bio-diesel production from green algae

8/10/2019 bio-diesel production from green algae

1/26

PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM

GREEN ALGAE

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :

Mr. PANKAJ KUMAR SINGH

GROUP NUMBER: 07

GROUP MEMBERS:

ABHISHEK KAUSHIK (0521023606)

HIMANSHU BALYAN (0591023606)

MUDIT MATHUR (0531023606)

OM PRAKASH YADAV (0461023606)


2/26

BIODIESEL

Biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters

of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils

or animal fats. Biodiesel can be used in any

concentration with petroleum based diesel fuel in

existing diesel engines with little or no modification.Biodiesel is not the same thing as raw vegetable

oil. It is produced by a chemical process which

removes the glycerin from the oil.


3/26

FUEL SITUATION IN INDIA

The increasing import of fuel has necessitated the search for otherliquid fuels as an alternative to diesel, which is being used in large

quantities in transport of industrial and agricultural sector .

According to an estimate, automobiles alone contribute to 70% of

the total petroleum consumptions.

Indiastransportation fuel requirements are unique in the world. Indiaconsumes almost five times more diesel fuel than gasoline,

whereas, almost all other countries in the world use more gasoline

than diesel fuel.

Thus, in India, search for alternatives to petrodiesel is of special

importance and the use of biodiesel is comparatively much more

important for us than for rest of the countries.

Due to higher demand for fuel, it is expected that crude oil

production will start declining from the beginning of 2012.


4/26

Scenario of crude oil production

& import in India


5/26

ALGAE

Algae are a large and diverse group of simple,

typically autotrophic organisms ranging

from unicellular to multicellular forms. The largest

and most complex marine forms are

called seaweeds. They are photosynthetic,like plants, and simple because they lack the many

distinct organs found in land plants.

Algae are an extremely important species. For one,

they produce more oxygen than all the plants in theworld, put together! For another, they form an

important food source for many animals such as

little shrimps and huge whales. Thus, they are at

the bottom of the food chain with many living thingsdepending upon them.


6/26

ALGAE CLASSIFICATION

ALGAE

CHLOROPHYTA RHODOPHYTA PHAEOPHYTA CYANOBACTERIA

MICRO-

ALGAE

MACRO-

ALGAE

HIGH

LIPID

CONTENT

LOW LIPID

CONTENT


7/26

MICROALGAE vs MACROALGAE

Microalgaeare small microscopic algae that require the aidof a microscope to be seen while Macroalgae are algae that

can be observed with the naked human eye.

Microalgae have high oil content but are a little difficult to

cultivate and harvest in a cost-efficient manner.

Macroalgae, on the other hand, present low-cost cultivation

and harvesting possibilities, but most species are low in lipids

as well as carbohydrates.

With processes such as cellulosic fermentation (for deriving

ethanol), gasification (for deriving biodiesel, ethanol and a

wide range of hydrocarbons), or anaerobic digestion (for

methane or electricity generation), it is possible today to use

macroalgae as feedstock for biofuels. Thus, both micro and

macroalgae are potential feedstock for biofuels.


8/26

WHY GREEN ALGAE?? Biodiesel from green algae has natural solvents which clean the

engine as the fuel burns.

The Bio-diesel yield from algae is much more than the yield from any

other plant.

Grows in very little time of about 4 to 5 days.

There is a possibility of genetic modification to increase the

production of Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase enzyme which increase the

bio-diesel yields.

Microalgae are remarkable and efficient biological factories capable

of taking a waste (zero-energy) form of carbon (CO2) and converting

it into a high density liquid form of energy (natural oil).

Algae does not compete with food crop as it grows in water.

Algae can be used as fodder.


9/26

BIODIESEL FROM ALGAE

Algae to biodiesel has been widely discussed among expertsin the petroleum industry and conservationist who are lookingfor a more reliable and safer source of energy that is bothrenewable and easy to attain.

One of the key reasons why algae are considered asfeedstock for oil is their yields. Algae yield 30 times moreenergy per acre than land crops such as soybeans, and someestimate even higher yields up to 15000 gallons per acre.

Aside from keeping the earth clean and free form pollution,these algal biodiesel fuels help to utilize a resource that is

available in abundance just waiting to be harnessed andexploited.


10/26

COMPARISON OF BIO-FUEL

YIELDS

ORGANISM YIELD (Gallons per acre per

year)

Corns 18

Soyabeans 48

Safflower 83

Sunflower 102

Rapeseed 107

Oil Palm 635Microalgae 5000 to 15000


11/26

PROJECT PROCEDURE

SELECTION OF ALGAE

CULTURING ALGAE IN SUITABLE ENVIRONMENT

EXTRACTING & DRYING THE ALGAE

CRUSHING MECHANICALLY TO OBTAIN BIO-DIESEL

CHEMICAL EXTRACTION BY TRANS-ESTERIFICATION

TESTING ON ENGINE & TAKING OBSERVATIONS

RESULT


12/26

ALGAE SELECTION

Green algae are easily available in lakes,

ponds and any other source of nutrient rich

stagnant or flowing water. We chose to

extract bio-diesel from Microalgae whichare the most primitive form of plants.

Species like Spirogyra and Chlorella were

selected because they have high lipid

content and are easily available andcultivable.


13/26

ALGAE CULTURE

Green algae was taken from a pond near India Gate and was

cultured in four buckets filled with water.

After observing a poor growth of algae under normal

circumstances, NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium)

fertilizers have been added to the culture and the water iscleaned everyday.

The culture contains easily available species like Spirogyra

(pond scum) and Chlorella which are known to have high lipid

content (about 20-50%).The culture grew in 10 days and 8kg green alga (after drying

was obtained).


14/26

MECHANICAL METHODS OF

EXTRACTION

Algae was dried and was heated in small batches for 20 minutes.

It was rammed and then ground in a mixer till some liquid

(bio-diesel) separated out of it.


15/26

Algae sample to be dried Grinding the Algae


16/26


17/26

CHEMICAL REACTION

INVOLVED

Trans-esterification Reaction:

Methanol + NaOHMethoxide (intermediate reaction)

Methoxide + Fatty acids (lipids) Biodiesel + Soap +

Glycerine


18/26

CHEMICAL EXTRACTION

500g of dried and ground algae was mixed with 1 litre of 20%

methanol solution and 2 g of NaOH.

Contents were rigorously shaken and was kept for 16 hours.

Different layers were obtained and glycerine, pigments etc.

were scooped out. The contents were filtered to remove the impurities.

2.25 litre of bio-diesel was obtained from 8kg (dried mass) of

algae.


19/26

TESTING

The obtained Bio-diesel was tested on a 1000cc dieselengine by mixing it with varying proportions of fossil diesel.

Notations used:

b0 - Pure fossil diesel

b10 10% Biodiesel + 90% diesel





The Engines performance & emissions were observed.


20/26

POWER vs SPEED CURVE

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1200 1600 2000 2400 2800

b0

b10

b20

b30

b40

b50

Speed (rpm)


21/26

TORQUE vs SPEED CURVE

Speed (rpm)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1200 1600 2000 2400 2800

b0

b10

b20

b30

b40

b50


22/26

CARBON MONOXIDE

EMISSION


23/26

HYDROCRBON CONTENT


24/26

CONCLUSIONS

Micro-algae is a good choice for mass production of Bio-diesel because of its high availability, high growth rate and

ease of bio-diesel production.

Bio-diesel produced from algae can be used in varying

proportions along with fossil diesel.

The engine gives different responses for varying ratios of bio-diesel with fossil fuel.

A mixture of 20% bio-diesel with 80% fossil diesel is good for

the engine performance.

With increasing ratio of bio-diesel, pollutants like

hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide reduce in the engine

emissions. Hence, use of bio-diesel is good for environment.

Cost of bio-diesel is marginally more than fossil diesel but it

may reduce with increase in production.


25/26

REFERENCES

1. John Sheeshan, Terri Dunahay, John Benemann,Paul Roessler, A Lookback at U.S Department ofEnergys Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel fromAlgae, National Renewable Energy Laboratory,NREL/TP-580-24190, 1-43, July 1998

2. http://www.oilgae.com/

3. http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/20319/

4. Rene H. Wijffels, Biodiesel from Microalgae,Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group -Wegeningen UR, 1-23, 2004

5. http://www.bpe.wur.nl/UK/Research/

6. A.B.M. Sharif Hossain, Aishah Salleh, AmruNasrulhaq Boyce, Partha chowdhury and MohdNaqiuddin, BiodieselFuel Production from Algae asRenewable Energy, American Journal ofBiochemistry and Biotechnology 4 (3):250-254, 2008


26/26

bio-diesel production from green algae

Documents