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IDENTIFICATION STUDY FOR CULTCRAL RESOURCES WITHIN PROPOSED METRO RAIL SUBW:'\, Y STATION LOCATIONS IN METROPOLIT-\t\ LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA Prepared For: Southern California Rapid Transit District Metro Rail Transit Project 425 South Main Street Los Angeles, California 90013 Prepared J3.,v: WESTEC Services, Inc. 32]] Fifth Avenue San Diego, California 92103 Project No. 30289/3511 J000 Funding for this project is provided by grants to the Southern California Rapid Transit District from the United States Department of Transportation, the State of California and the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission. May 1985

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IDENTIFICATION STUDYFOR

CULTCRAL RESOURCES WITHIN PROPOSED METRO RAILSUBW:'\, Y STATION LOCATIONS IN

METROPOLIT-\t\ LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA

Prepared For:

Southern California Rapid Transit DistrictMetro Rail Transit Project

425 South Main StreetLos Angeles, California 90013

Prepared J3.,v:

WESTEC Services, Inc.32]] Fifth Avenue

San Diego, California 92103Project No. 30289/3511 J000

Funding for this project is provided by grants to theSouthern California Rapid Transit District from theUnited States Department of Transportation, theState of California and the Los Angeles CountyTransportation Commission.

May 1985

Sectio7

1.0

2.0

3.0

3.1

3.1.1

3.1.1.1

3.1.1.2

3.1.1.3

3.1.2

3.1.2.1

3.1.2.2

3.1.2.3

3.1.3

3.1.3.1

3.1.3.2

3.1.3.3

3.1.4

3.1.4.1

3.1.4.2

3.2

3.3

Title

Il\TRODCCTIO:\,

:'I1fTHODS

RESULTS

Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal

Prehistoric Resources

Midden Deposits

Human Burials/Remains

Isolated Artifacts/F eatures

Contact Period Resources

Midden Deposits

Human Burials/R emains

lsob ted Artifacts/F ea tures

Historic Resources: Anglo American

Sisters of Charity Orphanage

Griffith Lumber Yard and Commercial Buildings

Keller Ranch/Hotel de France

Historic Resources: Chinese Period

Artifact Deposit

Isolated Artifacts

Civic Center

Fifth and HilI

1

2

3

3

3

8

8

9

9

9

10

10

]0

]4

]4

14

14

17

17

22

4.0

4.1

4.2

4.3

5.0

5.1

5.1.1

5.1.2

5.2

5.3

'T'itle

RESOl"HCE SlGNIFlCA',C:": A SUMMARY

Los Angeles l nion Passenger Terminal

Civic CeL"

MANAGEMENT (RECOMMENDATIONS

Los Angeles "Union Passenger Terminal

Test Trenchin~

Monitoring of Soldier Piles and Bulkheads

CiviC' Center

Fifth and Hill Streets

RESEARCH CITED

29

29

32

32

32

34

37

38

38

39

LIST OF FIGl'RES

Number Title Page

1 Proposed SUbway Station Union Station (SouthernCalifornia Rapid Transit Metro Rail Map 1983) 4

2 Proposed Station Locations Plotted on Los Angeles CityMap No.1 (Ord 1849) 5

3 Proposed Station Locations Plotted on Old Zanza (Sic)Madre Map (Kelleher 1875) 6

4 Location of Proposed Union Station Subway Station.Plotted on Map of First Gas Plant (Lecouveur 1872) 11

5 Proposed SUbway Station at Union Station Plotted on 1888Sanborn Fire Map 12

6 Proposed SUbway Station at Union Station Plotted on 1894Sanborn Fire Map 13

7 Proposed Station Located at Union Station as Plotted onBaist's Real Estate Map of Los Angeles (1912) 15

ii

8

9

10

11

13

14

1;;

16

17

18

19

20

21

Number

1

LIST or FlGl'f\ES (Continuer'

Title

Proposed Subway Station at Union Station Plotted on 1937Sanborn Fire \1ap

Proposed SUbway Station - Civil Center (SouthernCalifornia Rapid Transit Metro Rail Project Map 1983)

Proposed Civic Center Station Plotted on Baist's RealEstate Map of Los Angeles (1912)

Hill and Second Streets from City Hall Tower, about 1895

Hill and Temple Streets Before Hill Street Tunnel, aboutNovember 1908

Hill Street Tunnel Plans and Profile (1904)

Hill Street Tunnel Looking North From First Street, 1918

Hill Street Demolition - Grading Plans (1954)

Proposed SUbway Station Fifth and Hill Streets (SouthernCalifornia Rapid Transit District Metro Rail Map (1983»

Proposed Station Located at Fifth and Hill Streets asPlotted on Baist's Real Estate Map of Los Angeles (1912)

~

Fifth and Hill Street Station, Los Angeles Grading Map(Lecouveur 1870)

Storm Sewer Plan and Profile, Fifth and Hill Streets (1904)

Proposed Test Trench Areas at Union Station West

Proposed Test Trench Area near Ramirez Street at UnionStation East

LIST OF TABLES

Title

Levels of Potential Significance for Possible CulturalResources at Three Station Sites

iii

IG

18

19

20

21

23

24

tV'~ I

28

30

36

31

1.0 e~lROLJlCTIOl\

This report details the result of investigations undertaken to identify cultural

resources that may be adversely affected during construction of three proposed subway

stations located in metropolitan Los Angeles, for the Southern California Rapid Transit

District's Metro Rail system. Research was focused specifically upon proposed subway

stations located at Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, near the intersection of

Alameda and Macy Streets; Civic Center, on Hill Street between First and Temple

Streets; and Hill Street, between Fifth and Fourth Streets. Development of this Identi­

fication Study is in compliance with 36 CPR 800.4 and with Section II-A, of the Memo­

randum of Agreement among the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, California

State Historic Preservation Office, The Urban Mass Transportation Administration and

Southern California Rapid Transit District. All phases of investigation conform with

guidelines and procedures set forth in the Adviso:--y Council on Historic Preservation's,

"Treatment of Archaeology and Historic Preservation Standards and Guidelines," as

provided in 36 CFR Part 61, and 36 CFR Part 66. All research was conducted by a

professional archaeologist possessing necessary qualifications as required in 36 CPR

Part 66, Appendix C.

The objective of the Identification Study was to identify potential National

Register eligible properties that could be adversely affected as a result of construction

of the proposed subway stations. As construction of each proposed station would

require extensive ground surface disturbance through excavation of subway vaults, cul­

tural resources located within the project boundaries could be adversely affected. The

objectives of the study were achieved by completion of extensive archival research

augmented by interviews with knowledgeable regional experts. Sufficient data were

1

COT pi kr:.: to dete! c potentiEtl fr< ellcounte:ing cultu:~d resources at Los Angeles

Uniofl Passenger Terminlil ane 6.t Eel' Street near thE' intersection of Hill and FiftL

Streets. Because no in-fielc subsurface excavations were completed during this study,

the specific nature or integrity of these potential resources is at present unclear.

2.0 1\lETHODS

The Initial Study completed for the Environmental Impact Statement for the

Metro Rail Project included archival research, interviews with knowledgeable research­

ers, and an in-field archaeological survey (WESTEC 1983). The result of these investi­

gations revealed a potential for encountering cultural resources at several proposed

subway stations.

Included among these were the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Civic

Center, and Fifth and Hill Street locations. As a means of clarifying this potential for

the presence of cultural resources, research undertaken for the current Identification

Study was intensified and focused specifically upon these three proposed station loca­

tions. The principal tasks completed included extensive archival research augmented by

interviews with individuals knowledgeable about archaeological resources within the

immediate study areas. All pertinent historical documents were compiled from three

principal repositories in Los Angeles. Historic maps, street profiles and plans were

collected from the Bureau of Engineering, Los Angeles City Hall; Sanborn Maps from

the Geography Map Library, California State University, Northridge; and photographs

from the Los Angeles Public Library. Individuals contacted included:

Dr. Charles Rozaire, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History

Mr. Robert Wlodarski, California Department of Transportation

Ms. Lois Webb, California Department of Transportation

Ms. Jeanne Poole, El.Pueblo de Los Angeles Historic Park

Dr. Jay Frierman, El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historic Park

2

..

Advice was also sC .. ::"ht fro, C'aLhrna State Historic Prese~vation Office representc,-, 6

ti\'es. I'll). Hans hreutzberg- anc ~\}s. Lucinda Woodward.

The dati~ co~:pjlc:: during this stud~, provides a clear understanding of the

potential for the presence of cultural resources that may be encountered during con-

struction of each proposed subway statio:L These potentials are discussed in detail in

the following results section.

3.0 RESULTS

Sufficient historic data has been compiled to address the probability of cul-

tural resources that may be present and encountered during construction of three pro-

posed subway stations located at Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal, Civic Center,

and Fifth and Hill Streets.

3.1 Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal

Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal (LA UPT) is included on the National

Register of Historic Places principally by virtue of architectural uniqueness. The sub-

way station proposed for Union Station will not affect the LAUPT architecture because..

the subway station will be situated north of and behind the terminal building. As

presently designed, the station extends southeast from the present Rapid Transit Dis-

trict's bus-turn at Macy Street, and crosses the existing track yard (Figure 1). Early

maps of Los Angeles show the immediate project area as consisting primarily of agri-

cultural fields until the 1900s (Figures 2 and 3), although some areas were used for

com mercial and institutional buildings as discussed below.

3.1.1 Prehistori c Resources

Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal was built upon land that' fell within

the active Los Angeles River flood plain, and was subjected to periodic and severe

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... Proposed Subway Station Union Station (Southern California Rapid Transit Metro Rail Man 1983)FIGURE

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Proposed Station L .ocatlons Plotted1, Un' on Los A

....~ 'on Station 2 C. . ngeles City Map N.. "" Cent" 3 F. o. 1 lOrd 1849)WEST . ,fth ,nd Hill

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floodin; ii, the past (Huey. RO'TJE,ni anc' \\'ebb 1980; Weitze 1980). To prevent possi!)lc

damacre to thr' Dasseno-e!" terminal b\ floods. as much as 2C feet of fill soil has be'?"o ~ c: ...'

brough i in tc build up the property to\';ard~ the east and as little as 4 feet on the west

underneath the public parking lot. It is possible that cultural resources were buried

intact below this fill soil and preserved. Evidence in support of this theory is provided

by the discovery of Indian artifacts during construction of Union Station, which

Johnston (1962:121) considered to be associated with the Gabrielino village of Yangna.

Unfortunately, the precise location within the Union Station property where these arti­

facts were recovered is not provided by Johnston.

More conclusively, excavations completed across Alameda from Union Sta­

tion, adjacent to the Hollywood Freeway on-ramp at site LAn-7, revealed an intact

cultural deposit aproximately 2 meters in depth below approximately 1 meter of fill soil

(Wlodarski, Romani and Webb 1985). This deposit contained artifacts assignable to each

cultural period recorded for Los Angeles, including prehistoric Indian artifacts (Frier­

man 1985), and is approximately on a parallel contour (based on recent soil boring logs)

with a point immediately below the fill level near the bus turn around. In light of these

discoveries in the immediate vicinity of the project area, the potential for encountering

cultural materials below the fill soil at Union Station is considered high.

Prehistoric resources within the affected area at Union Station may be

encountered below the original fill level at what was once the historic ground surface.

The exact depth of fill varies across the facility; it may be as shallow as 3-4 feet in

front of the Union Station block and as deep as 20 feet in the tracks area. Because

documentation of the exact location of previous archaeological finds is ambiguous, it is

difficult to pinpoint an area of higher or lower sensitivity. Resources that may have

existed in the track area to the rear of Union Station may be relatively undisturbed by

historic activities and the placement of up to 20 feet of fill but may have suffered

7

se\'",~',: dis~)lH.·erne::. rs"~ flooding and netwal soil mo\"eme,t. Conversely. prehis­

toric resources ths.t ~;,sy txjst under thE: rrJ'J:'E: shallow 3-4 feet of fill ir; the front may

have been disturbed by historic land usc;.

The type of prehistoric artifacts and cultural debris that could be found

subsurface may range freT intact midden deposits to isolated artifact finds and may

contain human burials/remains.

3.1.1.1 Midden Deposits

Generally, a midden deposit is defined as a soil deposit containing cultural

debris, greasy soils l faunal remains, ash/charcoal, seeds and other evidence of a broad

range of rather intensive human use. An intact midden deposit possessing a wide range

of artifacts might qualify for the National Register and would potentially pose the

greatest constraint to construction in terms of delay time and temporary avoidance.

3.1.1.2 Human Burials/Remains

Although no human burials or remains have been reported for the imme­

diate Union Station area, there is some potential for their presence within a midden

deposit. Human remains may vary from in-place formal inhumations to cremations or

scattered bones.

3.1.1.3 Isolated Artifacts/Features

Isolated prehistoric features such as hearths, shell deposits, or other con­

centratiol)s of artifacts may be encountered during monitoring of trenching or excava­

tion. Without reference to a larger site, these are likely to have local significance

rather than State or National Register status, and while important as sources of raw

data, they do not pose major construction constraints, nor require timely concurrence

procedures.

8

3.1.2.1

3.1.2.2

..

:,.1. 2 Contac~ Pe!'ioc ResoL; or':

Contact period resou:'ccs are those middens~ artifacts or cultural deb!is that

'were produced by nati\'~ people~ after Sp9.nish intrusion in 1769, but before wide-scale

acculturation circa 1840. Exarnples might include glass arrowpoints, metal spears or

ceramic vessels with handles. These resources could include human burials or remains.

The potential for significant contact period resources is greater near the intersection of

Alameda and Commercial Streets in the general area of the reported historic rancheria.

!\Jidden Deposits

The type of contact period artifacts and cultural debris that could be

found subsurface may range from intact midden deposits to isolated artifact finds.

Generally, a contact period midden deposit is defined as a soil deposit produced after

1769 A.D. and containing cultural debris of both traditional Native American and Euro­

pean-influence, greasy soils, faunal remains, ash/charcoal, seeds and other evidence of

a broad range of rather intensive human use. An intact midden deposit possessing a

wide range of artifacts might qualify for the National Register and would potentially

pose the greatest constraint to construction in terms of delay time and temporary

avoidance.

Human Burials/Remains

In general~ there is probably less potential for human burials within a

contact rancheria because of acculturated burial patterns which included burial in

Christian cemeteries or removal of the deceased to outlying areas because of health

risks. This may be an important consideration because construction is less likely to be

delayed as a result of the lesser potential for burials and because burials determined to

be less than 100 years of age do not, under State law, require Native American consul­

tation.

9

3.l.2.? l"o18te:~ A:otifqc>t<: fFestu"es

lsol&.tec contact perio~ features such as hearths, shell depositoS, or oth".:;;

concentrations of ear'ly historic Native American artifacts may be encountered, durin;

monitoring of trenching or excavation. Without reference to a larger site, these are

likely to have local significance rather than State or National Register status, and while

important as sources of raw data, they do not pose major construction constraints, nor

require timely concurrence procedures.

Contact period resources encountered during excavation will be imme­

diately evaluated by the Monitoring Archaeologist. Resources may be determined as

important or significant if they can clearly demonstrate culture changes and processes

as a result of non-native influences; if they reflect a unique period or cultural horizon

that has been previously undocumented for the area; or if the quantity and range of

artifacts and cultural debris are such that the data base will lend itself to analysis anc

can provide insights into known research problems and questions.

3.1.3 Historic Resources: Anglo Period

3.1.3.1 Sisters of Charity Orphanage

In 1856, the property on the southeast corner of Alameda and l\lacy

Streets, containing approximately 10 acres, was sold by B.D. Wilson to the Catholic

Church. Here, the Sisters of Charity School and Orphanage was established. The school

and orphanage included a three-story school building which once stood at the corner of

Alameda and l\1acy Streets, a two-story residence with a parlor, a two-story combina­

tion playroom, dining room, and kitchen with attached wash house, a single-story hay

building, an arbor, a poultry yard, well and pump, and various out-buildings (Figures 4

through 6). After operating in this location for 35 years, the orphanage was moved to

Boyle Heights in 1891 (Spitter 1951). If they still exist subsurface, architectural and

archaeological remains of the Sisters of Charity Orphanage are unlikely to meet

10

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Natior;e' Re;;c:te>r crite!l8, A1:', ,J1;I, ~ossible. it appears i!T}~robable that such rx'oper'­

ties \\oulc possoss the iLteg:,ity 0: level of resource significance.

3.1.3.2 Griffith Lumber Yard and Commercial Buildings

The Sisters of Charity property was sold to J.M. Griffith, who established

a lumber yard at this location. By 1900 Griffith sold the property to the Southern

Pa~ific Railroad which apparently razed or removed all of the buildings on the property,

replacing them with spur tracks for the railroad (Figure 7). In 1937, the Los Angeles

Union Passenger Terminal was constructed on the property south of Alameda between

Aliso and Macy Streets (Figure 8).

3.1.3.3 Keller Ranch/Hotel de France

Core borings led to the recovery of American period (circa 1860-1900)

historic trash (bottles~ metal pieces and ceramics) and debris that is probably associated

with the Keller Ranch and Hotel de France. These materials came fro:11 below the

present paved surface of the fee parking lot near Alameda and Aliso Streets (Costello

1980; Padon 1981) and are not likely to e>..ist within the affected project area. How­

ever, if they are encountered during project construction, they would have local signifi­

cance.

Historic Resources: Chinese Period

Artifact Deposit

We have no evidence of a National Register eligible deposit, architectural

feature or other in-place concentration of Chinese culture within the project area.

Chinese period artifacts and other evidence of their material culture have been found

underneath the fill in the southern portion of the surface parking lot in front of Union

Station and west of Alameda Street at LAn-7 (Frierman 1985). If such resources are

found in the project area, they could potentially be National Register eligible because

3.1.4

3.1.4.1

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their reco\'ery 2.'](' analysis mRy contribute to our understanding of Chinese economics,

social life! and history in ea~'ly Los Ange12s.

3.1.4.2 Isolated ArUfacts

The recovery of isolated artifacts associated with the Chinese period is

more likely than encountering 8!l intact deposit. Because of the limited resource base

of such isolates, they will most proba:,:~ be of local, rather than state or national

signi fi cance.

3.2 Civic Center

This proposed subway station is located on Hill Street between First and Tem­

ple Streets (Figure 9). In the early 1950s, a small amount of fragmentary human bone

was recovered near Teniple and Hill Streets. This find was recalled by Dr. Charles

Rozaire, who, as a student at UCLA, witnessed the event. No artifacts were found with

the bone. At the time of discovery, a considerable amount of grading was being under­

ta.ken for construction of the County of Los Angeles Administration offices and the

Hollywood Freeway. In fact, much of what once was rather a steep hill between First

and Temple Streets, was completely removed during this construction.

This hill is clearly seen on early historic maps and photographs of Los Angeles

(Figures 2, 3 and 10). The 1888 Sanborn Fire Insurance Company Map of the area lists

the southern edge of this hill as "impassable for teams." Figure 11, a photograph taken

about 1895, clearly shows the steep hill over which Hill Street passed. This remarkably

detailed photograph provides a glimpse of a portion of Los Angeles which no longer

exists today. In addition to the hill, the Bradbury mansion is visible, as is the Highland

Villa at the northwest corner of First and Hill Streets. The proposed subway location is

pointed out on the photograph providing a perspective of the proposed project. Fig­

ure 12, a photograph taken in 1908, is a view south along Hill Street, from the Temple

and Hill Street intersection which provides another excellent view of the steep hill

which lends its name to Hill Street.

17

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Proposed Civic Center Station Plotted on Baist's Real Estate Map of los Anqeles, (1912)

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FIGURE

10

Hill and Second Strept from City Hall Tower, about 1895(View to Northl

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HIGHLAND VILLAAT NORTHWESTCORNER OF FIRSTAND HILL STREET-,

-,,< lj l , ,

"

Photograph Collection Courte~y of Security Pacific Bank, Lm !\IlfWII'< Puhllc library

~

BRADBURYMANSION

PROPOSED CIVIC CENTERMETRO RAIL SUBWAYSTATION

-"7»---

••

FIGlJRE

1"

,

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Photograph Collection Courtesy of Security Pacific Bank. Los Anll"!"~ Puh! ic Libm,y

Hill and Temple Street before Hill Street Tunnel, ilbout Nov.1908(Vir.w to South)

"" WESTfC ~"rvIc"<:. Inc.

FIGURE

12

In 190 ..1, plf~rl;;: were a' ~)tc::: t':, CO(1st!'uct 2 tunnel through this !til: with

ei;"rances at Fil'st ane Temple StrBets (Fit:ure 13). Construction was completed in 1909,

with t\\O tunnels lying parallel to each other extending beneath the hill between First

and Temple Streets (Figure 14). The western half of the Hill Street Tunnel was used for

the Los Angeles Pacific Electric trolley, while the eastern half served as a vehicle

thoroughfare. Stairs were built along the western side of the tunnel, which allowed

pedestrians access to residences and businesses situated atop the hill. These are clearly

seen in Figure 14. The Hill Street Tunnel was to exist a little over 50 years.

In 1956, the Hill Street Tunnel was demolished in concert with the construr>­

tion of the Hollvwood Freewav. Demolition olans (Filrure 15) clearly show that exten­

sive IITading was undertaken. and as much as 40 feet of the original hill through which

the tunnel extended was removed. It is possible these activities were those that pro­

duced the human bone, and it appears very unlikely, considering the magnitude of grad­

ing on Hill Street between First and Temple Streets, that any cultural resources would

remain. This sentiment was shared by Dr. Rozaire, the individual who originally col­

lected the human bone from the area at the time of construction.

3.3 Fifth and Hill Streets

This proposed subway station is located on Hill Street between Fourth and

Fifth Streets in downtown Los Angeles (Figures 16 and 17). Early maps of Los Angeles

show that the Zanja Madre, or principal water canal, originated north of the plaza,

extended south along Alameda, then turned west, eventually crossing Hill Street just

north of Fifth Street (Figures 3 and 18). While no recent maps, street profiles, or plans

actually show the Zanja within the immediate project boundaries, there is a possibility a

remnant may still exist. Portions of the Zanja Madre have been discovered intact at

El Pueblo de Los Angeles State Historic Park and are suggested to be potentially

eligible for National Register status (Costello and Wilcoxon n.d.). A section of a later,

22

.,. i

~ '1' I

Hnn_H77A/".w"-H/L£ SrRCCr- VOIO/'/#

Fi/t!'f'wNJf ni-K<k -" 71wP,pU.1r.

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Hill street TU......1f8nliProfile (1904F'f'

FIGURE

13

,

IN~I

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Photograph ColIl!ction Courtesy of Security Pacific Bank, Los Anql!les Puhlic library

Hill Street Tunnel looking North from First Street, 1918

,.WESTEC ~rvic('!;. Inc.

FIC:URE

14

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FIGUREProposed SUbW;lV Station Fifth and Hill Strepts (Southern Califolllia Rapid Transit District Metro Rail Map (1983) I 1 B

,.WE~Trc S4>rvi~fMl. Irw

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-27-...~rDTn IIDDIIY

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American irTigatio'1 systeri: wa.s exposed recently by Caltr:ms Archaeologists at L L\,:- ';"

on the wes~ side of Alameda Street across fro:T. Union S" ation (Romani 1985). Thic

featurE.: consists of a single, brick-lined pipe, approximately 24 inches in interior diame­

ter. While portions of the original Zanja ~ladre were brick lined in EI Pueblo de Los

Angeles State Park area, the maps clearly show an open irrigation style ditch in the

Fifth and Hill Street study area.

As Figure 19 shows, a sewer and storm drain was placed below Hill Street in

1904, with a connection between a 24 inch vitrified pipe to a 31 inch diameter, single,

brick-lined sewer pipe, beneath the intersection of Fifth and Hill Streets. This sewer

system parallels Hill Street and should not be confused with the Zanja Madre which runs

perpendicular to Hill Street, just north of Fifth Street. This sewer system is not con­

sidered to represent a significant historic feature. Its presence and location are

provided here to ensure no confusion will arise should the feature be exposed during

construction of the proposed station.

4.0 RESOURCE SIGNIFICANCE: A SUMMARY

As shown on Table 1 and discussed below, the cultural resources that may exist

subsurface at proposed station locations could possess varying degrees of significance.

4.1 Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal

Of the potential buried resources, artifacts and middens associated with the

prehistoric/historic village of Yangna and those from the Rancheria de Poblanos possess

the most potential for National Register eligbility under Criterion D, as resources that

"have yielded or may be likely to yield, information of importance in prehistory or

history."

While other resources such as scattered debris from the various historic settle­

.ments (inclUding Anglo-Ameri-can and Chinese) may have state or local significance,

they appear unlikely to qualify for National Register elibigility under existing criteria.

29

·ORMSEWERSflr'YNO /SSUr or 1,902- aJ

r:~f"'I''';1 LL s~,,~,cT BR ANCH

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~ 'l'" ~t,;,~"~;'.".. l ..~.... : ..... , '.''~ 1, ""'._,I",;-~ ""c -~-==~]J.k=:-_=-~<6 ,,; _

-..h ~... '- ~', • .- ~=. .... '. - ,I '. r , '._. 1 \r~._"'J.(/ l- I --_. I r . ,~.~~ -/"L L' T oS _.''-;''1 ==-~ '----- =_,--'--1 r- _._~-..

i1532

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Storm Sewer Plan and Profile. Fifth and Hill Street (1904)

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Table 1

LE\ILS OF POTE\ TL!,L SIGNIFICAJ\,CE Fon POSSIBU= CULTURAL RESOURCE~

AT ThREE STATION SITES

Level of Potential SignificanceNational Register State Level Local Level

Subwav Station Location Potential Significance Significance"

Likel\' unlikely.Los Angeles Union Passenger

Terminal

Prehistoric Resources- Midden Deposit X X X- Human Remains X X X- Isolated Artifacts X X

Contact Period Resources- lViidden Deposit X X X- Human Remains X X X- Isolated Artifacts X X

Historic Resources:Anglo-American- Sisters of Charity

Orphanage X X X- Griffith Lumber Yard X X- Keller Ranch &: Hotel

de France X X

Historic Resources:Chinese Period- Artifact Deposit X X X- Isolated Artifacts X X

Civic Center

No ResourcesRecorded/Potenti al

Fifth &: Hill

La Zanja Madre X X X

31

The p!'elimina;y assess':- er,: is based on previo5 reco;nmendatio:.' ~::

resources in the immediate area (H&tneway 1980), on the possibility for a sufficie;1tly

undisturbec deposit that can be researcheG and on recent interpretation of eligibility

determination requirements.

4.2 Civic Center

The absence of cultural resources at this highly disturbed station site

precludes the potential for the presence of cultural resources.

4.3 Fifth and Hill

If portions of La Zanja Madre, Los Angeles' first water system, exist in the

area of potential affect at Fifth and Hill Streets, they may qUalify for National Regis­

ter eligibility as suggested by previous researchers (Hatheway 1980; Costello and Wil­

coxon n.d.). Eligibility IT,sy be met through application of Criterion C for resources

that "embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construc­

tion ..." or under Criterion D for yielding important information.

5.0 MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal

Indian artifacts were recovered from the Union Station property during con­

struction of the facility. Johnston (1962) considered these to be associated with the

Gabrielino village of Yangna. Others, notably Huey, Romani, and Webb (1980), believe

these prehistoric artifacts were associated with the post-contact, segregated Indian

settlement of Rancheria de Poblanos. Regardless of the affiliation, the presence of an

intact deposit of Native American artifacts would be considered significant. If a pre­

historic deposit is found and determined to be the village of Yangna, the elusive original

settlement of downtown Los Angeles will finally have been located. This would provide

an excellent opportunity to study prehistoric lifeways in Los Angeles, an area that has

32

not been acJec'J,:tely invcstigs.tec archaeolosicall:.:. due tc the early -:estructiofJ 0" f

research data base as a result of rapid urbanization in metropolitan Los Angeles.

The discovery of deposits linked to the Rancheria de Poblanos would be con­

sidered as significant as those from Yangna. Study of a post-contact site, such as this

one, would provide an excellent, and rare opportunity to test models of acculturation.

The Native American population of early Los Angeles, while often considered socially

inferior by their Anglo neighbors, played an important role in the early development of

the City of Los Angeles and an understanding of their mode of survival within the

unfavorable social and cultural climate of early Los Angeles must certainly be con-

sidered an important line of inquiry.

Union Station is constructed upon fill soil, as much as 20 feet in depth

reported for the rear and as little as 4 feet in the front. Prior to construction of the

train station~ the area was not severely modified. Historic maps show the area to have

been used principally for agricultural purposes until sometime around 1900, when the

Southern Pacific Railroad placed a spur track in the area. The Sisters of Charity School

and Orphanage occupied the corner of Alameda and Macy Streets from 1856 until 1891,,

being briefly replaced by a lumberyard until the spur tracks were constructed. To the

south, in the center of the present Union Station property, lay Appaplaza Street. a

section of old Chinatown. As currently proposed, the subway station would not directl:,

affect these areas that contained historical structures prior to construction of Union

Station. Nevertheless, it is possible that historic refuse deposits associated with these

settlements may be encountered during station construction. The study of refuse

deposits linked to particular ethnic groups, during specific temporal periods, would be

important, and thus such deposits may be significant at varying levels of state and local

interpretation.

33

Based on currently avai1ab~e information, there is no firm evidence that any

cultural resource is present below the surface of Union Station within the proposed

subway station location. As a method of improving the data base and to ensure that no

major unknown structw'es or resources are encountered during construction at Union

Station, it is recommended that a serjes of trenches be excavated within the proposed

project area as shown in Figures 20 through 2l.

Although it may not be possible to excavate at each of the following trench

locations because of property ownership conflicts, public safety or ingress/egress prob­

lems, excavation of some or all of the trenches can be a valuable measure. The

trenches will provide a far clearer understanding of the depth and nature of the fill, a

more realistic possibility of the presence/absence of large structures and definition of

the original landform . A work week may be required for the trenching.

All test trenching should be monitored by a qualified archaeologist. The

archaeologist should examine the trench periodically during excavation to ensure that

damage to possible subsurface cultural resources is minimized. The archaeologist

should keep a written and photographic log of the trenching activities. The log should

contain: information about the presence or absence of cultural debris; the nature of the

soil; any variances in soil strata; and comments on the information supplied by the

trenching.

If significant debris are encountered during the test trenching, they should

be minimally documented and avoided since the object of the testing program is to

assess for presence/absence and for potential significance. Data recovery or other

intensive investigation should be completed during a later phase of stUdy, not at the

preliminary testing level.

34

,---

FIGURE

20

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, " . ....~ .-----'/ ~..;------- ~~ y/~/ .

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In. 'll~ ! I,

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PrOllOSflfl Tpst TrPllch Areas at Union Station West

,,

,\

,,'1 1295.711,

12"'11~

1(29284)

rcl29409i:'" ~....,..111[ ! ':-'/ ".j "':001 ~t

N 4'- 50' 22- W\ ~C~: '\)~ 't A~ TRACK liH'OO)=t2 'I \ I -'(r- t ..

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279.6l

ASPH

Proposed Test Trrnch Area Near Ramirez Street at Union Station East

/~- --4"")ItI.. '7'S' ,',.

P ~'"..279.4 nt-.II

"FIGURE

21

F,: p:de:'r'ec' 10c2ti .~". for tes:t trenclies~ aIle t' '~ one most likely to provide

useable- inforlTJatic,:'"l, i5 nes'"' T.S. Point :t\13332G.31!E21G5~J6.58 adjacent to the cross­

ove~' box (Figure 20). Excavation could occur within thE; existing parking area near the

existing baggage handling building. Trenches should be at least 6 feet in length and

excava:(;d with a narrow bucket (18 to 24 inches in width) backhoe to a depth sufficient

to penetrate the fill level. If feasible, three trenches should be excavated in this area.

Two trenches, approximately 20 and 30 feet in length, could be excavated in a general

north/south direction and a trench approximately 35 feet could be excavated in an

east/west trending direction (Figure 20). In the case of the west cross-over box area,

the trench may reveal native soH as shallow as 3 feet.

Should the preferred trench area be unavailable, a second area should be

considered for testing. The alternative area is behind (east of) the existing track yard

near a loading platform or in a public easement bounded by Ramirez Street, Vignes

Street and the freeway ramps. Two trenches on either side of the loading platform

could be excavated to an extent of 25 feet on the west and 15 feet on the east. A third

trench in an easement east of Vignes Street could be excavated to a length of 40 feet in

a north/south trending direction. Trenching at this location may better define the

historic floodplain surface and partially resolve the issue of buried prehistoric/historic

resources in the area. Excavation to a depth of as much as 10 feet will be necessary to

penetrate the fill soils.

Monitored trenching at either location will serve as a valuable planning tool

and can provide far more detail for this identification study and for future treatment

plans.

5.1.2 Monitoring of Soldier Piles and Bulkheads

In addition to the monitored trenching program, a qualified archaeologist

will monitor excavation of soldier piles along the edge of the proposed excavation. The

37

pilec;: wil1 be O' 6-8 foot cel~teps and will provide a sample of soils across a broac' e:'es,-

l\Jor.itoring of bulkheac C'.Jts will provide further information on fill depths and the

presence/absence of culturb.l debl'is. \"'"hen combined with the monitored trenching, the

soldier pile and bulkhead monitoring should provide a much more complete picture of

the subsurface components in the area of the cross-over box and proposed subway sta-

tion.

5.2 Civic Center

As evidenced by the recovery of human remains from the vicinity of Temple

and Hill Streets, a cultural deposit may have at one time existed within the proposed

subway study area. However, extensive grading for construction of the Los Angeles

County Administrative offices and Hollywood Freeway has likely destroyed any cultural

deposit that may have existed there. Because of the low probability of encountering

cultural resources at this proposed subway station, archaeological monitoring as recom-

mended in the Project FElS (WESTEC 1983), is no longer considered necessary, as the

construction of the Civic Center Subway Station will have no adverse effect upon cul-

tural resources.

5.3 Fifth and Hill Streets

Research has suggested that a portion of the Zanja Madre, the first water

system established for Los Angeles, and a potential National Register property, crossed

Hill Street just north of Fifth Street within the proposed subway location. A segment

of this early water system is presently preserved at El Pueblo de Los Angeles State

Historic Park, and integrated into the Parks interpretive history program. Should

another portion of this Zanja be located within the proposed subway, every effort should

be made to remove it and provide for curation of the materials so that they may

provide a link to the earliest historic period of settlement for the City of Los Angeles.

38

..

RESEARCH CITED

Costello, Juh& G.

1980 Los Angeles Downtown People :'Ilover Program Archaeological ResourceSurvey Phase 2. A report prepared for the Community RedevelopmentAgency, Los Angeles, California.

Costello, Julia G. and Larry Wilcoxon

n.d. An archaeological assessment of cultural resources in urban LosAngeles. City of Los Angeles, Department of Public Works.

Frierman, Jay D.

1985 Personal Com munication

Hatheway, Roger

1980 Historic Preservation Overlay Zone for El Pueblo de Los Angeles StateHistoric Park.

Huey, Gene, John Romani, and Lois Webb

1980 Archaeological Survey Report for the El Monte Extension in the City ofLos Angeles, Los Angeles, Califronia. Route 70-LA-101-0.0/0.5 07202­417801.

Johnston, Bernice E.

1962 California's Gabrielino Indians. Frederick Webb Hodge AnniversaryPublication Fund Volume 8. Los AngeJes: Southwest Museum.

Padon, Beth

1980 Historical Archaeological Status Report for the Expanded Monitoring atthe Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal for the El Monte BuswayExtension, Route 07-LA-I0 50.0/50.1, Route 07-101 0.0/0.3 07218­417801.

Romani, John

1985 Personnal Communication

Rozaire, Charles

1985 Personal Communication

Spitter, Henry W.

1951 Education in Los Angeles 1880-190, Historical Society of Southern Cali­fornia Quarterly, Vol. 33 No. 2:101-118.

39

1

\

1980 Aliso Street Historical Report for the Ell\1onte Busway Extension in theCity of Los Angeles. CALTRANS, District 07, Los Angeles

WESTEC Services, Inc.

1983 Technical Report - Archaeological Resources. In Final EnvironmentalImpact Statement Los Angeles, Rail Rapid Transit Project. SouthernCalifornia Rapid Transit District, Los Angeles, California.

Wlodarski, Robert, John Romani and Lois Webb

1985 Personal Corn munication

40

~ r. II Tn IIRRAIV