what can binominals tell us about cognition? · binominals tell us about cognition in particular,...

Steve Pepper

NORKOG 2016

13-14 June 2016

What can

binominals

tell us about

cognition

In particular, the

associative nature

of thought

German eisen.bahn

[iron.track]

‘railway’

Greek σιδηρ.ό.δρομος

[iron.LE.road]

‘railway’

French chemin de fer

[way PREP iron]

‘railway’

Russian želez.naja doroga

[iron.ADJZ road]

‘railway’

Malagasy lala.m.by

[road.GEN.iron]

‘railway’

Slovak želez.n.ica

[iron. ADJZ. NMLZ]

‘railway’

Bora túú.heju

[nose.CM(hole)]

‘nostril’

?

slides: http://folk.uio.no/stevepe/norkog2016.pdf

2 >

Agenda

Background

● Topic Maps and associative thinking

● An insight from compounding in Nizaa

● Cross-linguistic studies of compounding

Binominal word-formation

● My comparative concept

● Typological research questions

● Cognitive perspectives ??

Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies Steve Pepper

3 >

Topic Maps, anno 2000

An ISO standard for knowledge organization, with a basic model

consisting of topics and associations

● See Pepper (2002, 2010b)

(It is – I realize now – a usage-based model)

The model turned out to be a very intuitive, easy to grasp and

easy to use – presumably because it reflects the associative

nature of thought:

● “The human mind…operates by association. With one item in its grasp, it

snaps instantly to the next that is suggested by the association of

thoughts, in accordance with some intricate web of trails carried by the

cells of the brain. It has other characteristics, of course; trails that are not

frequently followed are prone to fade, items are not fully permanent,

memory is transitory. Yet the speed of action, the intricacy of trails, the

detail of mental pictures, is awe-inspiring beyond all else in nature”

(Vannevar Bush “As We May Think”, Atlantic Monthly 1945)


4 >

The TAO of Topic Maps

The core concepts are derived from

the back-of-book index

Extended and generalized for use

with digital information

Consider a two-layer model

consisting of

● a set of information resources

(below)

● a “knowledge map” (above)

This is like the division of a book

into content and indexknowledge layer

information layer

(INDEX)

(CONTENT)

Callas, Maria …………………… 42

Cavalleria Rusticana … 71, 203-204

Mascagni, Pietro

Cavalleria Rusticana . 71, 203-204

Pavarotti, Luciano ……………… 45

Puccini, Giacomo ………. 23, 26-31

Tosca ………………. 65, 201-202

Rustic Chivalry, see Cavalleria

Rusticana

singers ………………………. 39-52

baritone ………………………. 46

bass ……………………….. 46-47

soprano ……………… 41-42, 337

tenor ………………………. 44-45

see also Callas, Pavarotti

Tosca ………………… 65, 201-202


5 >

(1) The information layer

The lower layer contains the content

● usually digital, but need not be

● can be in any format or notation or location

● can be text, graphics, video, audio – whatever

This is like the content of the book to which the

back-of-book index belongs

information layer(CONTENT)


6 >

Italianxxopera

MadameButterfly

composed by

(2) The knowledge layer

The upper layer consists of (typed) topics and associations

● Topics represent the subjects (concepts) that the information is about

– Like the lists of topics that form back-of-book indexes

● Associations represent relationships between those subjects

– Like “see also” relationships in a back-of-book index…

– …but “typed”

knowledge layer

composed by

born inPuccini

Tosca

Lucca(INDEX)

composers

operas

cities

Legend


7 >

Occurrences link the two layers

Occurrences represent

relationships between

information resources and

the subjects that they are

“about”

The links (or locators) are

like page numbers in a

back-of-book index

Occurrences can

also be typed (e.g.

bio, map, synopsis)

Topics, Associations

and Occurrences:

The TAO of Topic Maps

knowledge layer

information layer

Puccini

Tosca

Lucca

composed by

born in

composed by

MadameButterfly


8 >

A more extensive “knowledge layer”

The associations

between topics make

the knowledge layer

very easy to navigate

They reflect the

associative nature of

thought

They are like paths

of mental access

from one topic to

another

Sounds familiar?

Think reference point

ability...


9 > www.ontopedia.net

A highly

“intertwingled”

knowledge layer

– still easy to

navigate

Intertwingularity is a term coined by Ted Nelson to express the

complexity of interrelations in human knowledge (Wikipedia)

10 >

Anatomy of an association

A binary association (A)

representing the assertion “Tosca

was composed by Puccini”

Roles (R) in the association are

played by Topics (T)

Role types characterize the nature

of the subject’s involvement in the

relationship

Associations can be of any “arity”

● unary, binary, ternary, etc.

Two predefined association types:

● type instance

● supertype subtype

What other association types

should be privileged?

www.ontopedia.net

T R A

tosca

R T

puccini

work composercomposed-byopera person

composed-by( tosca : work, puccini : composer )

work

product

11 >

Fast forward to SOAS 2010

Steve has become a linguist and he’s looking for an MA topic

based on Rolf Theil’s data from Nizaa

1. Verbal inflection in Nizaa

2. Verbal derivation in Nizaa

3. Noun inflection in Nizaa

4. Nominal compounds in Nizaa

■ Noko av det som er ganske underleg med nominale

komposita i nizaa er at dei varierer mellom å vere

«head first» og «head last»… (Rolf Theil, p.c.)

■ Parallels between N+N compounds and Topic Maps

5. Word order in Nizaa

6. Adjectives in Nizaa


12 >

Right-headed

e.g. yir nim ‘tear’

< ‘eye’ + ‘water’

Semantic relations

part• -whole

kinship•

possession•

• …

reference target

mental ability leveraged:

reference point

subordinative

Left-headed

e.g. siŋw nim ‘duck’

< ‘bird’ + ‘water’

Semantic relations

location•

purpose•

resemblance•

• …

hyperonym target

mental ability leveraged:

classification

attributive


Two different paths of mental access to the target concept

(Pepper 2010a, 2016)

Noun-noun compounds in Nizaa

13 >

Towards a PhD topic, UiO 2015

Premise

● Studies of compounding

should be able to reveal

insights into the associative

nature of human thought

● Typological studies, should be

particularly revealing

“Nominal compounding in

cross-linguistic perspective”

● Studies conducted to date:

Bauer (2001); Guevara &

Scalise (2009); Štekauer,

Valera & Körtvélyessy (2012)

● Not very revealing

Defining compounding is one major

issue

jern.bane [iron.path]

sithir.o.dromos [iron.LE.road] (?)

? chemin de fer [way PREP iron]

?? lala.m.by [road.GEN.iron]

??? želez.naja doroga [iron.ADJZ road]

???? želez.n.ica [iron.ADJZ.NMLZ]

Then there ’s the problem of cross-

linguistic identification in typology

tertium comparationis● needs to be

language-independent

cannot be stated in purely formal ●

terms


14 >

Revising the PhD topic

“Binominals” are naming units that consist principally of two “thing-roots”,

i.e. roots that denote physical objects (Haspelmath 2012)

● Definition admits all six ‘railway’ constructions (previous slide)

● Also noun classifier constructions, e.g. Bora túú.heju [nose.CM(hole)] ‘nostril’

● Does NOT admit synthetic compounds, e.g. Eng. bus-driver (shock! horror!)

● Equivalent to Štekauer’s Onomasiological Type 3 (Štekauer 1998)


nominal compounds

noun-noun compounds

binominal naming constructions

formal narrowing

functional broadening

Function: to name

complex concepts

that involve a relation

between two entities

15 >

Data, methodology, research questions

Approach: onomasiological

proceeds from ● meaning to

form, not vice-versa

Starting point: 200 complex

meanings

e.g. ● NOSTRIL, TREE TRUNK,

FLAME, CARPENTER, GLOVE,

RAILWAY

Data set: reflexes in 41

languages (goal is 100+)

Data sources:

World Loanword Database●

Dictionaries●

Consultants●

Research questions:

● What is the extent of the

diversity of binominal word-

formation in the world’s

languages?

● How might binominal

constructions be classified?

● What generalizations can be

made and how can they be

explained?

● How do patterns of preference

correlate with areal, genetic

and typological features?


16 >

Current language sample (41)

EURASIA

Oroqen (Tungusic)

Sakha (Turkic)

Dutch (Germanic)

English (Germanic)

Old High German (Germanic)

Romanian (Romance)

Selice Romani (Indo-Iranian)

Lower Sorbian (Slavic)

Japanese (Japanese)

Bezhta (Avar-Andic-Tsezic)

Archi (Lezgic)

Kildin Saami (Saami)

Ket (Yeniseian)

AUSTRALIA-NEW GUINEA

Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan)


S-E ASIA AND OCEANIA

Ceq Wong (Aslian)

Vietnamese (Viet-Muong)

Malagasy (Barito)

Indonesian (Malayic)

Hawaiian (Oceanic)

Takia (Oceanic)

White Hmong (Hmong-Mien)

Manange (Bodic)

Mandarin Chinese (Chinese)

Thai (Kam-Tai)

NORTH AMERICA

Q'eqchi' (Mayan)

Zinacantán Tzotzil (Mayan)

Otomi (Otomian)

Yaqui (Cahita)

SOUTH AMERICA

Mapudungun (Araucanian)

Kali'na (Cariban)

Wichí (Matacoan)

Hup (Nadahup)

Imbabura Quechua (Quechuan)

AFRICA

Tarifiyt Berber (Berber)

Hausa (Chadic)

Iraqw (Cushitic)

Gawwada (Eastern Cushitic)

Swahili (Bantoid)

Kanuri (Saharan)

PIDGINS AND CREOLES

Saramaccan (Pidgins)

Seychelles Creole (Pidgins)

17 >

Current meaning sample (200)

NOSTRIL, MIDDAY, EYELID, PUPIL, SPIDER WEB, STEPFATHER, FISHERMAN, MERCHANT, PARENTS,

STEPMOTHER, THUMB, DEFENDANT, EARLOBE, BREAKFAST, EARTHQUAKE, MURDER, NIPPLE OR TEAT,

SKULL, SPINE, WATERFALL, EARWAX, POTTER, STEPSON, YOLK, CAPTIVE OR PRISONER, DIVORCE,

DRINK, EYELASH, PLAINTIFF, RAPE, SHORE, STEPDAUGHTER, TAILOR, TOE, ANCESTORS, BEGGAR,

FOOD, KID, MARRIED WOMAN, NATIVE COUNTRY, STRANGER, TEACHER, THIEF, ANXIETY, BAD LUCK,

DAWN, HERDSMAN, QUARREL, SUPPER, WRIST, YOUNG MAN, ARSON, BEEHIVE, BEESWAX, BEGINNING,

BIRTH CERTIFICATE, BLACKSMITH, BRACELET, DINNER, DOORPOST, EARRING, OLD WOMAN, PALM

OF HAND, PITY, SORCERER OR WITCH, WHETSTONE, WHIRLPOOL, WIDOWER, ANKLE, DARKNESS,

DESCENDANTS, GLOVE, HOSPITAL, HOST, LUNCH, MARRIED MAN, MEAL, PROSTITUTE, REMAINS,

SCULPTOR, SHOEMAKER, SHOULDERBLADE, SWELLING, WOMB, AFTERNOON, AIRPLANE, BOY, BRUISE,

CARPENTER, COCK/ROOSTER, COLLARBONE, COOKHOUSE, DECEIT, DISEASE, GUARD, LICENSE PLATE,

MAGIC, MEETING HOUSE, MISTAKE, MOTHER-IN-LAW (OF A MAN), NURSE, PERJURY, PESTLE, ROOF,

SERVANT, TOILET, TOOL, WEDDING, WIDOW, CALF, CHIEFTAIN, CROWD, DEFEAT, ENVY OR JEALOUSY,

FARMER, FIREPLACE, FISHING LINE, FLAME, FOOTPRINT, FREEMAN, GRIEF, JUDGMENT, LAMB, MARE,

NIECE, OLDER SISTER, SCREWDRIVER, SIBLING, SPECTACLES/ GLASSES, SUNDAY, TWINS, VEIN OR

ARTERY, YOUNGER SISTER, ANGER, BABY, EAST, ELECTION, END(2), FOAL OR COLT, GIRL,

HANDKERCHIEF OR RAG, IDEA, INTENTION, ITCH, NEIGHBOUR, POSTCARD, PRAISE, QUEEN, RAINBOW,

RAZOR, RIB, SCHOOL, VICTORY, WEAPONS, WEDNESDAY, WEST, YOUNG WOMAN, YOUNGER BROTHER,

SPRING OR WELL, THATCH, TREE TRUNK, ARCTIC LIGHTS, TEAR, BICYCLE, EYEBROW, STABLE OR STALL,

TRAIN, VINE, BEE, CAVE, ARMPIT, BARK, NECKLACE, POSTAGE STAMP, NUT, BACKPACK, BICYCLE PUMP,

BOW TIE, CAPITAL CITY, DAIRY COW, FLEA MARKET, GOLD RING, HAND BRAKE, HANDBAG, HORSESHOE,

HUMMINGBIRD, KEYW ORD, LIPSTICK, MAIL BOX, MILKY WAY, PADDLE W HEEL, RAILWAY,

STONE BRIDGE, SUGAR CANE, TOILET PAPER, TOOLBOX, TOOTHBRUSH, WATER PUMP, WINDMILL


18 >

Up to 41 languages per meaning (1/3)


EYELID :: 32 words (of which 12 head-initial binominals)

language word [gloss] c1 c2 construction

Ceq Wong hoʔ mɛt [hoʔ ‘skin’ mɛt ‘eye’] skin eye Head Mod

Hawaiian lihi~lihi maka [rim eye] rim eye Head Mod

Indonesian kelopak mata [sheath eye] sheath eye Head Mod

Seychelles Creole lapo lizye [skin eye] skin eye Head Mod

Thai plʉak-taa [skin-eye] skin eye Head Mod

White Hmong tawv + muag [skin + eye] skin eye Head Mod

Kanuri fərtə shîm-bè [root eye-of] root eye Head Mod-GEN

Tarifiyt Berber aʕrua n tit’t’ [back of eye] back eye Head OF CON-Mod

Lower Sorbian lapka na woku [flap PREP eye] flap eye Head PREP Mod

Hausa fáatà-r ídòo [skin-GEN eye] skin eye Head-LK Mod

Malagasy hodimàso [hòditra ‘skin’ + màso ‘eye’] skin eye Head-Mod

Otomi xi-da [body.hair eye] body hair eye Head-Mod

19 >




Hup kǝwǝg b’ɔk [eye skin] eye skin Mod Head

Quechua ñawi kara [eye skin] eye skin Mod Head

Kali'na enu[lu]-pipo [eye-skin] eye skin Mod Head

Saramaccan wójo-kókóo [eye-shell] eye shell Mod Head

Takia mala-n sklo-n [eye-3SG skin-3SG] eye skin Mod-3SG Head-3SG

Bezhta häyš ƛ’äq’e [eye.gen roof] eye roof Mod-GEN Head

Ket dēs-d-iŋolt [eye-POSS skin] eye skin Mod-GEN Head

Dutch oog-lid [eye-lid] eye lid Mod-Head

English eyelid [eye + lid] eye lid Mod-Head

Kildin Saami čall’m-rūmtas [eye+brim] eye brim Mod-Head

Mandarin yan3-pi2 [eye-skin] eye skin Mod-Head

Archi lul-li-n dorki [eye(III)-OBL.SG-GEN

top(IV)SG.NOM]

eye top Mod-OBL-GEN Head

Wichí tot-telhu t’oj [POSS.IND-eye skin/hide] eye skin/hide POSS:IND-Mod Head

EYELID :: 32 words (of which 13 head-final binominals)

20 >




Manange 2mi-2pʰi [eye-up] eye up N + Adv

Mapudungun wente nge [over eye] over eye Adv + N

Old High German slegibrâwa [hit-eyebrow] hit eyebrow V + N

Oroqen yɛ:ʃa-ŋi wu-n [eye-GEN up-3SG POSS] eye up N + Adv

Otomi yoda ['yo = ?; da = eye] ? eye ? + N

Q'eqchi' r-ix u [3ERG-back surface] back surface (opaque)

Vietnamese mí [eyelid] (monomorphemic)

EYELID :: 32 words (of which 7 are not binominals)

21 >

9-128 binominals per language (1/2)


meaning word [gloss] construction

SIBLING bratš a sotša [brother and sister] Base CONJ Base

SIBLING bratš ze sotšu [brother with sister] Base CONJ Base

PITY lut-osć [sorrow:N-SUF] Base-ABST

FISHERMAN ryb-aŕ [fish-SUF] Base-AGT

GUARD straž-nik [guard(duty)-SUF] Base-AGT

HOST gósć-inaŕ [guest-SUF] Base-AGT

POTTER gjarnc-aŕ [pot-SUF] Base-AGT

TEACHER šula-ŕ [school-AGT] Base-AGT

BABY góle-tko [child-SUF] Base-DIM

QUEEN kral-owka [king-SUF] Base-F

SCREWDRIVER šrub-owak [screw-SUF] Base-INST

FIREPLACE wogni-šćo [fire-SUF] Base-LOC

GLOVE ruka-jca [hand-SUF] Base-SUF

MERCHANT wik-owa-ŕ [market-VBLZ-SUF] Base-VRBZ-AGT

EARWAX taług z wucha [wax PREP ear] Head PREP Mod

EYELID lapka na woku [flap PREP eye] Head PREP Mod

Lower Sorbian :: 32 binominals (of which 12 derivations and 2 prepositional)

22 >

9-128 binominals per language (2/2)


meaning word [gloss] construction

BEESWAX pcołk-owy wósk [bee-ADJ wax] Mod-ADJZ Head

DOORPOST źuri-ny słup [door-ADJ post] Mod-ADJZ Head

EARLOBE wuch-owa lapka [ear-ADJ flap] Mod-ADJZ Head

FISHING LINE wuźeń-ska šnora [?worm-ADJ line] Mod-ADJZ Head

LICENSE PLATE cysł-owa tofl-icka [number-ADJ plate:DIM] Mod-ADJZ Head

LICENSE PLATE numer-owa tofl-icka [number-ADJ plate:DIM] Mod-ADJZ Head

MOTHER-IN-LAW pśichod-na maś [future-ADJ mother] Mod-ADJZ Head

NATIVE COUNTRY wóśc-ny kraj [ancestor-ADJ country] Mod-ADJZ Head

NOSTRIL nos-owa źěrka [nos-ADJ hole] Mod-ADJZ Head

POSTAGE STAMP list-owa znam-ka [letter-ADJ sign-DIM] Mod-ADJZ Head

POSTCARD post-owa kórt-ka [post-ADJ card-DIM] Mod-ADJZ Head

THATCH słomjane kšywo [straw:ADJ roof] Mod-ADJZ Head

VINE win-owy keŕ [vine-ADJ bush] Mod-ADJZ Head

WRIST ruc-ne zgibk [hand-ADJ joint] Mod-ADJZ Head

NIECE bratša źowka [brother:GEN.SG daughter] Mod-GEN Head

NIECE sotšy źowka [sister:GEN.SG daughter] Mod-GEN Head

Lower Sorbian :: 32 binominals (of which 14 adjectival and 2 genitival)

23 >

Binominal patterns (by language)

Hausa (haus1257) 44

Head-LK Mod 41

Head Mod 1

Base-ABSTR 2

Swahili (swah1253) 42

Head CON Mod 32

Head-Mod 4

CM-Base 7

Kanuri (cent2050) 45

Head Mod-GEN 23

Head Mod-ASS 2

Mod Head 2

Base-LOC 6

Base-LOC2 1

Base-AGT 10

Base-SON 1


Dutch (dutc1256) 33

Mod-Head 28

Mod-LE-Head 3

Base-M, Base-F 2

Sorbian (lowe1385) 29

Mod-ADJZ Head 11

Mod-GEN Head 2

Head PREP Mod 2

Base-AGT 5

Base-VBZ-AGT 1

Base-ABST 1

Base-INST 1

Base-LOC 1

Base-F 1

Base-SUF 1

Base-DIM 1

Ceq Wong (chew1245) 18

Head Mod 18

Vietnamese (viet1252) 52

Head Mod 40

Mod Head 8

Base Base 2

opaque 2

Malagasy (plat1254) 65

Head-Mod 30

Head-GEN-Mod 15

Head SOC-Mod 2

AGT-Base 11

NMZ-Base 6

Base CONJ-Base 1

24 >

Binominal patterns (by meaning)


TBD

25 >

Two questions for a cognitive typology

So how might a cognitive linguist leverage this data?

Semantic relations●

Test the Bourque (– 2014) taxonomy across languages, meanings and

constructions

Look for further evidence for the subordinative/attribute distinction –

(cf. the Nizaa discovery of two paths of mental access)

Reference points●

Investigate the relationship to possessive constructions–

Metonymy●

Cf. Janda (– 2011) on metonymy in “word-formation” (derivation)

Parallels between core metonymies and taxonomies of semantic –

relations in compounding (see below)

What can it tell us about the associative nature of thought?

Associationist theories in philosophy–


26 >

Associationism (Mandelbaum 2016)

Associationism can be used as a theory of learning …, a theory of thinking

(as in Jamesian “streams of thought”), a theory of mental structures (e.g., as

concept pairs), and a theory of the implementation of thought (e.g.,

connectionism).

All these theories are separable, but share a related, empiricist-friendly core

(ok, that’s cool…)

● Hume: Three types of associative relations: resemblance, contiguity, and

cause and effect (interesting; cf. metaphor and metonymy)

Associative learning didn’t hit its stride until the work of Ivan Pavlov, which

spurred the subsequent rise of the behaviorist movement in psychology

(uh-oh…)

An associative structure describes the type of bond that connects two distinct

mental states [e.g.] the associative pair SALT/PEPPER (nice :-)

The most well-known associative instantiation base is a class of networks

called Connectionist networks


27 >

Associations and language

So what do Topic Maps associations have to do with these various flavours of

associationism? I don’t know (yet). Any ideas?

Associations do seem to be applicable to numerous aspects of language:

● Clause structure

– Tosca was composed by Puccini / Puccini composed Tosca

composed-by( tosca : work, puccini : composer )

produced-by( tosca : product, puccini : producer )

● Semantic relations in binominals:

– honey bee PRODUCTION (Bourque 2014) “an H that makes M”

produced-by( honey : product, bee : producer )

● Metonymic relations

– I just adore Puccini PRODUCER for PRODUCT

produced-by( tosca : product, puccini : producer )

Could associations offer a neutral framework (and formalism) for investigating

commonalities between all of these (and more)?


28 >

Over to you (I hope there’s still time)

Does any of this resonate with you as cognitive

linguists?

Do you have any comments on these thoughts?

More importantly:

What connections haven’t I thought of?

Help me use typology to further the cause of

cognitive linguistics!

Tusen takk!


29 >

References

Bauer, Laurie. 2001. Compounding. In Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wolfgang Oesterreicher & Wolfgang Raible (eds.),

Language typology and language universals: an international handbook, 695–707. Berlin: de Gruyter.

Bourque, Yves Stephen. 2014. Toward a typology of semantic transparency: The case of French compounds. University of

Toronto PhD dissertation. https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/68190.

Bush, Vannevar. 1945. As We May Think. The Atlantic Monthly.

Guevara, Emiliano & Sergio Scalise. 2009. Searching for universals in compounding. In Sergio Scalise, Elisabetta Magni &

Antonietta Bisetto (eds.), Universals of language today, 101–128. Amsterdam: Springer.

Haspelmath, Martin. 2012. How to compare major word-classes across the world’s languages. UCLA Working Papers in

Linguistics, Theories of Everything 17, Article 16. 109–130.

Janda, Laura A. 2011. Metonymy in word-formation. Cognitive Linguistics 22(2).

Mandelbaum, Eric. 2016. Associationist theories of thought. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.

http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/associationist-thought/.

Pepper, Steve. to appear. Windmills, Nizaa and the typology of binominal compounds. In Pavol Štekauer, Salvador Valera &

Lívia Körtvélyessy (eds.), Word-formation in the languages of the world. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

http://www.academia.edu/24727266/.

Pepper, Steve. 2002. The TAO of Topic Maps: Finding the way in the age of infoglut. Ontopia.

https://www.academia.edu/1107214/ (6 November, 2015).

Pepper, Steve. 2010a. Topic Maps. (Ed.) Marcia J. Bates & Mary Niles Maack. Encyclopedia of library and information sciences.

Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. http://www.academia.edu/1107210/.

Pepper, Steve. 2010b. Nominal compounding in Nizaa: A cognitive perspective. School of Oriental and African Studies

(University of London) Master’s thesis. http://www.academia.edu/4237937/.

Štekauer, Pavol. 1998. An onomasiological theory of English word-formation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Štekauer, Pavol, Salvador Valera & Lívia Körtvélyessy. 2012. Word-formation in the world’s languages: a typological survey.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Binominal word-formation in the world’s languages MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS

Steve Pepper ([email protected]) 2016-06-13 1

AFRICA............................................... 5 Tarifiyt Berber (TARI1263) :: 13 ........ 5

Head OF CON-Mod :: 6 .................... 5 Head-3SG OF (CON-)Mod :: 7 ......... 6

Hausa (HAUS1257) :: 44 ...................... 6 Head-LK Mod :: 41 ........................... 6 Head Mod :: 1 ................................... 6 Base-ABSTR :: 2............................... 7

Iraqw (IRAQ1241) :: 22 ....................... 7 Head-CON Mod :: 15 ........................ 7 Head Mod :: 3 ................................... 7 Base-AGT :: 2 ................................... 7 Base-M, Base-F :: 2........................... 8

Gawwada (GAWW1239) :: 22 .............. 8 Head Mod-LOC :: 6 .......................... 8 Head-SG.M Mod-LOC :: 2 ............... 8 Mod Head :: 3 ................................... 8 Base=LINK Base :: 1 ........................ 8 Base-SG.F, Base-SG.M :: 10 ............ 8

Swahili (SWAH1253) :: 42 .................... 9 CM:Head AG-CON Mod :: 32 .......... 9 Head-Mod :: 4 ................................... 9 CM-Base :: 7 ..................................... 9

Kanuri (CENT2050) :: 45 ..................... 9 Head Mod-GEN :: 23 ........................ 9 Head Mod-ASS :: 2 ........................... 9 Mod Head :: 2 ................................... 9 Base-LOC :: 6 ................................. 10 Base-LOC2 :: 1 ............................... 10 Base-AGT :: 10 ............................... 10 Base-SON :: 1 ................................. 10

EURASIA .......................................... 11 Oroqen (OROQ1238) :: 26 ................. 11

Mod-APOSS Head-POSS :: 6 ......... 11 Mod-APOSS Head :: 3 .................... 11 Mod&Head :: 7 ............................... 11 Base-Base :: 1.................................. 11 Base-AGT :: 2 ................................. 11 Base-DIM :: 5.................................. 12 Base-CONT :: 1............................... 12 Base-VBZ-AGT :: 1 ........................ 12 Opaque :: 6 ...................................... 12

Sakha (YAKU1245) :: 33 .................... 12 Mod Head-POSS.3SG :: 15 ............. 12 Mod Head :: 1 ................................. 12 Mod&Head :: 5 ............................... 12 Base-AGT :: 6 ................................. 13 various :: 6 (5) ................................. 13

Dutch (DUTC1256) :: 33 ..................... 13 Mod-Head :: 28 ............................... 13 Mod-LE-Head :: 3 ........................... 13 Base-M, Base-F :: 2 ......................... 13

English (STAN1293) :: 26 ................... 13 Mod-Head :: 19 ............................... 13 Mod Head :: 1.................................. 13 Mod-ADJZ Head :: 1....................... 14 Base-AGT :: 4 ................................. 14 Base-PL :: 1 ..................................... 14

Old High German (OLDH1241) :: 25 14 Mod-Head :: 18 ............................... 14 Head-Mod :: 2 ................................. 14 Base-AGT :: 3 ................................. 14 Base-DIM :: 1 .................................. 14 Base-F :: 1 ....................................... 14

Romanian (ROMA1327) :: 29 ............ 14 Head PREP Mod :: 3 ....................... 14 Head.DET Mod.DET.GEN :: 2 ....... 15 Head Mod-ADJZ :: 3....................... 15 Base-AGT :: 5 ................................. 15 Base-DIM :: 5 .................................. 15 Base-F :: 3 ....................................... 15 Base-DIM-F :: 1 .............................. 15 Base-ABSTR :: 2 ............................. 15 Base-VBZ-AGT2 :: 1 ...................... 15 Base-VBZ-AGT2-ABSTR :: 1 ........ 15 Base-AGT-ABSTR :: 1 ................... 15 opaque :: 2 ....................................... 16

Selice Romani (WEST2376) :: 13 ....... 16 Mod-OBL-GEN-GN Head :: 4 ........ 16 Mod Head :: 1.................................. 16 Mod-ADJ Head :: 1 ......................... 16 Base-ABST :: 1 ............................... 16 Base-DIM-GN :: 2 ........................... 16 Base-F :: 2 ....................................... 16 Base Base :: 2 .................................. 16

Lower Sorbian (LOWE1385) :: 29 ..... 16 Mod-ADJZ Head :: 11 ..................... 17 Mod-GEN Head :: 2 ........................ 17 Head PREP Mod :: 2 ....................... 17 Base-AGT :: 5 ................................. 17 Base-VBZ-AGT :: 1 ........................ 17 Base-ABST :: 1 ............................... 17 Base-INST :: 1................................. 17 Base-LOC :: 1 ................................. 17 Base-F :: 1 ....................................... 17 Base-SUF :: 1 .................................. 17 Base-DIM :: 1 .................................. 17 Base CONJ Base :: 2 ....................... 17

Japanese (NUCL1643) :: 74 ................ 18 Mod Head :: 55................................ 18 Mod&Head :: 12.............................. 18 Mod GEN Head :: 2 ........................ 18 Base Base :: 1 .................................. 18 Base SYN :: 1 .................................. 18 opaque :: 3 ....................................... 18

Bezhta (BEZH1248) :: 25 .................... 18 Mod-GEN Head :: 10 ...................... 18 Mod Head, Mod-Head :: 4+3 .......... 19 Mod-SUF Head :: 3 ......................... 19 Base-Base :: 1 .................................. 19 Base-PL :: 1 ..................................... 19

Archi (ARCH1244) :: 15 ..................... 19 Mod-OBL-GEN Head :: 11 ............. 19 Mod&Head :: 2 ............................... 19 Mod-ADJZ Head :: 2....................... 20

Kildin Saami (KILD1236) :: 32 .......... 20 Mod-Head :: 20 ............................... 20 Mod.GEN-Head, etc. :: 3................. 20 Mod-Head-DIM :: 3 ........................ 20 Mod-ATTR-Head :: 2...................... 20 Base-DIM :: 4 .................................. 20

Ket (KETT1243) :: 27 ......................... 20 Mod-GEN Head :: 10 ...................... 20 Mod Head :: 13................................ 21 Mod&Head :: 1 ............................... 21 Mod-ABESS Head :: 1 .................... 21 opaque :: 2 ....................................... 21

S.E. ASIA AND OCEANIA.............. 21 Ceq Wong (CHEW1245) :: 18 ............ 21

Head Mod :: 18................................ 21 Vietnamese (VIET1252) :: 52 ............. 21

Head Mod :: 35................................ 21 Head&Mod :: 5 ............................... 21 Mod Head :: 8.................................. 22 Base Base :: 2 .................................. 22 opaque :: 2 ....................................... 22

Malagasy (PLAT1254) :: 65 ............... 22 Head-Mod :: 30 ............................... 22 Head-GEN-Mod :: 15 ...................... 22 Head SOC-Mod :: 2......................... 22 AGT-Base :: 11 ............................... 22 NMZ-Base :: 6................................. 22 Base CONJ-Base :: 1 ....................... 23

Indonesian (INDO1316) :: 47 ............. 23 Head Mod :: 37................................ 23 Mod Head :: 1.................................. 23 AGT-Base :: 5 ................................. 23

Binominal word-formation in the world’s languages MORPHEMIC ANALYSIS

Steve Pepper ([email protected]) 2016-06-13 2

LOC-Base-CIRC :: 1 ....................... 23 Base-Base :: 3.................................. 23

Hawaiian (HAWA1245) :: 45 ............. 24 Head Mod :: 45 ............................... 24

Takia (TAKI1248) :: 30 ...................... 24 Mod-3SG Head-3SG :: 11 ............... 24 Mod-3SG Head-INAL-3SG :: 1 ...... 24 Mod Head-3SG :: 8 ......................... 24 Mod POSS-3SG Head :: 4 ............... 24 Mod Head :: 2 ................................. 24 Head Mod :: 1 ................................. 25 Head Mod-3SG COM PFV :: 2 ....... 25 Head Mod LOC :: 1......................... 25

White Hmong (HMON1333) :: 54 ...... 25 Head Mod :: 39 ............................... 25 Head&Mod :: 4 ............................... 25 Mod Head :: 2 ................................. 25 Base Base :: 8 .................................. 25 (Base-NMZ) :: 1 .............................. 25

Manange (MANA1288) :: 22 .............. 26 Mod-Head :: 16 ............................... 26 Mod&Head :: 3 ............................... 26 Mod-Head-DET :: 1 ........................ 26 Mod-GEN-Head :: 1 ........................ 26 Base Base :: 1 .................................. 26

Mandarin (MAND1415) :: 114 ........... 26 Mod-Head :: 80 ............................... 26 Mod&Head :: 11 ............................. 26 Mod-Head-NSUFF :: 3.................... 26 Base-Base :: 2.................................. 27 Base-REDUP :: 3 ............................ 27 SYN-Base :: 12 ............................... 27 Base-NSUFF :: 3 ............................. 27

Thai (THAI1261) :: 40 ........................ 27 Head Mod :: 37 ............................... 27 Base-Base :: 2.................................. 27 Mod-Head :: 1 ................................. 27

AUSTRALIA & NEW GUINEA ..... 27 Gurindji (GURI1247) :: 8 ................... 27

Mod Head :: 4.................................. 28 Base-REDUP :: 2 ............................ 28 Base-CL :: 1 .................................... 28 Base-VBZ-AGT :: 1 ........................ 28

NORTH AMERICA ......................... 28 Q’eqchi’ (KEKC1242) :: 46 ................ 28

3ERG-Head Mod :: 19 + 2 .............. 28 Head Mod :: 9.................................. 29 AGT Base :: 2 + 1 ........................... 29 various :: 13 (12) ............................. 29

Zinacantán Tzotzil (TZOT1264) :: 33 29 Head Mod :: 12................................ 29 Head Mod-IPOSS :: 16.................... 29 Mod Head :: 4.................................. 30 opaque :: 1 ....................................... 30

Otomi (MEZQ1235) :: 34 .................... 30 Head Mod :: 22................................ 30 Head PL Mod :: 1 ............................ 30 Head&Mod :: 8 ............................... 30 Head&Mod-LIM :: 2 ....................... 30 PL Base CONJ PL Base :: 1 ............ 31

Yaqui (YAQU1251) :: 32 .................... 31 Mod Head :: 16................................ 31 Mod.PL Head :: 4 ............................ 31 Mod&Head(-NMZ) :: 3 ................... 31 DIM Base :: 3 .................................. 31 various :: 6 (5) ................................. 31

SOUTH AMERICA .......................... 31 Mapudungun (MAPU1245) :: 23 ....... 31

Head Mod :: 13................................ 31 Head&Mod :: 2 ............................... 31 Mod Head :: 3.................................. 32 Mod-VBZ-LOC Head :: 1 ............... 32 Base-LOC :: 1 ................................. 32 Base-NMZ :: 1................................. 32 Mod-VBZ-AGT Head :: 2 ............... 32

Kali'na (GALI1262) :: 20 ................... 32 Mod Head-POSS :: 6 ....................... 33 Mod-POSS Head-POSS :: 1 ............ 33 Mod-POSS Head :: 1 ....................... 33 Mod Head :: 7.................................. 33 Base-DIM-DEV :: 4 ........................ 33 Base-DEV :: 1 ................................. 33

Wichí (WICH1264) :: 36 ..................... 34 POSS:IND-Mod Head :: 15 ............. 34 Mod Head :: 7.................................. 34 Mod CL-Head :: 1 ........................... 34 Mod Head-LOC :: 1 ........................ 34 Mod&Head :: 6 ............................... 34 Base-AGT :: 4 ................................. 35 POSS:IND-Base-LOC :: 2............... 35

Hup (HUPD1244) :: 33 ........................ 35 Mod Head, Mod-Head :: 28 ............ 35 Mod&Head :: 3 ............................... 35 Base-CL :: 2 .................................... 35

Imbabura Quechua (IMBA1240) :: 1835 Mod Head :: 16................................ 35 Mod&Head :: 1 ............................... 36 Base Base :: 1 .................................. 36

OTHER .............................................. 36 Saramaccan (SARA1340) :: 30........... 36

Mod Head :: 21................................ 36 Mod&Head :: 6 ............................... 36 Base-AGT :: 2 ................................. 36 Head OF Mod :: 1............................ 36

Seychelles Creole (SESE1246) :: 21 ... 36 Head Mod :: 19................................ 36 Base-AGT :: 2 ................................. 36

what can binominals tell us about cognition? · binominals tell us about cognition in particular,...

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