cns overview jomon

7/31/2019 Cns Overview Jomon

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System-

Brain

Spinal cordPeripheral Nervous System

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves


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NEURAL DEVELOPMENT


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NEURAL DEVELOPMENT

Neural development - 3rd week of IUL

Neural tube Enlarged cranial part andcaudal tubular part

Cranial part - Brain.

Caudal part - Spinal cord.

Neural crest - Post root ganglia , Sensoryganglia of CN ,Autonomic ganglia ,

Melanocytes ,Suprarenal medulla


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neurons

Neurons are excitable

cells that arespecialized for the

reception of stimuli

and the conduction of

the nerve impulse.


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Supports and protecion

Bony Cranium

Meninges.

CSF Blood brain barrie


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meninges

DURAMATER

ARACHMOID

PIAMATER


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ventricles

The ventricles are fluid-filled cavities .

Two lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, the 4th ventricles.

The two lateral ventricles communicate through the

interventricular foramina (of Monro) with the third ventricle.

The third ventricle is connected to the fourth ventricle by the narrowcerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius).

The fourth ventricle,is continuous with the central canal of thespinal cord and, through the three foramina in its roof, with the

subarachnoid space.

Lined throughout with ependyma and are filled with CSF.


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csf


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Blood brain barrier

Strictly regulates what substances can enter the

interstitial fluid of the brain.

Prevents exposure of neurons in the brain to

drugs, waste products in the blood, andvariations in levels of normal substances (ions,

hormones) that could adversely affect brainfunction.

Nervous tissue is protected from the general

circulation by the blood-brain barrier.


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Blood supply of brain

ICA - Branches

Ophthalmic artery

Posterior

communicating artery Choroidal artery

Anterior cerebral

artery Middle cerebral artery

VERTEBRAL ARTERY

Meningeal branches

Posterior spinal artery

Anterior spinal artery

Posterior Inferior

Cerebellar artery

Medullary arteries


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Basilar artery

Branches

Pontine arteries

Labyrinthine artery

Anterior Inferior

Cerebellar artery

Superior cerebellar

artery Posterior cerebral

artery


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Circle of willis

Lies in the interpeduncular

fossa .

Formed by the anastomosis

between the two internal

carotid arteries and the two

vertebral arteries .

The Anteriorcommunicating, Anteriorcerebral, Internal carotid,Posterior communicating,Posterior cerebral, andBasilar arteries all contributeto the circle.


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ARTERIAL SUPPLY ONSUPEROLATERAL &MEDIAL SURFACE OF

CEREBRUM

ACA

MCA

PCA


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Arteries to specific brainareas

The corpus striatum ,internal capsule- the medial & lateral striatecentral branches of the middle cerebral artery , the central branches

of the anterior cerebral artery supply the remainder of these

structures.

The thalamus - branches of the posterior communicating, basilar,and posterior cerebral arteries.

The midbrain - posterior cerebral, superior cerebellar, and basilararteries.

The pons - basilar and the anterior, inferior, and superior cerebellar

arteries. The medulla oblongata -vertebral, anterior and posterior spinal,

posterior inferior cerebellar, and basilar arteries.

The cerebellum - superior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar,and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries


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VEINS OF THE BRAIN

External Cerebral Veins

Superior cerebral veins - empty into superior sagittalsinus .

Superficial middle cerebral vein - empties into thecavernous sinus

Deep middle cerebral vein WITHAnterior cerebraland Striate veins form the Basal vein. The basal vein

+great cerebral vein

drains into the straight sinus

Internal Cerebral Veins

2 internal cerebral veins, formed by union ofthalamostriate vein and choroid vein. The two veins

join to form the great cerebral vein which empties intostraight sinus.


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CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE

MAIN SULCI

CENTRAL SULCI

LATERAL SULCI

PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS

CALCARINE SULCUS


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SUPEROLATERAL SURFACE


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MEDIAL SURFACE


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INFERIOR SURFACE


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FRONTAL LOBE

MOTOR CORTEX

PRIMARY MOTOR AREA

(BA 4) PREMOTOR AREA(BA 6)

SUPPLEMENTARY

MOTOR AREA(BA 6)

FRONTAL EYE FIELD

(BA 8)

BROCHA SPEECH AREA

(BA 44 45)

PREFRONTAL CORTEX

(BA 9 10 11 12)

DORSOLATERAL

MEDIAL ORBITOFRONTAL


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PARIETAL LOBE

PRIMARY SOMESTHETIC AREA (BA 3 1 2)

SECONDARY SOMESSTHETIC AREA

SOMESTHETIC ASSOC AREA (BA 5 7)


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TEMPORAL LOBE

PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA (BA 41 42)

SECONDARY AUDITORY AREA

WERNICKE AREA(BA 22)

occipital lobe

PRIMARY VISUAL AREA (BA 17)

SECONDARY VISUAL AREA (BA 18 19)


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WHITE MATTER OF CEREBRALHEMISPHERE

COMMISURAL FIBRES

CORPUS CALLOSUM

ANT COMMISURE

POST COMMISURE FORNIX

HABENULAR COMM

INTERNAL CAPSULE

CORONA RADIATA

CRUS CEREBRI

ASSOCIATION FIBRES

SHORT ASSOCFIBRES

LONG ASSOC FIBRES

UNCINATE FASICULUS

CINGULATE FASICULUS

SUP &INF LONGITUDNAL

FASICULUS


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INSULA

DEEP WITHIN LATERAL SULCUS

FUNCTION INTEROCEPTIVE AWARENESS OF BODY STATES

MOTOR CONTROL HEMOSTASIS

SOCIAL EMOTIONS

EXPERIENCE OF BODILY SELF AWARENESS


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THALAMUS


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NUCLEI OF THALAMUS

ANT PART

ANT THALMIC NUCLEI

MEDIAL PART

DORSOMEDIAL

NUCLEI

LATERAL PART

LAT DORSAL NUCLEI

LAT POST NUCLEI

PULVINAR VENTRAL ANT NUCL

VENTRAL LAT NUCL

VENTRO POSTMEDIAL

VENTROPOSTLATER


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OTHER NUCLEI

METATHALAMUS MGB

LGB

INTERLAMINAR NUCLEI

MIDLINE NUCLEI

RETICULAR NUCLEI


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FUNCTIONS

RELAY STATION FOR ALL SENSORY

INFORMATION

MODULATING BEHAVIOUR INVOL

COGNITIVE & EMOTIONAL EXPRSSION MAINTAIN AROUSAL & ATTENTION

MEMORY

LANGUAGE


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SUBTHALAMUS

EPITHALAMUS - HABENULAR NUCLEI

PINEAL GLAND


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HYPOTHALAMUS


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HYPOTHALAMUS

SUPRA OPTIC REGION

TUBERAL REGION


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HypothalamicNuclei

Region Medial Area Lateral Area

Supraoptic Supraoptic Nucleus,ParaventricularNucleus, Anterior

Nucleus,SuprachiasmaticNucleus

Lateral Nucleus

Part of Supraopticnucleus

Tuberal Dorsomedial nucleus

Ventromedial nucleusArcuate nucleus

Lateral Nucleus

Lateral TuberalNucleus

Mamillary Mamillary bodyPosterior Nucleus

Lateral Nucleus


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FUNCTIONS


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CEREBELLUM

ANT LOBE

POST LOBE

FLOCULLONODULARLOBE


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GREY MATTER

MOLECULAR LAYER

PURINKJE LAYER

GRANULAR LAYER

DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI

DENTATE NUCLEI

EMBOLIFORM NUCLEI

GLOBUS NUCLEI

FASTIGIAL NUCLEI


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FUNCTIONS

MAINTAINENCE OF EQUILIBRIUM-

BALANCE,POSTURE,EYEMOVEMENTS

COORDINATION OF HALF AUTOMATIC

MOVEMENTS

ADJUSTMENT OF MOTOR TONE

MOTOR LEARNING

COGNITIVE FUNCTION


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LESIONS

HYPOTONIA

ATAXIA

INTENTION TREMOR

DYSDIADOKINESIA

NYSTAGMUS

DYSARTHIA


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brainstem

Medulla

Pons

midbrain


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medulla

ant surface

pyramid

olives

Inf. cerebellarpeduncles

9TH ,10TH ,11TH ,12TH

POST SURFACE GRACILE TUBERCLE

CUNEATE TUBERCLE


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PONS

ANT SURFACE

MIDDLE CEREBELAR

PEDUNCLE BASILAR GROVE

5TH ,6TH ,7TH ,8TH CN


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PONS

POST SURFACE

MEDIAL EMINENCE

FACIAL COLLICULUS SUBSTANTIA

FERRUGUINEA

AREA VESTIBULI


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MIDBRAIN

POST SURFACE

o SUP & INF COLLICULI

LATERAL SURFACEo SUP & INF BRACHIUM

ANT SURFACEo CRUS CEREBRI

B S


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BASAL GANGLIA

CAUDATE NUCLEUS

LENTIFORM NUCLEUS

SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS

SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

MESENCEPHALIC NUCLEUS

PEDUNCLOPONTINE TEGM NUCLEUS


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STRIATUM

DORSALSTRIATUM

CAUDATE

PUTAMEN

VENTRALSTRIATUM

NUCLEUSACCUMBENS

OLFACTORYTUBERCLE


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PALLIDUM

DORSALPALLIDUM

GLOBUSPALLIDUM

VENTRALPALLIDUM

SUBSTANTIAINNOMINATA

BASALNUCLEUS OFMEYNERT


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RETICULAR FORMATION


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RETICULAR FORMATION

Situated: Downwards into spinal cord

Upwards up to thalamus and Subthalamus

Various nuclei: 1) Nuclei of medullary reticular formation

2) Nuclei of pontine reticular formation

3) Nuclei of midbrain reticular formation

Diffused mass of neurons and nerve fibers forming an ill-definedmeshwork of reticulum in the central portion of the brainstem.

Functional divisions of Reticular


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Functional divisions of Reticular

Formation

aras

Receives fibers from the

sensory pathways via long

ascending spinal tracts. Alertness, maintenance of

attention and wakefulness.

Emotional reactions, important

in learning processes.

Tumor or lession sleeping

sickness or coma.

drs Inhibitory:

- Smoothness and accuracy of

voluntary movements

- Reflex movements

- Regulates muscle tone

- Maintenance of posture

- Control vegetative functions

Facilitatory:- Mantains the muscle tone

- Facilitates autonomic functions

- Activates ARAS

Limbic system


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Limbic system

Limbic Cortex-

Cingulate gyrus

PHG

Hippocamp formation

Dentate gyrus

Hippocampus

Subicular Complex

Amygdala

Septal area

Hypothalamus


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Papez Circuit


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HIPPOCAMPUS

MAMILLARY

BODY

ANTERIOR NUCLEUS

OF THALAMUSCINGULATEGYRUS

PARAHIPPOCAMPAL

GYRUS

ENTORHINAL

CORTEX

FORNIX

MAMILLOTHALAMIC

TRACT

INTERNAL

CAPSULE

CINGULUM

PERFORANT

PATHWAY

Functions


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: Autonomic functions , cognitive,

attentional , and emotional processing

PHG: Spatial memory

Hippocampus: Memory

Amygdala: Involved in anxiety, aggression, fear

conditioning, emotional memory and social ocognition

Mammillary body: Memory


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