STEVEN E. WARRENMD, DPA, FABFp, FABHPM, FAPWCA, CIME

In an era of exploding scientific investigation intothe effects of diet on human health, cocoa has beensingled out for its promising health benefits. The cacao

bean, which is borne of the Theobroma cacao tree andwhich forms the basis of cocoa and chocolate products,is the focus of more than 1,200 published studies to date,with other research unpublished and many more studiesunderway. Moreover, a large percentage of these studiesare human studies, and the vast majority have been positivein their findings-both additional elements of validation forcocoa as a health-promoting food.

How Much Chocolate Should YouEat?Recent studies on cacao have concluded that health benefitswere obtained by consuming dark chocolate foods containing600-900 mg of flavonoids on a regular daily basis. Flavonoidsare just one of the classes of antioxidant compounds found inabundance in cacao.

All of the recent studies on cocao have concluded that healthbenefits were obtained by consuming high flavonoid enriched

The following are just some of the areas of health forwhich cocoa has been studied, with the approximatenumber of studies in this area:

Antioxidant properties (more than 200 studies)Cardiovascular health (more than 770 studies)Diabetes (approx. 30 studies)Brain health (more than 60 studies)Mood (more than a dozen studies)Cancer/cell protective properties (more than 70 studies)Inflammation (approx. 40 studies)Obesity (approx. two dozen studies)Skin health (more than 30 studies)

dark chocolate foods containing at a minimum of 600-1100mg of flavonoids. The high flavonoid chocolate foods had tobe consumed at least three times a day to maintain bloodlevels of the nutrients which provide the outstanding results.Cocoa is a mixture of flavonols, flavanols, vitamins. minerals.•theobromine, tryptophan, and other bioactive nutrientswhich synergically maximizes one's health and preventsdiseases and illnesses.

COCOA AND CHOCOLATE:WHAT THE SCIENCE SHOWSInside this brochure are just a few of the hundreds of studies focusing on cocoa to highlight theconvincing scientific evidence demonstrating that cocoa and chocolate can be an importantcomponent of a healthy lifestyle.

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· ANTIOXIDANT/OXIDATIMt

KEY BENEFITS

• Free radical damage is linked to more than 100conditions ranging from heart disease and arthritis todementia and diabetes

• Many of chocolate's benefits are based around its variousingredients to fight free radicals and minimize the effectsof aging

• Cocoa contains twice the antioxidants of red wine andthree times that of green tea

• Cocoa's ORAC score (measures antioxidants) is about10 times that of spinach

• The cacao bean contains various antioxidantcompounds, including catechins and flavanols

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Theobrome cacao L is known to have potentialcardiovascular and cancer chemopreventive activitiesbecause of its high content of phenolic phytochemicals andtheir antioxidant capacities."J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 2. Protective Activity of Theobroma cacao L.Phenolic Extract on AMLl2 and MLP29 Liver Cells by Preventing Apoptosis andInducing Autophagy.

"Cocoa flavonoids have shown a powerful antioxidantactivity providing protection against oxidation and helpingprevent oxidative stress-related diseases."J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Feb 4. Cocoa flavonoids up-regulate antioxidant enzymeactivity via the ERK1,'2 pathway to protect against oxidative stress-inducedapoptosis in HepG2 cells.

IMMUNE FUNCTION

KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa appears to enhance the function of specific immune cells

• Cocoa appears to have some antimicrobial properties

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Studies in this line suggest that high-dose cocoa intakein young rats favours the T helper 7 (Th7) response andincreases intestinal gamma delta T lymphocyte count."Br J Nutr. 2009 Apr;101(7):931-40. Cocoa: antioxidant and immunomodulator.

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C liAR HEALTH! ~ Ii

KEY BENEFITS

• The protective effects of cocoa on the heart andvascular system are probably its most well-documented

• Cocoa's antioxidants neutralize free radicals, minimizeoxidative stress and relieve inflammation

• Cocoa can stimulate the production of nitric oxide,which relaxes blood vessels

• Research shows that cocoa can improve platelet function,decrease blood clotting and control blood sugar/insulin levels

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"The acute ingestion of both solid dark chocolate and liquidcocoa improved endothelial function and lowered bloodpressure in overweight adults."Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jul;88(1):58-63. Acute dark chocolate and cocoa ingestionand endothelial function: a randomized controlled crossover trial.

"Diets rich in flavanols reverse vascular dysfunctionin diabetes, highlighting therapeutic potentials incardiovascular disease."J Am Coli Cardiol. 2008 Jun 3;51(22):2141-9. Sustained benefits in vascularfunction through flavanol-containing cocoa in medicated diabetic patients adouble-masked, randomized, controlled trial.

"Dark chocolate imjuces coronary vasodilation, improvescoronary vascular function, and decreases platelet adhesion2 hours after consumption."Circulation. 2007 Nov 20;116(21):2376-82. Dark chocolate improves coronaryvasomotion and reduces platelet reactivity.

KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa can help repair exercise-induced muscle damage,enhance energy metabolism and improve cardiovascularand lung function

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"The results of this study suggest that chocolate milk is aneffective recovery aid between two exhausting exercise bouts."Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2006 Feb;16(1):78-91. Chocolate milk as a post-exercise recovery aid.

MOOD

KEY BENEFITS

." Chocolate positively improves blood flow to the brain,thereby affecting mental function, cognition and mood

• Several chemicals in cocoa enhance mood, decreasedepression and moderate emotional response

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"In this socioeconomically homogenous male cohort,chocolate preference in old age was associated with betterhealth, optimism and better psychological well-being."Eur J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;62(2):247-53. Chocolate, well-beinq and healthamong elderly men.

'ABETES~ ~I

KEY BENEFITS

• Numerous studies indicate that dark chocolate hasa very favorable effect on blood sugar levels and thesymptoms of diabetes

• Cocoa polyphenols protect blood vessels from scarringby excess glucose and insulin

• Minimizes symptoms of neuropathy

• Protects from cardiovascular symptoms related toblood-glucose abnormalities

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Dietary supplementation with [cocoa] can dose-dependentlyprevent the development of hyperglycemia ... The dietaryintake of food or drinks produced from cacao beans might bebeneficial in preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus."Nutrition. 2007 Apr;23(4):351-5. Dietary supplementation with cacao liquorproanthocyanidins prevents elevation of blood glucose levels in diabetic obese mice.

KEY BENEFITS

• Cholesterol is implicated in various for~s ofcardiovascular disease and stroke

• Cocoa can minimize the oxidation of harmful cholesterol

• Cocoa appears to slow the absorption of cholesterol inthe intestinal tract

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Results indicate that regular consumption of chocolate aspart of a low-fat diet may support cardiovascular health bylowering cholesterol and improving blood pressure."J Nutr. 2008 Apr;138(4):725-31 Daily consumption of a dark chocolatecontaining flavanols and added sterol esters affects cardiovascular risk factorsin a normotensive population with elevated cholesterol.

INFLAMMATION

KEY BENEFITS

• A growing body of research associates chronicinflammation with a number of diseases

• Cocoa flavanols inhibit activity of inflammationmessengers such as leukotrienes

• Flavonoids are inhibitors of the COX-l and COX-2enzymes, which contribute to inflammation

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Epicatechin or other flavonoids [in cocoa] were found tosuppress lipid peroxidation in LDL induced by [the pro-inflammatory enzyme] myeloperoxidase."Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jan;81(1 Suppl):304S-312S. Cocoa polyphenols andinflammatory mediators.

"In a combination of in vivo and in vitro studies, we andothers have observed that cocoa can be an anti-inflammatorymodulator. "J Med Food. 2009 Feb;12(l):1-7. Cocoa flavanols and procyanidins can modulatethe lipopolysaccharide activation of polymorphonuclear cells in vitro.

"Our findings suggest that regular consumption of smalldoses of dark chocolate may reduce inflammation."J Nutr. 2008 Oct;138(10):1939-45. Regular consumption of dark chocolate isassociated with low serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in a healthyItalian population.

~CER/CELL PRO,.KEY BENEFITS

• Recent years have revealed the potential of chocolate'sprimary compounds to protect the cell and fight cancer

• Cocoa's primary nutrients help minimize damage tocell DNA

• Cocoa's primary nutrients stimulate the activity ofdetoxification enzymes and induce apoptosis (death) ofproblematic cells

• Cocoa decreases inflammation, a key contributor tocancer formation

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Due to their high concentration of catechins andprocyanidins, cocoa and chocolate products may havebeneficial health effects against oxidative stress andchronic inflammation, risk factors for cancer."Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(5):573-9. Cancer protective properties of cocoa: a reviewof the epidemiologic evidence.

"A significant reduction in the incidence of prostate tumorswas also observed ... In conclusion, [cocoa] protected fromprostate carcinogenesis."Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008 Feb;17(1):54-61. Protective effect of Acticoapowder, a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on prostate carcinogenesis in Wistar-Unilever rats.

KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa slows free radical damage in gum tissues and slows the· activity of the bacteria most responsible for tooth decay

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Consuming a cocoa-enriched diet could diminishperiodontitis-induced oxidative stress, which, in turn, mightsuppress the progression of periodontitis."J Periodontol. 2009 Nov;80(1l):1799-808. Preventive effects of a cocoa-enriched diet on gingival oxidative stress in experimental periodontitis.

"CBHE is highly effective in reducing mutans streptococci countsand plaque deposition when used as a mouth rinse by children."J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008 Jun;26(2):67-70. Chocolate mouth rinse: Effecton plaque acc mulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children.

KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa's antioxidant properties protect the eye'ssensitive tissue and nerves

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Our findings suggest that [cocoa procyanidins] inhibitdiabetes-induced cataract formation possibly by virtue of itsantioxidative activity."Exp Bioi Med (Maywood). 2004 Jan;229(l):33-9. Ingestion of proanthocyanidinsderived from cacao inhibits diabetes-induced cataract formation in rats.

KEY BENEFITS

• Obesity is a huge and growing problem in the United States

• Cocoa may regulate genes that control weight gain

• It also appears to suppress appetite and stabilize blood t ,

sugar levels

• Cocoa may influence brain chemicals to reduce cravings

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity bymodulating lipid metabolism, especially by decreasing fatty acidsynthesis and transport systems, and enhancement of part of thethermogenesis mechanism in liver and white adipose tissue."Nutritioh. 2005 May;21(5):594-60l. Ingested cocoa can prevent high-fat diet-induced obesity by regulating the expression of genes for fatty acid metabolism.

"Satiety and fullness were significantly increased after[ingesting] chocolate milk."Br J Nutr. 2007 Mar;97(3):579-83. Increased satiety after intake of a chocolatemilk drink compared with a carbonated beverage, but no difference insubsequent ad libitum lunch intake.

SKIN

KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa polyphenols protect the skin from UV radiation

• These polyphenols likely minimize inflammation in skin tissue

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Our study demonstrated that regular consumption of achocolate rich in flavanols confers significant photoprotectionand can thus be effective at protecting human skin fromharmful UV effects."J Cosmet Dermatol. 2009 Sep;8(3):169-73. Eating chocolate can significantlyprotect the skin from UV light.

KEY BENEFITS

• Cocoa polyphenols minimize free radical damage and minimizeinflammation (which contributes to stroke and dementia)

• Cocoa improves blood flow to the brain for improvedcognitive performance

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"The prospect of increasing cerebral perfusion [blood flow]with cocoa flavanols is extremely promising."J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47 Suppl 2:S210-4. Cocoa flavanols and brain perfusion.

KEY BEN EFITS

• Like the heart and blood vessels, dark chocolate canprotect the brain from conditions related to high bloodpressure, clots and free radical damage

• The antioxidants in cocoa protect brain cells, bloodvessels and tissue

• Increased blood flow also improves mental cognitionand performance

SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

"Our data suggest a promising role for regular cocoaflavano/'s consumption in the treatment of cerebrovascularischemic syndromes, including dementias and stroke."Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008 Apr;4(2):433-40. Cerebral blood flow responseto flavanol-rich cocoa in healthy elderly humans.

"Our results show that cocoa extract and epicatechin mayexert a [brain and nerve] protective action by reducing [freeradical] production."Eur J Nutr. 2009 Feb;48(1):54-61. Neuroprotective effect of cocoa flavonoids onin vitro oxidative stress.

obal Research Focuses on Cocoa~ are just a few of the dozens of scientific journals that have published research on the health benefits

qliCaO, cocoa and chocolate:

Journal of Cosmetic DermatologyJournal of PeriodontologyJournal of Clinical BiochemistryInternational Journal of ObesityInternational Journal of CardiologyAmerican Journal of HypertensionBritish Journal of NutritionFree Radical Biology and MedicineEuropean Journal Of Cancer Prevention

'lbe follOwing are prominent universities and research institutions that have funded independent research on cacao, cocoa and chocolate:

¥ale UniY~rsityOxford UniversityjJniversity of IllinoisUniversity of NottinghamHarvard UniVersityHeinr:ft;b-He1he-University, Duesseldorf,GermanyTokyo Medical and Dental Universitymdiaha University

Cancer Research Center of HawaiiUniversity of WashingtonInnsbruck Medical University, AustriaGeorgetown UniversityUniversity of BarcelonaLondon UniversityBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, BostonBrigham and Women's Hospital, BostonPurdue University

University of California, DavisHokkaido University, JapanUniversity of Oulu, FinlandUniversity of Florence, ItalySt George's Hospital Medical School, LondonUniversity of MiamiUniversity of ViennaUniversity of West VirginiaSt. John's University

"tt these observations [regarding cocoa epicatechin] predict the future; then we can saywithout blushing that they are among the most important observations in the history ofmedicine ... Epicatechin could potentially get rid of 4 of the 5 most common diseases in thewestern world. How important does that make epicatechin? I would say very importent."Norman Hollenberg, PhD, MD, Harvard University

Cocoa's Benefits: At a GlanceDozens of studies demonstrate that cacao, cocoa and high-quality dark chocolate foods can support human health in a varietyof ways. This chart gives a visual representation of the areas of health for which cocoa may be beneficial:

Mood---~

Eye/visualhealth

Cardiovascularhealth

Other benefits:• Lessen inflammatory

response• Combat oxidative stress• Help relieve diabetic

symptoms• Increase energy/physical

stamina• Aid Immune function• Cellular protection

Weight control

obal Research Focuses on Cocoa~ are just a few of the dozens of scientific journals that have published research on the health benefits

qliCaO, cocoa and chocolate:

Journal of Cosmetic DermatologyJournal of PeriodontologyJournal of Clinical BiochemistryInternational Journal of ObesityInternational Journal of CardiologyAmerican Journal of HypertensionBritish Journal of NutritionFree Radical Biology and MedicineEuropean Journal Of Cancer Prevention

'lbe follOwing are prominent universities and research institutions that have funded independent research on cacao, cocoa and chocolate:

¥ale UniY~rsityOxford UniversityjJniversity of IllinoisUniversity of NottinghamHarvard UniVersityHeinr:ft;b-He1he-University, Duesseldorf,GermanyTokyo Medical and Dental Universitymdiaha University

Cancer Research Center of HawaiiUniversity of WashingtonInnsbruck Medical University, AustriaGeorgetown UniversityUniversity of BarcelonaLondon UniversityBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, BostonBrigham and Women's Hospital, BostonPurdue University

University of California, DavisHokkaido University, JapanUniversity of Oulu, FinlandUniversity of Florence, ItalySt George's Hospital Medical School, LondonUniversity of MiamiUniversity of ViennaUniversity of West VirginiaSt. John's University

"tt these observations [regarding cocoa epicatechin] predict the future; then we can saywithout blushing that they are among the most important observations in the history ofmedicine ... Epicatechin could potentially get rid of 4 of the 5 most common diseases in thewestern world. How important does that make epicatechin? I would say very importent."Norman Hollenberg, PhD, MD, Harvard University

Cocoa's Benefits: At a GlanceDozens of studies demonstrate that cacao, cocoa and high-quality dark chocolate foods can support human health in a varietyof ways. This chart gives a visual representation of the areas of health for which cocoa may be beneficial:

Mood---~

Eye/visualhealth

Cardiovascularhealth

Other benefits:• Lessen inflammatory

response• Combat oxidative stress• Help relieve diabetic

symptoms• Increase energy/physical

stamina• Aid Immune function• Cellular protection

Weight control

STEVEN E. WARREN no, OPA, FABFp, FABHPM, FAPWCA, CIME

Additional References

Akita. M.. et al. Effects of cacao liquor polyphenols on cardiovascular andautonomic nervous functions in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Basic and ClinicalPharmacology and Toxicology. December 2008. 103(6):581-7.Allen. R.. Carson. L.. Kwik-Uribe. C. Evans. E. Daily consumption of a darkchocolate containing flavanols and added sterol esters affects cardiovascularrisk factors in a normotensive population with elevated cholesterol. Journal ofNutrition. April 2008; 138(4): 725-731.Arlorio M. et al. Protective Activity of Theobroma cacao L. Phenolic Extract onAML12 and MLP29 Liver Cells by Preventing Apoptosis and Inducing Autophagy.J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Nov 2.Baba S. et al. Continuous intake of polyphenolic compounds containing cocoapowder reduces LDL oxidative susceptibility and has beneficial effects on plasmaHDL-cholesterol concentrations in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):709-17.Bailleux, N et al. The Book of Chocolate Flammarion, 2004.Balzer, J, et al. J Am Coli Cardiel, 2008; 51:2141-2149. Sustained Benefits inVascular Function Through Flavanol-Containing Cocoa in Medicated DiabeticPatients. A Double-Masked, Randomized, Controlled Trial.Bayard V, et al. Does flavanol intake influence mortality from nitric oxide-dependent processes? Ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, andcancer in Panama. Int J Med Sci. 2007 Jan 27;4(1):53-8.Borenstein, A. A Community-Based Study of Aging and Dementia the JapaneseAmerican Community of Seattle and King County KAME Project 2002.Coe, Sand Coe, M. The True History of Chocolate Thames and Hudson, 1996.Crews, w.. Harrison. D.. Wright. J. A double-blind. placebo-controlled.randomized trial of the effects of dark chocolate and cocoa on variablesassociated with neuropsychological functioning and cardiovascular health:clinical findings from a sample of healthy, cognitively intact older adults.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. April 2008; 87(4): 872-880.D'Archivio M, et al. Modulatory effects of polyphenols on apoptosis induction:relevance for cancer prevention. Int J Mol Sci. 2008 Mar;9(3):213-28. Epub 2008Feb 28.Desch S, et al. Effect of Cocoa Products on Blood Pressure: Systematic Reviewand Meta-Analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2009 Nov 12.Engler, M and Engler, M. The vasculoprotective effects of flavonoid-rich cocoaand chocolate Nutrition Research 24 (2204), 695-706.Engler. M et al. Flavonoid-Rich Dark Chocolate Improves Endothelial Functionand Increases Plasma Epicatechin Concentrations in Health Adults JACN, 23:5197-204. .

Fisher ND. Hollenberg NK. Aging and vascular responses to flavanol-rich cocoa. JHypertens. 2006 Aug;24(8):1575-80.Fraga C. Cocoa, diabetes, and hypertension:should we eat more chocolate?AJCN 81: 3, 541-542.Fujimoto, Y, Yonemura, T., Sakuma, S. SteariC acid potently modulates theactivity of cyclooxygenase-1, but not cyclooxygenase-2, in the form of its CoAester. Prostaglandins. Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. January 2008;78(1): 81-84.Grassi, et al. Cocoa Reduces Blood Pressure and Insulin Resistance and ImprovesEndothelial Vasodilatation in Hypertensives Hypertension 46: 398-405.Gustavsson C, et al. Cocoa Butter and Safflower Oil Elicit Different Effects onHepatic Gene Expression and Lipid Metabolism in Rats. Lipids. 2009 Oct 6.Hamed MS, et al. Dark chocolate effect on platelet activity, C-reactive proteinand lipid profile: a pilot study. South Med J. 2008 Dec;101(12):1203-8. Erratum in:South Med J. 2009 Mar;102(3):332. Anand, Singla.Heiss C, et al. Sustained increase in flow-mediated dilation after daily intakeof high-flavanol cocoa drink over 1 week. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007Feb;49(2):74-80.

Hirao, C et al. Cocoa Showed Antibacterial Effects on Periopathogenic Bacteria,Second International Conference on Polyphenols and Health. 2005 BA 9.Janszky I.'et al. Chocolate consumption and mortality following a first acutemyocardial Infarction: the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. J Intern Med.2009 Sep;266(3):248-57.Jourdain C, et al. In-vitro effects of polyphenols from cocoa and beta-sitosterolon the growth of human prostate cancer and normal cells. Eur J Cancer Prevo2006 Aug;15(4):353-61.Keen, C et al. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health AJCN 81:1.298S-303.Lamuela-Raventos et al. Review:Health Effects of Cocoa Flaonoids Food Scienceand Technology International 11:159-176.Lee, K., et al. Cocoa Procyanidins Inhibit Expression and Activation of MMP-2 In Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Direct Inhibition of MEK and MT1-MMPActivities. Cardiovascular Research. July 2008; 79(1):34-41.Martin MA. et al. Cocoa flavonoids up-regulate antioxidant enzyme activity viathe ERKl/2 pathway to protect against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis inHepG2 cells. J Nutr Biochem. 2009 Feb 4.Maskarinec G. Cancer protective properties of cocoa: a review of theepidemiologic evidence. Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(5):573-9.Monagas M,.et al. Effect of cocoa powder on the modulation of inflammatorybiomarkers In patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr.2009 Nov;90(5):1144-50.Neilson AP, et al. Influence of Chocolate Matrix Composition on Cocoa Flavan-3-01 Bioaccessibility In Vitro and Bioavailability in Humans. J Agric Food Chem.2009 Sep 25.Nemecz, G. The Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate US Pharmacist 29:2Nurk E, et al. J Nutr. 2009 Jan;139(1):120-7. Intake of flavonoid-rich wine. tea. andchocolate by elderly men and women is associated with better cognitive testperformance.Ohno M, Sakamoto KQ, Ishizuka M. Fujita S. Phytother Res. 2009 Jan 23. Crudecacao theobroma cacao extract reduces mutagenicity induced by benzo[a]pyrene through inhibition of CYP1A activity in vitro.Paetsch. Pet al. 2-Phenylethylamine-induced changes in catecholamine receptordnsity: Implications for antidepressant drug action Neurochem Res 18:9 1015-1022. '

Raudenbush, B. Chocolate May Boost Brain Power. Wheeling Jesuit University.Publication pending. Ma, 2006.Ross N. Cure or cocoa? J R Soc Med. 2009 Nov;102(11):458.Sies. H. Nutritional Protection Against Skin damage from Sunlight Annu RevNutr 24:173-200.Shiina Y, et al. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Jan 24;131(3):424-9. Acute effect of oralflavonoid-rich dark chocolate intake on coronary circulation. as compared withnon-flavonoid white chocolate, by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography inhealthy adults.Srikanth RK. Shashikiran ND, Subba Reddy vv. Chocolate mouth rinse: Effect onplaque accumulation and mutans streptococci counts when used by children. JIndian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2008 Jun;26(2):67-70.Williams. R et al. Flavonoids:Antioxidants of Signalling Molecules Free Rad BioMed 36:7. 838-849.Wolfe, D and Shazzie. Naked Chocolate; Maul Brothers Publishing. 2005.Youdim. K et al. Flavonoids and the brain: interactions at the blood-brain barrierand their physiological effects on the central nervous system Free Rad Bioi Med37:11.1683-1693.Zhu, Q et al. Inhibitory Effects of Cocoa Flavanols and Procyanidin Oligomers onFree Radical Induced Erythrocyte Hemolysis Experimental Biology and Medicine227: 321-329.

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Dr. Warren has extensive experience in family medicine and ran a frontier medicine practice for years. He is boardcertified in family medicine as well as in hospice and palliative medicine. He is also a Fellow of the AmericanProfessional Wound Care Association and is involved in wound care research. He is the founder of the Foundationfor Flavonoid Research and the owner of Aging Well, a nutritional supplement company. He is very interestedin improving quality of life through nutrition and fitness. He hosts a national health television show, HealthMatters with Dr. Steve, and he is a contributor to Life Made Simple TV. He has been featured in three PBSspecials, and he is currently the medical director of numerous nursing homes. He is married with seven children.

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