cognitive radio for dynamic spectrum access vision … radio for dynamic spectrum access ... joseph...
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KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association
COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB (CEL)
www.kit.edu
Cognitive Radio for Dynamic Spectrum Access – Vision Meets Reality Friedrich Jondral
LStelcom Summit
Lichtenau, July 4, 2012
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 2 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Cognitive Radio (CR)
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 3 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Immediate Urgent Normal
ACT
Outside World
New States
Prior
States
Generate Alternatives
Evaluate
Alternatives
ORIENT
Establish Priority
Receive a Message
Read Buttons
Send a Message Initiate Process(es)
Register to
Current Time
Pre-Process
Parse
Save Global States
Allocate Resources
Set Display
Infer on Context
Hierarchie
Joseph Mitola III: Cognitive
Radio – An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software
Defined Radio. KTH
Stockholm, 2000
CR: Vision
OBSERVE
DECIDE
LEARN PLAN
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 4 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
CR: Definition
“Cognitive Radio is an intelligent wireless communication system that is
aware of its surrounding environment (i.e. its outside world), and uses the methodology of understanding-by-building to learn from the environment and adapt its internal states to statistical variations in the incoming RF stimuli by making corresponding changes in certain operating parameters (e.g. transmit power, carrier-frequency and modulation strategy) in real-time, with two primary objectives in mind: - highly reliable communications whenever and wherever needed; - efficient utilization of the radio spectrum.”
Simon Haykin: Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications.
IEEE J. Select. Areas in Comm., vol. 23, no. 2, 2005, pp. 201-220
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 5 10.07.2012
Reality
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
CR is not a revolution in radio communications, it is merely the way ahead to
more automation and adaptation
• in finding the optimum frequency and
• in using the optimum transmission power
With these properties
• higher spectrum efficiency
• lower costs and
• more environmental acceptability
are achieved.
The CR paradigm makes sense only in networks.
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 6 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Meaning of "Spectrum"
A material quantity that may be partitioned
or an immaterial medium
that may be accessed
without regulation?
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 7 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Spectrum Utilization
M. McHenry: NSF Spectrum Occupancy Measurements. The Shared Spectrum Company, Tech. Rep., 2005,
http://sharedspectrum.com/?sectio=nsf_measurements
Fundamental Statement: Even in crowded frequency regions not more then 15 percent of the (theoretical) capacity is actually used.
However: A hundred percent usage of the transmission resource is utopistic (interferences) But: Struggling is promising.
Photo: The Shared Spectrum Company
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 8 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Dynamic Spectrum Access (DAS)
Dynamic Spectrum Access
Dynamic
Exclusiv Use Model
Hierarchical
Access Model
Open Sharing Model (Spectrum
Commons Model)
Spectrum Property
Rights
Dynamic Spectrum
Allocation
Spectrum Underlay
(Ultra Wide
Band)
Spectrum
Overlay (Opportunistic
Spectrum
Access)
from: Qing Zhao, Brian M. Sadler: A Survey of Dynamic Spectrum Access.
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, May 2007, pp. 79 - 89
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 9 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
DSA: Questions
What is the meaning of “Spectrum Access”?
To enhance the efficiency in the usage of spectrum (briefly: spectral efficiency) in a specific geographic region, CRs access spectrum holes left by the licensed users’ system (primary users) as secondary users.
I.e.: Spectrum Access happens in time, frequency, and space.
What is the meaning of “Dynamic”?
Nobody knows …
On which scale is DSA based upon? Milliseconds, seconds, minutes, …? Change in primary users’ behavior?
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 10 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Dynamic / Detection Time
Dynamic Detection
Time
Burst
TV White Space
high short
low long
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 11 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Time/Frequency Plane
GSM 1800
No. of Channels: 374
Bandwidth: 270 kHz
Distance: 200 kHz
Burst Duration: 0.577 ms
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 12 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Energy Detector
s(t) Transmitter Signal
u(t) Baseband Representation of s(t)
r(t) Received Signal
v(t) Baseband Representation of r(t)
T Duration of s(t)
Radio Frontend Decision |v(t)|2dt T
0
r(t)
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 13 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Matched Filter Detector
s(t) Transmitter Signal
u(t) Baseband Representation of s(t)
r(t) Received Signal
v(t) Baseband Representation of r(t)
T Duration of s(t)
Radio Frontend Decision v(t)u(T-t) dt T
0
r(t)
u(t)
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 14 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Pattern Recognition Detector
s(t) Transmitter Signal
u(t) Baseband Representation of s(t)
r(t) Received Signal
v(t) Baseband Representation of r(t)
T Duration of s(t)
Radio Frontend Decision Feature
Extraction
r(t)
u(t)
Pattern
Recognition
Feature
Extraction
. . .
. .
.
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 15 10.07.2012
Signal Detection
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Detector A Priori
Knowledge
Detection Time/
Computational
Complexity
Applicability Robustness
Energy Nothing low universal high
Matched
Filter Signal medium specific medium
Pattern
Recognition
Signal
Features high highly specific low
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 16 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Energy Detector
Detection Time: AWGN
False Alarm Rate: 10-4
Detection Probability: b (j2: normalized noise variance)
b = 0.9999
n
b = 0.999 b = 0.99 j2
SNR
[dB]
111 93 74 2 -3
56 47 37 1 0
28 24 19 1/2 3
14 12 10 1/4 6
7 6 5 1/8 9
4 3 3 1/16 12
2 2 2 1/32 15
2 2 2 1/32 15
1 1/37 15.7
1 1/47 16.7
1 1/56 17.5
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 17 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Energy Detector
D = duration for one scan over the 374 channels of GSM 1800
false alarm rate: 10-4
detection probability: 0.999
SNR: 9 dB
Monitoring of the GSM band on burst basis by one scanning energy detector with
false alarm rate 10-4 and detection probability 0.999 at an SNR of 9 dB is
impossible!
And: What about the power needed in the mobile radio for permanent scanning
and detection?
D = 6 x No. of Channels x = 6 x 374 x s = 8.31 ms 1
Bandwidth 1
270000
D = =14.4 bursts 8.31 0.577
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 18 10.07.2012
Proposed Solution 1
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Distributed Detection For networks with access point: Timo Weiß: OFDM-basiertes Spectrum Pooling. Dissertation, Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Nachrichtentechnik der Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Band 13, Karlsruhe 2004
For ad hoc networks: Ulrich Berhold: Dynamic Spectrum Access Using OFDM-based Overlay Systems. Dissertation, Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für Nachrichtentechnik der Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Band 21, Karlsruhe 2009
MAC frame MAC frame MAC frame
detection phase
boosting phase
broadcast phase
P P
2 ms
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 19 10.07.2012
Distributed Detection and Boosting
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
With Access Point Ad Hoc
b) Boosting and Collection
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 20 10.07.2012
Proposed Solution 2
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Off-line Sensing, Data Base Query, and Instantaneous Measurement
During idle times
• The radio senses all potential transmission channels1)
• The sensing results for each channel, together with the time of the day when the sensing took place, are stored in a data base in order to establish channel
utilization statistics depending on time and frequency
When a communications request occurs
1. The radio queries the data base for a channel that is idle with highest
probability at the current time of the day and that has not been sensed yet
2. The radio instantaneously senses the chosen channel
3. If the channel is idle, the radio starts operation.
If not, it goes back to 1.
1) The power problem for this remains unsolved.
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 21 10.07.2012 Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Data Base Query
16:05
16:10
16:15
16:20
Time Channel Utilization Statistics
16:17
Channel No. Priority
1 2
2 5
3 4
4 5
5 1
6 3
1 2 3 5 6 4
1 2 3 5 6 4
1 2 3 5 6 4
1 2 3 5 6 4
. .
.
. .
.
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 22 10.07.2012
Don‘t forget
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
Coordination A channel idle at station A must not be idle at station B (agreement necessary).
Continuous Sensing As long as a SU station is active, it must permanently sense it‘s channel (look through).
Automated Frequency Change
If a PU signal is detected on the currently used channel, communication partners
must identify a new usable frequency and jointly switch to it.
Hidden Stations
Multicast / Broadcast
Communications Engineering Lab (CEL) 23 10.07.2012
Summary
Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Friedrich Jondral
As of July 18, 2012 there are
• 8 847 papers on Cognitive Radio,
• 9 554 papers on Spectrum Sensing, and
• 2 635 papers on Dynamic Spectrum Access
listed in the IEEE Xplore Digital Library.
Many of them do not observe any constraints imposed by physics.
All notions that we use in communications need to be well defined.
Detection time depends on SNR, false alarm rate, detection probability, and
further conditions imposed by wave propagation.
CR and DSA bear high potential for theoretical and practical research work.
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