coconut production technology-sereddy

7/28/2019 Coconut Production Technology-sereddy

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It is unique in the sense, that once itstarts bearing, the production phasecontinues uninterrupted throughout

its life of over 80 years. The coconutgrower is, thus, assured of a regularincome from plantation


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Coconut is cultivated in more than 80

countries in the world. India ranksthird in world area and productionafter Philippines and Indonesia.

In India Coconut is cultivated in anarea of 1.51 million ha with an

annual production of 11.3 thousandmillion nuts


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Though, several states grow coconut inthe country, about 90% of its cultivation isshared by the southern states viz., Kerala,Karnataka, Tamilnadu and AndhraPradesh.

Kerala alone accounts for 60% of the total

area under coconut in India. The cultivation is spread over the entire

coastal belt of the country.

The crop is also grown in the states ofGoa, orissa, Maharashtra, Assam, westBengal Gujarat and Union territories.


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In Andhra Pradesh, coconutcultivation is largely confined tocoastal districts.

It is cultivated in East Godavari

(32,920 ha), Srikakulam (10, 120ha); west Godavari (7920 ha),Vishakapatnam (4340 ha) chitoor(2000 ha) and Vizianagaram (1400ha) districts.


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Coconut is one of the most importantsources of vegetable oils in theworld, having average 65% oil in the

Kernal (oil palm 46%):

copra and coconut oil are the

traditional commodities in the worldmarkets of oils and fats.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE:


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The coconut based industries include

coir manufacture, copra processing,oil milling and distillery.

Export of coir goods alone earnRs.260 million foreign exchangeannually for the country.


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Coconut is a tall, unbranched palmgrowing to a height of 15 30 mts.

It has a stout trunk, raising from aswollen base (bole), surrounded by amass of fibrous roots.

The stem terminates into a radiating

crown of leaves (fronds). Leaves arelarge, long and pinnately compound.

BOTANY


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Coconut seedlings


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The palm is monoecious andproduces normally one inflorescence

in the leaf axil, every month.

The inflorescence is enclosed in a

strong, though, double sheath calledspathe, which when fully grown splitslongitudinally and releases the

inflorescence Inflorescence has a main axis and 30 40 flower bearing spiklets.


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M l fl (250 350) t


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Male flowers (250 350) appear atthe terminal portion of the spikelet,

while female flowers (buttons)appear at the basal portion of thespikelet. (2-5).

Male flower contains 6 statementsand the female flower has tricorpicovary.


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Male flowers on the same spikeletopen earlier than the female flowers,necessitating cross pollination.


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Fruit is a large, one seeded drupe, roundor avoid in shape. The fruit has a smooth,thin green skin (exocarp) below whichthere is thick and fibrous husk

(mesocarp). Underneath this husk is thenut, having a hard outer layer (endocarpor shell), a thin testa (red or brown incolour) cohering to the endocarp and athick albuminous (white) endosperm

(meat or kernel), enclose a cavity filledwith water and an embryo at the tip of themeat.

U d th thi h k i th t


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Underneath this husk is the nut,having a hard outer layer (endocarp

or shell), a thin testa (red or brownin colour) cohering to the endocarpand a thick albuminous (white)endosperm (meat or kernel),enclosed in a cavity filled with waterand an embryo at the tip of themeat.


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They are two recognized varieties ofcoconut viz. The Talls and theDwarf.

The tall varieties are extensivelycultivated throughout the world andIndia also.

The cultivars of coconut are usuallyknown by the name of the placewhere they are largely grown.

VARIETIES:


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Besides talls and dwarfs, coconuthybrids have been developed withdifferent combinations and are

known by the names of the parentalforms involved in their production.


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They are hardy, reach a height of 30mt and live up to 80 years or morel.They have a stout trunk and a bole

and come to bearing late (6-8 yrs.)Fully developed leaves measure 6m.They are regular bearers and are

largely allogamous (cross-pollinated).

TALL VARIETIES


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The copra, oil and fiber are of goodquality. The tall varieties largely

grown in India are the west coastTall (WCT) and East coast Tall a(ECT).

Others like Laccadivi ordinary,Laccadivi Micro, and Andamanordinary are largely grown in Unionterritories of Laksha Dweep andAndaman Nicobar Islands.


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Dwarfs are characterized by their shortstature (5 m) and earliness in bearing(precocity) (3-3 years after planting).

They are short lived (40-50 yrs.)

Trunks are without bole. Fully developed leaf measures rarely 4m,

though prolific, often exhibit alternatebearing.

They are autogamous self-pollinated).

DWARFS

ll f d l h


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Nuts small, copra soft and leatherywith low oil content.

Dwarfs are mainly grown for tendernuts and as ornamental palms and

also for hybrid coconut production.

Dwarfs exhibit three nut colours

viz., green, yellow and orange.

The common dwarfs available in


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The common dwarfs available inIndia are:

chowghat orange Dwarf, chowghat Green Dwarf,

Malyan Green Dwarf,

Malayan yellow Dwarf,

Malayana orange Dwarf,

Gangabondam (Semi tall type)

etc.


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The traditional method of cracking acoconut to separate its husk andshell is very primitive and inefficient,

even though today the Copraprocessing industry uses highlytechnical methods for other

operations.


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In view of this fact, a simple tool hasbeen developed by Dr.S.EswaraReddy Senior Scientist (Hort) RARS

Anakapalli. It will de huskapproximately 100 to 200 coconutsper hour.


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WORKING

The coconut is struck manuallyagainst the close-toothed blades.Next the pedal is pressed down.

the lever action snaps the coconuthusk in to pieces.

Two or three subsequent operations

are needed to separate the corecompletely.


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However, regular plantings withdwarf types are not taken up inIndia. This may perhaps be due to

the fact that the dwarfs requirebetter growth conditions and bettercare for satisfactory performance,

low yields and poor quality of copra.


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