cognitive processes perception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory...
TRANSCRIPT
Cognitive processesperception – sensation – attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity
– problem solving
Jakub Jura
http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jura/ing-psych/
Engineering Psychology
What is Cognitive?
• From latin cognoscere = getting to know• Distinguish emotional and rational• Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“.
Cognitive processes
• Base Cognitive processes:– Perception– Sensation– Attention– Thinking– Imagination– Memory
• Advanced Cognitive processes– Creativity– Problem solving
Sensation
• Sensation is about sense organ and basic processes on this level.
• Perception is about creating whole percept.
SensationPerception Percept Sence Organ
Visual Perception Image EyeAuditive Perception Sound EarGustatory Perception Taste Taste BudsOlfactory Perception Smell NoseHaptic Perception Touch on skin NociceptorsProprioception Body position ProprioceptorHuman Feromon Affection /
antipathyVomero-Nasal Organ
Magnetoception Impression of north
Unknown
Perception
• Perception is perception of diference.• Sensuals limits• Weber–Fechner law• Gestalt law• Multistable figures• Invariance in perception
Weber–Fechner Law
• Psychophysics• Ernest Heinrich Weber (1795–1878) • Gustav Theodor Fechner (1801–1887) • Stimulus Percept• Stimulus Sensation Percept
Experiment 1
• Dependence of sense impression on the intensity of stimulus
Sensum
Impr
esio
n
1. Sound
2. Light
Procedure:a) Set intensity to basic level (L)b) Increase intensity up to one
degree (L+1)c) Remember this degree and
set intensity up to L+2, L+3, … L+n
Weber–Fechner Law
• dP = k * dS/S,• P = k * ln (S/S0)P = k * (S/S)
– P … percept– k … constant– S … stimulus– S0 … lower possible stimulus
Gestalt Laws
• Proximity– We tend to group nearby objects.
• Similarity– We tend to group objects with
similar properties • Closure
– We are so accustomed to seeing closure that we sometimes close things that aren't.
Gestalt Laws
• Good Continuation– We tend to assign objects to an entity that is defined by
smooth lines or curves
• Pregnantz– We tend to good shape
Multistable perception
• Mind separate figure and backgroun.
• Unstably between two or more alternative interpretations.
• Since you see both, you can’t see both.
• Changing may be under control only partially.
Invariance in perception
• Objects are recognized independent of rotation, translation, scale, elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component features.
Neisser's cycle of perceptionCognitive Ecology
Objectavailable
information
Schemaof environment
Exploration
Directs
SamplesModify
Actual world
Cognitive mapLocomotion and action
Memory
• Sensory memory – George Sperling– (200 – 500 ms)
• Short-term memory – George Miller– 7±2 chunks– Chunking process (recoding)
• Long-term memory– Hippocampus
• Memory processes:– Imprint– Retent– Remember– Recognise
Ebbinghaus experiments
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1. Co2. Se3. Zu4. Ny5. Pa6. Dy7. Ro8. Ke9. Ty10. Wa11. Next
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
• R = e-t/s
– R … memory retention– s … relative strenght of memory– t … time
Metacognition
• Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition)
• First-level metacognition• Second-level metacognition