Cognition 2

Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____51.Cognitive psychologists are most directly concerned with the study ofa.emotion.b.genetics.c.the unconscious.d.brain chemistry.e.thinking.

____52.In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use ofa.algorithms.b.phonemes.c.prototypes.d.mental sets.e.heuristics.

____53.When we use the term Hispanic to refer to a category of people, we are using this word as a(n)a.concept.b.heuristic.c.algorithm.d.prototype.e.mental set.

____54.To promote cognitive efficiency, concepts are often organized intoa.critical periods.b.algorithms.c.neural networks.d.category hierarchies.e.syntax.

____55.Scientists are trained to carefully observe and record any research outcomes that are inconsistent with their hypotheses. This practice most directly serves to reducea.the framing effect.b.functional fixedness.c.confirmation bias.d.algorithms.e.heuristics.

____56.By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence ofa.belief perseverance.b.the representativeness heuristic.c.overconfidence.d.the availability heuristic.e.functional fixedness.

____57.State lottery officials send residents a facsimile of a contest-winning check for over $5 million to encourage them to imagine themselves as possible winners. The lottery promoters are most clearly exploiting the influence ofa.functional fixedness.b.belief perseverance.c.mental set.d.the availability heuristic.e.the representativeness heuristic.

____58.Students routinely underestimate how much time it will take them to complete assigned course projects. This best illustrates the impact ofa.framing.b.functional fixedness.c.the availability heuristic.d.the representativeness heuristic.e.overconfidence.

____59.On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 20 percent chance of rain, so Sheryl took her umbrella to work. On Friday, he reported an 80 percent chance that it would not rain, so Sheryl left her umbrella at home. Sheryl's behavior illustrates the impact ofa.confirmation bias.b.the belief perseverance phenomenon.c.overconfidence.d.the representativeness heuristic.e.the framing effect.

____60.English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.a.5b.6c.26d.40e.200

____61.Mentally segmenting other's spoken sounds into individual words best illustrates a 7-month-old's capacity fora.telegraphic speech.b.receptive language.c.functional fixedness.d.productive language.e.babbling.

____62.The beginning of babies' receptive language development is best illustrated by their capacity toa.recognize the distinctive sound of their own voice.b.match another person's distinctive mouth movements with the appropriate sounds.c.babble only sounds that are part of the household language.d.comprehend the meaning of languages they have never experienced.e.speak in short, telegraphic sentences.

____63.Having spent his childhood in the Middle East, Parviz did not begin speaking English until he was a teenager. When he pronounces words such as mother, native English speakers hear a word that sounds more like mudder. Which of the following is the best explanation for this phenomenon?a.In Parviz' speech, consonant phonemes carry more information than do vowel phonemes.b.As an infant, Parviz lost the ability to produce sounds he never heard.c.The rules for English syntax and semantics differ from what Parviz learned as a child.d.Non-English languages are typically more telegraphic, affecting Parviz' current speech patterns.e.Parviz' language acquisition device did not switch on, so he could produce English phonemes correctly.

____64.Chomsky's theory of language development suggests that children have an inborna.algorithm.b.category hierarchy.c.linguistic prototype.d.language acquisition device.e.representativeness heuristic.

____65.Bilingual children, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been calleda.linguistic determinism.b.the language acquisition device.c.the bilingual advantage.d.process simulation.e.the semantic effect.

____66.Psychologists use ________ to assess individuals' mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others.a.neural plasticityb.reliability coefficientsc.intelligence testsd.the g factore.achievement tests

____67.Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude thata.the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity.b.intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence.c.Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.d.Isaiah excels in inductive reasoning.e.the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no reliability.

____68.The lower region of the ________ lobe is a center for processing mathematical and spatial information.a.frontalb.parietalc.occipitald.temporale.ventral

____69.Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that intelligence test scores are influenced by environment?a.Fraternal twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are ordinary siblings.b.The intelligence scores of children are positively correlated with those of their parents.c.Identical twins are more similar in their intelligence scores than are fraternal twins.d.The intelligence scores of siblings reared together are positively correlated.e.Different national groups have different average intelligence scores.

____70.Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence?a.Trudy, a high school student who receives lower grades in physical education than in any other courseb.Freda, a business executive who effectively motivates her sales staffc.Wilma, a schoolteacher who refuses to pay taxes because they are used to develop new weaponsd.Selma, a fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record timee.Nicole, a teenager who completes the road test for her driver's license without a single error

____71.Which of the following persons best illustrates Sternberg's concept of practical intelligence?a.Jamal, a student who quickly recognizes the correct answers to multiple-choice test questionsb.Gareth, a graduate student who generates many creative ideasc.Shelley, a newspaper reporter who has established a large network of information sourcesd.Cindy, a young mother who prefers cleaning her house to supervising her childrene.Lola, who can instantly recognize and adapt to the emotional states of others

____72.Brain size (adjusted for body size) is ________ correlated with intelligence. The speed of taking in perceptual information is ________ correlated with intelligence.a.not; negativelyb.negatively; positivelyc.positively; positivelyd.negatively; note.negatively; negatively

____73.The original IQ formula would be LEAST appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance ofa.preschool students.b.kindergarten students.c.grade school students.d.middle school students.e.college students.

____74.The WAIS consists of separate ________ subtests.a.intelligence and creativityb.aptitude and achievementc.practical and analyticd.verbal and performancee.emotions and reasoning

____75.About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 70 and 130.a.10b.30c.60d.70e.95

____76.About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 85 and 115.a.0b.30c.50d.68e.100

____77.Sasha has a mild intellectual disability. She has achieved the equivalent of a fifth-grade education and will soon begin vocational training so that she can earn a living. Sasha's intelligence score is most likely betweena.5 and 19.b.20 and 34.c.35 and 49.d.50 and 69.e.70 and 130.

____78.Hanan, a 22-year-old, has an intellectual disability. Although not fully self-supporting, she earns some money by working in a sheltered workshop. She has been able to master basic skills equivalent to those of a second-grader. Hanan's intelligence test score is most likely betweena.5 and 19.b.20 and 34.c.35 and 49.d.50 and 69.e.70 and 130.

____79.With increasing age, adopted children's intelligence test scores become ________ correlated with their adoptive parents' scores and ________ correlated with their biological parent's scores.a.more positively; more negativelyb.less positively; less positivelyc.more negatively; less positivelyd.less positively; more positivelye.more positively; more positively

____80.Research indicates that Head Start programsa.fail to produce even short-term improvements in participants' mental skills.b.contribute to dramatic long-term gains in participants' intelligence test scores.c.increase the school readiness of children from disadvantaged home environments.d.are beneficial only to participants from very intellectually stimulating home environments.e.tend to benefit boys more than girls due to stereotype threat.

____81.The average difference in intellectual aptitude scores of White and Black college graduates has been observed to be greatest when these individuals werea.eighth graders.b.high school juniors.c.college sophomores.d.college seniors.e.graduate students.

____82.Intelligence tests are most likely to be considered culturally biased in terms of theira.content validity.b.predictive validity.c.normal distribution.d.reliability.e.factor analysis.