted the9unarian freedom fihters durin the Buda0est %0risin in :* !ay $as hun -y the "oviet Russian overnment in :=.


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St"dents and &or'ers in +"da3est, /"nary stand ne)t to a to33%ed stat"e of Sta%in at the beinnin of the /"narian "3risinC!tober 2, 19@6. :=ide =or%d;

A dead /"narian se!ret 3o%i!e offi!er %ies at the feet of yo"n 3rotesters in +"da3est, /"nary in November 19@6.:John Sadovy D F;


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+"rned5o"t Soviet tan's a33ear in +"da3est, /"nary in November 19@6 :>i!hae% #o"ierDF;

Soviet #ed Army so%diers s"33ress the /"narian U3risin in +"da3est, /"nary in November 19@6.


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/ man stands on to0 of a tank in Praue, C3echoslovakia on /uust 'A', *= to 0rotest the "oviet invasion of C3echoslovakia.

eft Cn the niht of A""st 2?521 1968, Soviet and =arsa& Pa!t for!es !rossed into $Ie!hos%ova'ia to !r"sh the movement forfreedom and the inde3enden!e 'no&n as the Pra"e S3rin.:Photo htt3DDthe!onno%%y!o%"mn.b%os3ot.!omD2??8D?8DE?5years5ao5today5"ssr5invades.htm%;

#iht A%e)ander ("b!e' :192151992;, reformed $omm"nist %eader of $Ie!hos%ova'ia in 1968. ("b!e' &as arrested by Sovieta"thorities in Pra"e on A""st 21, 1968 and es!orted to >os!o&, &here he sined vario"s *3roto!o%s before ret"rnin to Pra"e oA""st 2G, 1968.
http://theconnollycolumn.blogspot.com/2008/08/40-years-ago-today-ussr-invades.htmlhttp://theconnollycolumn.blogspot.com/2008/08/40-years-ago-today-ussr-invades.html


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Soviet #ed Army tan's a33ear in the streets of Pra"e on A""st 2?521, 1968. :#a%3h $raneDF;


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A %one !ar drives 3ast doIens of Soviet #"ssian tan's d"rin the Soviet invasion of $Ie!hos%ova'ia d"rin Pra"e S3rin inPra"e, $Ie!hos%ova'ia :3resent5day $Ie!h #e3"b%i!; in A""st 2?521, 1968. :Photo +i%% #ayDife maes;


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Po%ish e%e!tri!ian e!h =a%esa oraniIes the MSo%idarityM trade "nion as the voi!e of shi3yard &or'ers at the %adimir enin Shi3yarin "ni!h;


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So%idarity %eader e!h =a%esa addresses stri'in Po%ish &or'ers in


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The #omanian 3eo3%e !ro&d the streets of +"!harest, #omania in (e!ember 1989 d"rin a vio%ent !o"3 that res"%ted in the

death of #omania0s !omm"nist di!tator Ni!o%ae $ea"ses!".

#omanian so%diers a33ear on the streets of +"!harest, #omania in (e!ember 1989 fo%%o&in a vio%ent !o"3 that res"%ted in thdeath of #omania0s !omm"nist di!tator Ni!o%ae $ea"ses!".


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A #omanian s"b5offi!er ives the vi!tory sin on (e!ember 1, 19894 he has removed the insinia of !omm"nist #omania frohis head&ear.


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Communist Cu-a Workers6 ParadiseK2idel Castro and the Cu-an IRevolutionJ

$"ba0s $omm"nist r"%er Fide% $astro meets &ith members of the ast


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Fide% $astro, %eader of $"ba0s !omm"nist revo%"tionary for!es, de%ivers a s3ee!h in front of the Presidentia% Pa%a!e in /avana, $"baJan"ary 19@9. :Photo /aro%d a%entineDAsso!iated Press;:So"r!e he umultuous Fifties: A !ie" from he #e" $or% imes &hoto Archi'esby (o"%as (reish3oon and A%an Tra!htenber

2idel Castro (left) a00ears $ith his -rother Raul Castro.


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Fide% $astro de%ivers a s3ee!h in /avana, $"ba in Jan"ary 19@9.


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Fide% $astro and other !a3t"red $"ban rebe%s arrive at the Santiao !ity Lai% in Santiao, $"ba in J"%y 19@, fo%%o&in his arrest aftethe fai%ed !o"3 at >on!ada +arra!'s in Santiao, $"ba on J"%y 26, 19@.

Fide% $astro :%eft; and $he


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President of ndonesia S"'arno :2nd%eft, &earin s"n%asses; a33ears &ith President of $"ba Csva%do (orti!os and $"ban$omm"nist revo%"tionaries Fide% $astro :!enter; and $he ay 9, 196?.:Photo +ettmannD$C#+S;


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"oviet Premier !ikita #hrushchev em-races Cu-a6s Premier 2idel Castro at a %nited !ations >eneral /ssem-ly meetin in !e$ 1ork City "e0tem-er ', *. (Photo E BettmannC5RB7")

Cu-a6s Premier 2idel Castro (left) and "oviet Premier !ikita #hrushchev hu each other heartily at the %nited !ations in !e$ 1ork City on"e0tem-er ', *. (E BettmannC5RB7")


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Cu-a6s communist Premier 2idel Castro (left) cele-rates $ith "oviet Premier !ikita #hrushchev ato0 Lenin6s 8om- in Mosco

Left to riht "oviet President Leonid Bre3henev, Cu-an des0ot 2idel Castro, and "oviet Premier !ikita ". #hrushchev meetnear Mosco$ on /0ril


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Left 7ndonesia6s President /chmed "ukarno (left, lasses) sins a document $ith Cu-a6s Communist stronman 2idel CastroRiht Che >uevara (left) and 2idel Castro smile for the camera.

$o%. >oammar


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thio3ia0s >ar)ist di!tator /ai%e >enist" :riht; a33ears &ith $"ba0s >ar)ist di!tator Fide% $astro :!enter; and his brother

#a"% $astro :%eft;, &ho sent an estimated 1G,??? $"ban troo3s to thio3ia to defend >enist"Ms >ar)ist reime. :


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4ast >ermany6s Commissar 4rich 9onecker (left) reets Cu-a6s Premier 2idel Castro in 4ast Berlin, 4ast >ermany on /0ril '@@. (Photo BettmannC5RB7")

"oviet Communist >eneral "ecretary Leonid Bre3hnev (left) $elcomes Cu-an Premier 2idel Castro u0on his arrival at ?nuko/ir0ort in Mosco$, "oviet Russia on /0ril +, @@. (Photo BettmannC5RB7")


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2idel Castro reets 7ran6s ruler Mohammed #hatami.

CB" !e$s anchor Dan Rather (center) visits Cu-a6s dictator 2idel Castro.

eft Ne%son >ande%a a33ears &ith Fide% $astro in >atanIas, $"ba on J"%y 2G, 1991, after >ande%a0s re%ease from 3rison.#iht $"ba0s di!tator Fide% $astro a33ears &ith his trademar' !iar in his mo"th on Se3tember 29, 19GE.


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2idel Castro entertains Panama6s dictator Manuel !oriea (left) and !orieas -odyuard.

2idel Castro talks to !icaraua6s re-el Daniel 5rtea.


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President of Chile "alvadore /llende meets $ith Cu-a6s Communist des0ot 2idel Castro.

2idel Castro reets /ra- terrorist 1asser /rafat.

2idel Castro reets President of "outh /frica !elson Mandela.


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2idel Castro reets Red China6s commissars 9u &intao (left) and &ian emin.

MeHico6s President 4rnesto edillo reets 2idel Castro.

Left 0hoto 2idel Castro reets Red China6s Commissar 9u &intao (left)Riht 0hoto 2idel Castro smokes a ciar $ith 1uoslavia6s President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (riht).


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2idel Castro chats $ith /BC Fournalist Bar-ara Walters in Cu-a in May @@. (/PWide World Photos)

/rentineA-orn Cu-an Communist terrorist Che >uevara visits 7ndonesia6s President /chmed "ukarno.


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Left 0hoto Castro reets Palestine Li-eration 5rani3ation terrorist 1asser /rafat at the inauuration of the "outh "ummit ofdevelo0in nations in 9avana, Cu-a in this /0ril ', ' file 0hoto. (&ose >oitia/ssociated Press)Riht 0hoto 2idel Castro em-races ?ene3uela6s ruler 9uo Chave3.

Cu-a6s Communist ruler 2idel Castro (left) and ?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 salute at a $reath layin ceremony at theCara-o-o -attle field memorial, scene of a decisive inde0endence -attle, in ?ene3uela on 5cto-er ', '.(Photo #im-erly WhiteReutersCor-is)
http://abcnews.go.com/Exclusiva/popup?id=2260544&contentIndex=1&start=false&page=6http://abcnews.go.com/Exclusiva/popup?id=2260544&contentIndex=1&start=false&page=6


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Cu-a6s des0ot 2idel Castro s0eaks to Bra3il6s President Luis 7nacio Lula da "ilva (left) durin a meetin in 9avana, Cu-a on&anuary :, '=. Castro met $ith Bra3ils 0resident on 8uesday, and the Cu-an leader looked frail -ut alert in a series of offi0hotora0hs from the meetin, the first imaes released of him in months. (Cu-an >overnment/ssociated Press 0hoto)

Bra3ilian President Luis 7nacio Lula da "ilva, riht, takes a 0icture of Cu-an dictator 2idel Castro, left, durin a meetin in9avana, Cu-a on &anuary :, '=. /t center is a translator. (/ssociated Press)
http://abcnews.go.com/Exclusiva/popup?id=2260544&contentIndex=1&start=false&page=1http://abcnews.go.com/Exclusiva/popup?id=2260544&contentIndex=1&start=false&page=2http://abcnews.go.com/Exclusiva/popup?id=2260544&contentIndex=1&start=false&page=1http://abcnews.go.com/Exclusiva/popup?id=2260544&contentIndex=1&start=false&page=2


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4rnest 9emin$ay reets 2idel Castro on May :, *.

Canada6s Prime Minister Pierre 4lliott 8rudeau meets $ith Cu-a6s dictator 2idel Castro in @


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Communist Cu-a6s President Raul Castro (left) and President of 7ran Mahmoud /hmadineFad (riht) $alk toether as Cu-ansoldiers a00ear in the -ackround durin /hmadineFad6s visit to 9avana, Cu-a on &anuary


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/merican ca0italist David Rockefeller shakes hands $ith 2idel Castro in an undated 0hoto. (Wally Mc!ameeC5RB7")

$"ba0s di!tator Fide% $astro ho%ds a !o3y of A%an


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Cu-an Commissar 2idel Castro cele-rates $ith "oviet Russian Commissar Mikhail >or-achev in 9avana, Cu-a on #$ril 5,19


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o"is Farra'han visits $"ba0s !omm"nist di!tator Fide% $astro d"rin a visit to $"ba in >ar!h 2??6.:Photo by Kenneth >"hammad; :So"r!e htt3DD&&&.3r&eb.!omDre%easesD2??6D?8D3r&ebE28668.htm;

Riht 0hoto 2ormer >reen 0arty 0residential candidate Ral0h !ader, left, shakes hands $ith Cu-an President 2idel Castro after a conferenat the %niversity of 9avana in 9avana, Cu-a on 8uesday, &uly , ''. !ader arrived in Cu-a on "unday at the invitation of !ational/ssem-ly President Ricardo /larcon. (/P PhotoCristo-al 9errera)
http://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/08/prweb428668.htmhttp://www.prweb.com/releases/2006/08/prweb428668.htm


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So"r!e#i%ita -hrushche' and the Creation of a Superpo"erby Serei N. Khr"sh!hev


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8his 0hoto is a ift C.L. "ul3-erer received from Cu-a6s dictator 2idel Castro in *+.


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9olly$ood movie director 5liver "tone sits -eside 2idel Castro.(Photohtt0$$$.therealcu-a.com8heV'%sefulV'7diots.htm)
http://www.therealcuba.com/The%20Useful%20Idiots.htmhttp://www.therealcuba.com/The%20Useful%20Idiots.htmhttp://www.therealcuba.com/The%20Useful%20Idiots.htm


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Cu-a6s dictator 2idel Castro tries on a 0air of sunlasses as he talks to the media durin an international summit in 9avana,Cu-a on !ovem-er *, . (Christo0he "imon/2P>etty 7maes)

Cu-an President 2idel Casto s0eaks -efore a national 8? audience in 9avana, Cu-a on /0ril '', ''. (R4%84R"Rafael Pere3)


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2idel Castro falls to the round after deliverin a s0eech in Cu-a on 5cto-er ' '+.


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Council on 2orein Relations ; Communist Cu-a

David Rockefeller (center) shakes hands $ith Cu-a6s Communist ruler 2idel Castro in an undated 0hoto. (Wally Mc!ameeC5RB7")

2ormer %.". President &immy Carter talks $ith Cu-a6s Communist dictator 2idel Castro (L) after a friendly ame of -ase-all Cu-a aainst %at the Latinoamericano stadium in 9avana, Cu-a on May +, ''. (R4%84R"Rafael Pere3)


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Left 0hoto Ro-ert Mc!amara (left), former President of the World Bank and former %.". "ecretary of Defense, stands -eside Cu-a6s dictato2idel Castro in 5cto-er ''. (Photo htt0$$$.latinamericanstudies.ormissile.htm)

Riht 0hoto CB" !e$s anchor Dan Rather stands -eside Cu-a6s dictator 2idel Castro.

"enator >eore Mc>overn oes for a ride $ith Cu-a6s dictator 2idel Castro. "enator >eore Mc>overn $as a mem-er of thCouncil on 2orein Relations at the time this 0hoto $as taken in May @:.
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/missile.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/missile.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/missile.htm


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Pey Dulany, David Rockefeller6s dauhter, smiles as she listens to Red Cu-a6s Minister of 2orein /ffairs 7sidoro MalmiercPeoli at the 9arold Pratt 9ouse on 5cto-er ', =@. (Photo Council on 2orein Relations /nnual Re0ort)

Conressman Bill Richardson reets Cu-a6s communist tyrant 2idel Castro.("ource ,et)een Worlds: The Ma*ing of An Ameri'an Life-y Bill Richardson)


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Conressman &onathan Bre$ster Binham (DA!.1.) visits 2idel Castro in 9avana, Cu-a in 2e-ruary @@. &onathan Bre$steBinham $as a mem-er of the Council on 2orein Relations and a mem-er of "kull ; Bones at 1ale %niversity.(Photohtt0$$$.latinamericanstudies.orusAcu-aA'[email protected])

"enator Lo$ell Weicker (RAC8) visits Cu-a6s Communist dictator 2idel Castro in Cu-a in !ovem-er =.(Photohtt0$$$.latinamericanstudies.orusAcu-aA'[email protected])
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba-1902-1997.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba-1902-1997.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba-1902-1997.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba-1902-1997.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba-1902-1997.htmhttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba-1902-1997.htm


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President >erald 2ord leans over to chat $ith 1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito durin "tate Dinner held in Belrade,1uoslavia on /uust


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#oIanne . #id&ay :%eft;, the U.S. Ambassador to ast


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&immy Carter shakes hands $ith Cu-a6s Communist dictator 2idel Castro.

2ormer %.". President &immy Carter (left) and Communist Cu-as President 2idel Castro listen to the Cu-an national anthemthe -ase-all stadium QLatinoamericanoQ in 9avana, Communist Cu-a on May +, ''. (Reuters)
http://www.daylife.com/photo/09EZ02e7wV7Zfhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/09EZ02e7wV7Zf


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Cu-a6s Communist dictator 2idel Castro $atches the former %.". President &immy Carter thro$ a -ase-all -efore a match -et$een t$o Cuteams in 9avana, Cu-a on May +, ''. Carter $as the first former /merican 0resident to visit Cu-a since the : revolution.("ven Creut3mannMam-o Photora0hy>etty 7maes)

2ormer %.". President &immy Carter talks $ith Cu-a6s Communist dictator 2idel Castro (L) after a friendly ame of -ase-all Cu-a aainst %at the QLatinoamericanoQ stadium in 9avana, Cu-a on May +, ''. (R4%84R"Rafael Pere3)


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%#C*A%) (#+O( & '%#E()S

Cu-a6s Communist dictator 2idel Castro visits ?ice President Richard !iHon at the %.". Ca0itol on /0ril , :.


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!ational "ecurity /dvisor 9enry #issiner takes notes as "oviet 2orein Minister /ndrei >romyko talks to President Richard!iHon, "ecretary of "tate William P. Roers, and "oviet /m-assador to the %.". /natoly Do-rynin (left) at the White 9ouse o5cto-er ':, @.


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Richard !iHon reets "oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev in =*. /natoly Do-rynin ($earin lasses) is smilin.

%.". President Richard !iHon meets $ith 1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito.


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%.". ?ice President Richard !iHon talks to "oviet Premier !ikita #hrushchev (front ro$, third from left) in a Ikitchen de-ateJ athey stand in front of a dis0lay in the kitchen area of the %.". eHhi-it in "okolniki Park in Mosco$, "oviet Russia on &uly '+,:. (/ssociated Press 0hoto)

President Richard !iHon 0lays arm $restlin $ith "oviet %nion6s Premier Leonid Bre3hnev (left).


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M#,*A# GO%.AC*E/ & '%#E()S

2ormer %.". President >eore 9.W. Bush (left) talks to former Dictator of the "oviet %nion Mikhail >or-achev (riht) -efore the 0resentatiothe Li-erty Medal at the !ational Constitution Center in Philadel0hia, Pennsylvania on "e0tem-er =, '=. >or-achev is the '= reci0ieof the a$ard that reconi3es individuals and orani3ations that have demonstrated leadershi0 and vision in the 0ursuit of li-erty of conscienor freedom from o00ression, inorance, or de0rivation. (Reuters)

*F"rther %oba% 3roress is no& 3ossib%e on%y thro"h a "est for "niversa% !onsens"s in the movement to&ards a ne0 0oor"er. 7 >i'hai%


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Left to riht World Bank President &ames Wolfensohn, Ru0ert Murdoch, "ecretary of "tate Madeline /l-riht, Mikhail >or-achev, 9enry#issiner, and &eanAClaude 8richet attend the >lo-al 2orum ' Conference held at the World 8rade Center in !e$ 1ork City on /0ril '+'. (8imothy 2adek"ymaCor-is)

Left to riht World Bank President &ames Wolfensohn, >or-achev6s translator, Ru0ert Murdoch, Mikhail >or-achev, 9enry #issiner, !e$>inrich (-ackround), and Colin Po$ell attend the >lo-al 2orum ' Conference held at the World 8rade Center in !e$ 1ork City on /0'+, '. (8imothy 2adek"ymaCor-is)


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%nited !ations "ecretaryA>eneral Ban #iAmoon (left) shakes hands $ith former President of the "oviet %nion Mikhail >or-achev after closithe eneva Lectre "eries on the theme QResettin the nuclear disarmament aendaQ at the 4uro0ean headuarters of the%nited !ations in >eneva, "$it3erland on 5cto-er :, '. (E "/L?/85R4 D7 !5L274P/Cor-is)

Mikhail >or-achev (L), former Commissar of the "oviet %nion, shakes hands $ith former Chancellor of >ermany 9elmut #ohl (R) $hile form%.". President >eore 9.W. Bush sits -et$een them at 2riedrichstadt0alast in Berlin, >ermany on 5cto-er


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"oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev meets $ith President >eore 9.W. Bush (left), #in &uan Carlos of "0ain (second from left), and "0aPrime Minister 2eli0e >on3ale3 (riht) at a dinner in Madrid, "0ain in 5cto-er . ("ource Memoirs -y Mikhail >or-achev)

>@ "ummit leaders6 0ortrait in &uly in London. "eated, left to riht "oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev, 2rench President 2rancoisMitterrand, British Prime Minister &ohn MaFor, /merican President >eore 9.W. Bush. "tandin, left to riht unkno$n, unkno$n, Canada6sPrime Minister Brian Mulroney, >ermany6s Chancellor 9elmut #ohl, &a0anese Prime Minister (name unkno$n), unkno$n.("ource Memoirs -y Mikhail >or-achev)


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Cu-as President 2idel Castro (R) and "oviet leader Mikhail >or-achev (L) eHchane documents durin a treaty sinin ceremony in 9avan this /0ril +, = file 0hoto. /ilin Cu-an leader 2idel Castro said on 2e-ruary , '= that he $ill not return to lead the country, retirinhead of state + years after he sei3ed 0o$er in an armed revolution. (Reuters)

/merican actor >eore Clooney (left) acce0ts the Peace "ummit a$ard from Mikhail >or-achev for their efforts in tryin to alleviate thesufferin of the victims of "udans Darfur reion at the "ummit of the !o-el Peace Pri3e Laureates in Rome on Decem-er


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8he Dalai Lama shakes hands $ith former "oviet leader Mikhail >or-achev, durin a lecture he ave at Romes /uditorium hall on Decem-+, '@. 8he Dalai Lama, $ho $on the !o-el Peace Pri3e in =, sto00ed in Rome for an annual summit of 0eace laureates orani3ed -foundation headed -y former "oviet leader >or-achev. /t left is Rome Mayor Walter ?eltroni. 5thers are unidentified.(/ssociated Press 0hoto)

8i-ets eHiled s0iritual leader the Dalai Lama (L) s0eaks $ith former Russian 0resident Mikhail >or-achev durin his lesson at the =th "ummof the !o-el Peace Pri3e Laureates at the Parco della Musica /uditorium in Rome on Decem-er +, '@. (/2P>etty 7maes)
http://www.daylife.com/photo/0dS598l64LffN/mikhail_gorbachevhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0dS598l64LffN/mikhail_gorbachevhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0dS598l64LffN/mikhail_gorbachevhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/05ir3On8BDdul/mikhail_gorbachevhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/05ir3On8BDdul/mikhail_gorbachevhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/0dS598l64LffN/mikhail_gorbachevhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/05ir3On8BDdul/mikhail_gorbachev


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"oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev talks to "ecretary of "tate >eore "hult3 as President Ronald Reaan shakes hands $/ndrei >romyko durin the Mosco$ summit on May


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President Ronald Reaan meets $ith "oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev at Maison de "aussure in >eneva, "$it3erlanddurin the >eneva "ummit on !ovem-er ', =:. "ecretary of "tate >eore P. "hult3 is sittin on the lo$er riht corner. DRean is standin directly -ehind >or-achev. (Photo Ronald Reaan Presidential Li-rary)

President Ronald Reaan reets "oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev and /natoly Do-rynin after the last meetin at 9ofdi9ouse in ReykFavik, 7celand on 5cto-er ', =*. (Photo Ronald Reaan Presidential Li-rary)


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President Ronald Reaan and "oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev sin the 7!2 8reaty in the 4ast Room of the White 9ous

on Decem-er =, =@. (Photo Ronald Reaan Presidential Li-rary)

President Ronald Reaan and "oviet Commissar Mikhail >or-achev sin the 7!2 treaty ratification at the >rand #remlin 0alan Mosco$ on &une , ==. (Photo Ronald Reaan Presidential Li-rary)


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Mikhail >or-achev em-races Cu-an President 2idel Castro durin an official visit to Cu-a in 9avana on /0ril :, =. By eH0ressin thedesire to hold a conference concernin the 8hird World de-t, >or-achev offered the -einnin of a solution to the 0ro-lem of Q8hird World/7D"Q, an eH0ression of Castros. ("ymaCor-is)

Syria0s President /afeI Assad :%eft; visits Soviet Premier >i'hai% os!o& in 198G.:PhotoAsad of Syria: he Stru**le for the Middle astby Patri!' Sea%e;


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$omm"nist #omania0s President Ni!o%ae $ea"ses!" reets Soviet Premier A%e'sei Kosyin on A""st 22, 19GE.:Photo #omanian $omm"nism Cn%ine Photo $o%%e!tion;

$omm"nist #omania0s President Ni!o%ae $ea"ses!" a33ears &ith ast


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#omania0s di!tator Ni!o%ae $ea"ses!" visits North Korea0s di!tator Kim % S"n :%eft; d"rin the 3arty and state visit to NorthKorea on J"ne 1@, 19G1. :Photo #omanian $omm"nism Cn%ine Photo $o%%e!tion;

Left 0hoto /ra- terrorist 1asser /rafat reets Romania6s dictator !icolae Ceausescu.Riht 0hoto Poland6s dictator WoFciech &aru3elski (left) $ith Romania6s dictator !icolae Ceausescu.(Photo Romanian !ational 9istory Museum)


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$omm"nist #omania0s President Ni!o%ae $ea"ses!" :!enter; !e%ebrates &ith >oIambi"e0s $omm"nist stronman Samora>a!he% :riht; and his &ife a!he% :%eft; in >a3"to, >oIambi"e in A3ri% 19G9. a!he% %ater married Ne%son>ande%a. :Photo #omanian $omm"nism Cn%ine Photo $o%%e!tion;

U.S. i!e President


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1uoslavia6s President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (left) a00ears $ith British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and British 2orein "ecretary /nthony 4dn London on March *, :overnment of 1uoslavia"er-ia)

1uoslavia6s President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (riht) a00ears $ith British Prime Minister 9arold MacMillan.


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"oviet leader Leonid Bre3hnev (left) escorts 1uoslavia6s 0resident &osi0 Bro3 8ito as they revie$ troo0s u0on 8itos arrival in Mosco$, "ov%nion on /uust *, @@. (E BettmannC5RB7")

1uoslavia6s President &osi0 Bro3 8ito received Mararet 8hatcher, leader of the British Conservative Party in Belrade, 1uoslavia onDecem-er *, @@. (E BettmannC5RB7")


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1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (left) a00ears $ith Mohammad Re3a Pahlevi, "hah of 7ran (second from left).

1uoslavia6s President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (riht) visits Celal Bayar, President of 8urkey.


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B"os%avia0s President Josi3 +roI Tito :%eft; a33ears &ith /ai%e Se%assie :riht;, the m3eror of thio3ia.

1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (riht) reets 7rai stronman "addam 9ussein (left) in the @s.


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1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (left) a00ears $ith 9aile "elassie, the 4m0eror of 4thio0ia.

1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (left) reets %anda6s dictator 7di /min.


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1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito reets #enneth #aunda, President of am-ia (formerly !orthern Rhodesi

1uoslavia6s Communist President &osi0 Bro3 8ito (riht) a00ears $ith 7ndira >andhi, Prime Minister of 7ndia.


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/merican evanelist 0reacher Billy >raham visits Red China6s commissar Li Pen in Red China in ==.(Photo 5ust As 2 Am-y Billy >raham)


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Mao 8seAtun shakes hands $ith W.4.B. Du Bois at his villa in CommunistAoccu0ied south central mainland China in /0ril (Photo%niversity of Massachusetts Li-rary)

W.4.B. Du Bois chats $ith Chinese Communist minister Chou 4nlai in Communist China in :.(Photo%niversity of Massachusetts Li-rary)
http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/dubois/?tag=mhttp://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/dubois/?tag=mhttp://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/collections/galleries/dubois18.htmhttp://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/collections/galleries/dubois18.htmhttp://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/dubois/?tag=mhttp://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/collections/galleries/dubois18.htm


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m3eror of thio3ia /ai%e Se%assie :%eft; sha'es hands &ith $omm"nist $hina0s des3ot >ao Tse5t"n.:Photo htt3DDrastafarie)3oses.&ord3ress.!omDse%assie5in5!hinaD;

$omm"nist $hina0s r"%er >ao Tse5t"n :%eft; reets First ady of the Phi%i33ines me%da >ar!os.
http://rastafariexposes.wordpress.com/selassie-in-china/http://rastafariexposes.wordpress.com/selassie-in-china/


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/rmand 9ammer visits "oviet %nion founder and dictator ?ladimir Lenin6s office. 8his 0hoto $as 0u-lished in /rmand

9ammer6s auto-iora0hy Hammer.

/rmand 9ammer shakes hands $ith #onstantin Chernenko in Mosco$ on Decem-er +, =+. /ndrei /leHandrovA/entov isthe far riht. 8his 0hoto $as 0u-lished in /rmand 9ammer6s auto-iora0hy Hammer. (/P Photo)


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Leon 8rotsky (left) a00ears $ith Dieo Rivera (center) and /ndrY Breton.(Photo htt0$$$.0mentry.net-lo'=S:SSarchive.html)

Dieo Rivera makes a s0eech to the MeHican Communist Party in :*. (Photo htt0$$$.f-uch.comdieo.htm)
http://www.pmgentry.net/blog/2008_05_01_archive.htmlhttp://www.fbuch.com/diego.htmhttp://www.fbuch.com/diego.htmhttp://www.pmgentry.net/blog/2008_05_01_archive.htmlhttp://www.fbuch.com/diego.htm


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Left 0hoto 4y0t6s President >amal /-del !asser a00ears $ith "oviet Premier !ikita #hrushchev at the /s$an Dam in 4y0Riht 0hoto Che >uevara (left) a00ears $ith 4y0t6s President >amal /-del !asser in 4y0t.

Red Chinese 2orein Minister Chou 4nlai (left) visits 4y0t6s dictator >amal /-dul !asser (C) in 4y0t in Decem-er *


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/ -ill-oard 0hoto of 4y0t6s des0ot >amal /-dul !asser (left) and #limenti ?oroshilov (riht) in Mosco$ in May :=.(Photo 9o$ard "ochurek8ime Life)

Li-ya6s dictator Muammar >addafi em-races "oviet Commissar Leonid Bre3hnev.


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im-a-$e6s MarHist dictator Ro-ert Mua-e and 7ran6s ruler Mahmoud /hmadineFad ins0ect the 7ranian army in 8ehran, 7ra

Left 0hoto 7ran6s ruler Mahmoud /hmadineFad $elcomes im-a-$e6s dictator Ro-ert Mua-e (left) durin an official $elcomiceremony in 8ehran, 7ran on !ovem-er ', '*.(htt0fla0s-lo.com'*'iranAnuclearA$atchAro-ertAmua-eAiranA3im-a-$eAthinkAalike)

Riht 0hoto Mahmoud /hmadineFad, a su00orter of the I7slamic RevolutionJ em-races Ro-ert Mua-e, the Communist tyranim-a-$e.
http://flapsblog.com/2006/11/21/iran-nuclear-watch-robert-mugabe-iran-zimbabwe-think-alike/http://flapsblog.com/2006/11/21/iran-nuclear-watch-robert-mugabe-iran-zimbabwe-think-alike/


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"outh /frican dissidents Winnie Mandela (left), !elson Mandela (center), and &oe "lovo (riht) render the Communist salute ifront of the "outh /frican Communist Party fla in , shortly after !elson Mandela $as released from 0rison. 'oe "lovo*as the 0eneral;"ecretar& of the "outh #frican (ommunist )art& 3"#() from 19B aent ?ladimir Putin reets Communist ?ietnam6s President !uyen Minh 8riRiht 0hoto Russia6s President ?ladimir Putin reets !orth #orea6s IDear LeaderJ #im &on 7l.(Photohtt0$$$.lo-alsecurity.ormilitary$orldd0rkkimAFonAil.htm)
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/kim-jong-il.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/kim-jong-il.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/dprk/kim-jong-il.htm


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/"o $haveI V Friends

Kin J"an $ar%os of S3ain :%eft; re!eives eneI"e%aMs President /"o $haveI :riht; at \arI"e%a Pa%a!e in >adrid, S3ain onSe3tember 11, 2??9. /"o $haveI arrived in S3ain to meet &ith Prime >inister Jose "is #odri"eI \a3atero and Kin J"an$ar%os on his %ast sto3 of a nine5!o"ntry to"r. :Photo $ar%os A%vareID


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$omm"nist %eader /"o $haveI :%eft;, the President of eneI"e%a, a33ears &ith "een %iIabeth of


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Tony +%air :%eft;, Prime >inister of


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?ene3uela President 9uo Chave3 (left) and former %.". President >eore 9.W. Bush hold a 0rivate meetin at the Miraflores PresidentialPalace in Caracas, ?ene3uela on 2e-ruary *, '. (&%/! B/RR485 /2P)htt0$$$.miamiherald.com'eore 9.W. Bush said he held cordial talks $ith 9uo Chave-ut insisted his main mission to the oil eH0ortin "outh /merican country $as to 0ractice one of his favorite ho--ies fishin.(Photohtt0eore-ush.che3.comenne$s''A'A*indeH.html)
http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/01/02/3164886/hugo-chavez.htmlhttp://georgebush.chez.com/en/news/2001/2001-02-16/index.htmlhttp://georgebush.chez.com/en/news/2001/2001-02-16/index.htmlhttp://www.miamiherald.com/2013/01/02/3164886/hugo-chavez.htmlhttp://georgebush.chez.com/en/news/2001/2001-02-16/index.html


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2ormer %.". President &immy Carter (left) em-races President of ?ene3uela 9uo Chave3.

%.". President Barack 5-ama reets ?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 as %ruuayan President 8a-are ?a3ue3 (left) looon -efore the o0enin ceremony of the :th "ummit of the /mericas in Port of "0ain, 8rinidad on /0ril @, '. (Reuters)
http://www.daylife.com/photo/05qM6Z33gT44O?q=barack+obama+hugo+chavezhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/05qM6Z33gT44O?q=barack+obama+hugo+chavez


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%nited "tates "ecretary of "tate 9illary Clinton ('ndleft) shakes hands $ith President of ?ene3uela >en. 9uo ChZve3 (riht)a 0hoto $ith Colom-ias President &uan Manuel "antos and Chiles President "e-astiZn Pi[era in Brasilia, Bra3il on &anuary ', for the installation ceremony of President Dilma Rousseff. (Photo 24R!/!D5 B74RR/ &R. 424)

?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 (left) meets $ith "yria6s President Bashar /ssad in Damascus, "yria in "e0tem-er '


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President of Communist China 9u &intao (R) meets $ith ?ene3uelan President 9uo Chave3 at the >reat 9all of the Peo0le BeiFin, ca0ital of China, on /0ril =, '. (GinhuaRao /imin)

President of Communist China 9u &intao (center) accom0anies ?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 (riht) to vie$ an honouuard durin a $elcomin ceremony inside the >reat 9all of the Peo0le in BeiFin, Communist China on "e0tem-er '+, '=Chave3 $as on a threeAday official visit to Communist China. (Photo >uan !iu>etty 7maes)


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!icaraua6s President Daniel 5rtea (L) reets ?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 u0on his arrival at the /uusto Cesar "andino air0ort Manaua, !icaraua on March , '@. (>etty 7maes)

Left to riht President of !icaraua Daniel 5rtea, President of ?ene3uela 9uo ChZve3, President of Cu-a Raul Castro, andPresident of Bolivia 4vo Morales 0ose for a rou0 0ortrait -y ivin the MarHist salute durin a Bolivarian /lliance (/LB/)conference in 9avana, Cu-a on "unday, Decem-er


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Left 0hoto ?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 0rays in front of a statue of 9o Chi Minh in 9anoi, Red ?ietnam.

Riht 0hoto 9uo Chave3 holds a s$ord for >eneral ?o !uyen >ia0 in 9anoi, Red ?ietnam.

?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 (left) is seen a00laudin $ith ?ietnam6s >eneral ?o !uyen >ia0 in 9anoi.


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eneI"e%a0s President /"o $haveI and ietnam0s President N"yen >inh Triet revie& the #ed ietnamese army in /anoi,ietnam.

eneI"e%a0s President /"o $haveI embra!es ietnam0s Army


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eneI"e%a0s President /"o $haveI :%eft; and ietnam0s President N"yen >inh Triet share a toast at the Presidentia% Pa%a!e/anoi, ietnam.


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eneI"e%a0s President /"o $haveI :%eft; reets ietnam0s President N"yen >inh Triet at the Presidentia% Pa%a!e in /anoi,ietnam on Febr"ary 22, 2??9.


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eneI"e%a0s President /"o $haveI :%eft; reets ietnam0s President N"yen >inh Triet at the Presidentia% Pa%a!e in /anoi,ietnam on Febr"ary 22, 2??9.


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President /"o $haveI of eneI"e%a and President N"yen >inh Triet of ietnam sin areements in the Presidentia% Pa%a!e/anoi, ietnam in J"ne 2??6.


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?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 (left) em-races im-a-$e6s MarHist President Ro-ert >a-riel Mua-e.

&esse &ackson em-races ?ene3uela6s MarHist ruler 9uo Chave3.


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?ene3uela6s ruler 9uo Chave3 meets $ith MeHico6s President ?icente 2oH (left) and 2rench President &acues Chirac (rih

?ene3uelas President 9uo Chave3, left, em-races MeHicos President 2eli0e Calderon durin the o0enin ceremony of the >rou0 "ummit on the outskirts of Playa del Carmen, *= kms (+' miles) south of Cancun, MeHico on Monday, 2e-ruary '', '(/P Photo 4duardo ?erduo)


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President of ?ene3uela 9uo Chave3 (left) and President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev sho$ sined documents durin their

meetin in Mosco$, Russia on 5cto-er :. '. (Reuters)

?ene3uela6s ruler 9uo Chave3 a00ears $ith Russia6s ruler ?ladimir Putin.


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?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 (left) and 7ran6s President Mahmoud /hmadineFad make a clenchedAfist salute durin atravel to the 5rinoco River -asin in southeastern ?ene3uela to $itness the o0enin of a ne$ oil $ell on "e0tem-er =, '*.7ran on Monday critici3ed the %nited "tates for -ein slo$ in issuin visas for mem-ers of a deleation accom0anyin PresideMahmoud /hmadineFad to attend this $eeks %! >eneral /ssem-ly, after a t$oAday visit to ?ene3uela. (/2P>etty 7maes)

Left ?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 (left) reets "yria6s President Bashar /ssad. (%P7 0hoto)Riht ?ene3uela6s President 9uo Chave3 (left) reets Communist China6s President 9u &intao at the >reat 9all of the Peo0n BeiFin, Communist China on /uust '+, '*.
http://www.daylife.com/photo/05XcaHmcoZ8lJhttp://www.daylife.com/photo/05XcaHmcoZ8lJ


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eneI"e%an !itiIens mo"rn the death of eneI"e%a0s %ontime President /"o $haveI in >ar!h 2?1.


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Prominent $omm"nists:V P"r3orted *nemies of Ne& Bor' $ity0s $or3orate %ite;

Prominent %ommissars o/ t#e Soiet Union =676>36776


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Lev #amenevDe0uty Chairman of theCouncil of Peo0les

Commissars of the "oviet%nion ('P%('*Ariory PetrovskyPeo0les Commissar of

!#?DNRussia(!ovem-er @,

@ X March


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!ikita #hrushchev2irst "ecretary of the

Communist Party of the"oviet %nion (:eneral of "oviet Communist Pa

(=:A)

>eory Chicherin"oviet NPeo0les

Commissar for 2orein/ffairs (=AB)

(*@A=')

2eliH D3er3hinskyinauural Director of

Cheka ("ovietintellience, later #>B)(@A'') Director ofthe 5>P% ('


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Den Giao0inParamount Leader of

Communist China(@=A')

Chou 4nAlaiPremier of Communist

China (+A@*)

Mao 8seAtunDictator and Chairman of

Communist China(+A@*)

&ian eminPresident of Communist

China (


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&osi0 Bro3 8itoPresident of 1uoslavia

(&anuary +, :


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Rosa LuHem-ur>erman I"0artacistJ

Communist re-el ()

#arl Lie-knecht>erman I"0artacistJ

Communist re-el ()

Dr. #arl MarH, Ph.D.CoAauthor of Communist

Manifesto

2riedrich 4nelsCoAauthor of Communist

Manifesto

/ntonio >ramsci7talian Communist

W\adys\a$ >omu\ka2irst "ecretary of the

Polish %nited WorkersParty NCommissar of

Poland(:*A@)

7stvZn Do-iChairman of the

Presidential Council ofthe Peo0les Re0u-lic of

9unary (:'A*@)

4rich MielkeMinister of "tate "ecurity("tasi) of 4ast >ermany

(:@A=)

Bela #un9unarian Communisthead of the 9unarian"oviet Re0u-lic ()

4uen LevineLeader of the Bavar

"oviet Re0u-lic (/0riAMay


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Prominent $omm"nist Sym3athiIers

-inie$ Br3e3inski!ational "ecurity /dvisor(@@A=) CoA2ounder

of the 8rilateralCommission

9enry #issiner%.". "ecretary of "tate(@


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>eore "orosChairman of "oros 2undManaement Nfinancial-usiness in !e$ 1orkCity (*A0resent)

Ro-ert 4. Ru-inPartner of >oldman,

"achs ; Co. N-ankin firmin !e$ 1ork City (@A') "ecretary of the8reasury (:A)

9illary Rodham Clinton%.". "ecretary of "tate

('A0resent) %."."enator (DA!e$ 1ork,

'A')

8ed 8urner2ormer Chairman of8urner Broadcastin"ystem (8B") and

founder of Ca-le !e$s!et$ork (C!!) N/merican

television com0any

Bill >ates2ormer Chairman an

C45 of MicrosoftN/merican soft$are

com0any

&ohn &. McCloyChairman of the -oard ofChase Manhattan Bank

(::A*)

&aco- 9. "chiffformer Partner of #uhn,

Loe- ; Co. N-ankin firmin !e$ 1ork City

W.4.B. du BoisCoA2ounder of !//CPFoined the CommunistParty of >hana in *

Charles de >aullePresident of 2rance

(:A*)

!elson MandelaPresident of "outh /f

(+A) lontim0olitical 0risoner

Left >eore W. Bush $alks $ith ?ladimir Putin, &ian emin, and 8un CheeAh$a (far riht).Riht 8he ImeJ in the ca0tion is /rmand 9ammer. 8his 0hoto $as 0u-lished in /rmand 9ammer6s auto-iora0hy Hammer.


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1rominent Comm!nists

"oviet Communists?ladimir Lenin (real name ?ladimir 7lyich %lyanov) (/0ril '', =@A&anuary ', '+) X Commissar of the "oviet %nion (@A'+)

Leon 8rotsky (real name Lev Davidovich Bronstein) (!ovem-er @, =@Adied in MeHico on /uust ', +) X "oviet Commissar of 2orein/ffairs (@A=) "oviet Commissar of War (A':) lived in !e$ 1ork City in early @ lived in MeHico in eHile until assassinated + RussianA-orn &e$ish Communist

&osef "talin (real name 7osif ?issarionovich D3huashvili) (Decem-er =, =@=AMarch :, :riori 1akovlovich "okolnikov (>irsh 1ankelevich Brilliant) X "oviet NPeo0le6s Commissar of 2inance (''A'*) Murdered in 0rison on

May ',


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Chinese CommunistsMao 8seAtun (Decem-er '*, =anchuan X Minister of !ational Defense of Communist China ('ermany on May :, == died in London on March +, ==odfather of Communism coAauthor of Communist Manifesto received a Ph.D. at %niversity of Berlin in =+ >ermanA-orn &e$ish communist2riedrich 4nels (-orn in Barmen, >ermany !ovem-er '=, =' died in London on /uust :, =:) X coAauthor of Communist Manifesto4as +apital&osi0 Bro3 8ito (-orn &osi0 Bro3 May @, =

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