co2 utilisation - sintef · algal bio-fixation and bio-fuel production bauxite residue processing...
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single hour's emissions from New York City: 6,204 one-metric-ton spheres (one sphere is 33 feet across).
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a year's carbon dioxide
emissions from New York
City: 54,349,650 one-
metric-ton spheres
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3 The Global CO2 Market
► Current global CO2 demand is
estimated to be 80 Mtpa -
50Mtpa is used for EOR in North
America.
► CO2 demand is expected to
rise to 140 Mtpa by 2020.
► CO2 supply from large point
sources is currently18,000 Mtpa
which includes:
► 500 Mtpa from high
concentration sources like
Amonia & hydrogen
production, gas processing
(low cost sources)
► An extra 2,000 Mtpa is
available from low to
medium cost sources
There is a very large global surplus of CO2. CO2 available from lower cost sources is likely to supply the majority of near-term reuse demand growth.
Current Demand and Supply for Bulk CO2
Demand for
bulk CO2 (0.8%)
Remaining supply
of CO2 (99,2%)
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Existing Bulk CO2 market: 80 Mton
Food industry Beverage
carbonation
Oil and gas (non-
EOR)
CO2-enhanced oil
recovery
Other liquid CO2
applications
Precipitated
calcium carbonate Other
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Existing Industrial Uses of CO2
Enhanced Oil & Gas Recovery
Urea fertiliser production
• ‘Captive‘ use
Food processing, preservation and packaging
Beverage Carbonation
Coffee Decaffeination
Pharmaceuticals
Horticulture
Fire suppression
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6 Existing Industrial Uses of CO2
Winemaking
Pulp and Paper processing
Water Treatment
Inerting
Steel Manufacture
Metal Working
Electronics
Pneumatics
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Emerging Industrial Uses of CO2
Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery
Enhanced Geothermal Systems (using CO2 as a working fluid)
Power Generation with CO2 as a working fluid
Polymer Processing
Algal bio-fixation and bio-fuel production
Bauxite residue processing
Carbonate mineralisation (aggregate production)
CO2 concrete curing
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Example methanol 8
If we were to convert all of the worlds ~ 33 x 106 ton methanol capacity* to a CO2 basis, and if the H2 needed for such a process could be produced in a CO2-free manner….
we would need in the order of 25 megaton
of CO2. This is 5 average 1000 MW
powerplants
So, it would appear that utilization of CO2
for products is not going to make an impact
in reducing atmospheric carbon….
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Industrial Uses of CO2 by potential future demand EXISTING USES
Current non-captive CO2
demand (Mtpa)
Future potential non-captive CO2
demand (Mtpa)
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 50< Demand < 300 30< Demand < 300
Fertilizer – Urea (Captive Use) 5 < Demand < 30 5 < Demand < 30
NEW USES Future potential non-captive CO2
demand (Mtpa)
Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Recovery (ECBM) Demand >300
Enhanced geothermal systems – CO2 as a working fluid 5< Demand <30
Polymer processing 5< Demand <30
Algal Bio-fixation >300
Mineralisation
Calcium carbonate & magnesium carbonate & Sodium
Bicarbonate >300
CO2 Concrete Curing 30< Demand <300
Bauxite Residue Treatment ('Red Mud’) 5 < Demand < 30
Liquid Fuels
Renewable Methanol >300
Formic Acid >300
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ESTIMATED EMISSIONS REDUCTION
Gt CO2/y 1
2°, 3° Generation
biofuel 0.4*
Building Material 1.6**
Chemical Feedstocks and Intermediates
0.3
EOR 1.4
TOTAL 3,7 ***
1. DNV position paper 7-2011, * 5% liquid fuel replacement 50% CO2 saving, ** 10 % global building material demand,
*** 10 % total annual current emission
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So, does that mean that research into CO2 utilization is futile?
Can we use CO2 as a raw material to create high value products?
CO2 is relatively low cost (value may be negative, depending upon various trading credit schemes).
CO2 is a renewable raw material
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Key Findings 1. The current and potential demand for CO2 reuse is limited compared to
industrial emissions
2. Reuse has the potential to provide a moderate revenue stream for near-term CCS demonstration projects. (Timing issue!).
3. EOR will remain the dominant form of CO2 reuse in the short to medium term due to its maturity and large-scale use of CO2. EOR has a role to play in supporting the large-scale demonstration of CCS.
4. Most emerging reuse technologies have years of development ahead before they reach the technical maturity required for deployment at commercial scale.
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Key findings 5. CO2 reuse can tial role to play in supporting the demonstration phase of CCS development in the absence of strong carbon prices. However that initial role becomes less important as and when the cost of emitting carbon rises.
6.Bulk CO2 market prices are likely to fall in the long-term as and when restrictions on CO2 emissions are introduced
CO2 reuse can play an important role in supporting the
demonstration phase of CCS. However, this role becomes less
important in the long-term and as the cost of emitting carbon
rises.
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Examples of CO2 conversion products
Chart source: “Carbon capture and utilization in the green economy,” Center for Low Carbon Futures, 2011
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M. Tredici. Symposium “ I Biocarburanti di seconda e terza generazione” Roma 14 April 2011
Biomass community Location Yield
(t d.w. ha-1 y-1)
Photosynthetic efficiency (%)
Hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) (C3) Minnesota 8 -11 0.3- 0.4
Water hyacinth (Eichornia
crassipes) Mississippi 11 – 33 (>150) 0.3- 0.9
Switch grass (Panicum virgatum)
(C4) Texas 8-20 0.2- 0.6
Sweet sorghum (Sorghum
bicolor) (C4) Texas-California 22 - 47 0.6-1.0
Coniferous forest England 34 1.8
Maize (Zea mays) (C4) Israel 34 0.8
Tree plantation Congo 36 1.0
Tropical forest West Indies 60 1.6
Algae Different locations
70 2-2.5
Sugar cane (Saccharum
officinarum) Hawaii-Java 64-87 1.8-2.6
Napier grass (Pennisetum
purpureum) Hawaii, Puerto
Rico 85-106 2.2-2.8
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EXAMPLES OF HIGH PRODUCTIVITY BIOMASS
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ImproveD algae strains: summary
- Pale green mutants (selected) improve light diffusion in the mass culture and biomass productivity
- Enhanced accumulation of carotenoids provide photoprotection and increases biomass productivity
- The combination of these two traits is synergic in increasing light use efficiency
- Further introduction of traits is ongoing for addtional improvements of strains
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Acknowledgement
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 641185
www.sintef.no/cemcap
Twitter: @CEMCAP_CO2