cmdkfha .fõIKhla

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cmdkfha is;hu

iajNdúl ,CIK yd foaY.=Kh

cmdkfha m%foaY

ksjdi" wdydr yd we֕

mdie,a

mka;s ldurfhka Tíng

NdIdj

jd¾Isl Èk o¾Ykh

b;sydih

ixialD;sh

l%Svd

rc mjq,

cd;sl Och yd cd;sl .Sh

rch

cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d

wd¾Ól yd l¾udka;

mßirh iq/lSu

m gq k

ljrfha msx;+r ( ysfïð k.r Yd,dj" fydkavd fudag¾ iud.u" JNTO iy wfkl=;a wh'

4000 800km

f,dal is;shu

fydlalhsfvda

cmka uqyqo

ñkdñ

f;dßIsud

cmdkfha is;shu

rfÜ ku ( cmdkh

msysàu ( kef.kysr wdishdj

N+ñ m%udKh ( j._ lsf,daógr 378"000

ck.ykh ( ñ,shk 128

ks, NdIdj ( cmka NdIdj

w.kqjr ( f;dalsfhda

uqo,a tallh ( fhka ^ixfla;h ( ¥ &

fydkaiq

f;dalsfhda

Isfldl=

lshqIq

kef.kysr Ök uqyqo

meis*sla id.rh

Tlskjd

cmdkfha N+ñ m%udKh j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 378"000 ls'

fuh tlai;a cmdkfha N+ñ m%udKfhka

úismfyka tlla ^le,sf*dakshdjg ;rula l=vdh'&

TiafÜ%,shdfjka úiafika tlla yd ì%;dkHh

fuka 1'5 la jkafka h' cmdkfhka y;frka ;=ka

fldgila l÷lr m%foaY jk w;r" b;sß m%foaY

;eks;,d yd .x.d fudah j,ska iukaú;h'

cmdkh W;=f¾ isg ol=K olajd lsf,daóg¾ 3000

la È.g Èfjk" ¥m;a iuQyhls' fïjdhska m%Odk

¥m;a iuQyhls' fïjdhska m%Odk ¥m;a y;r

fydlalhsfvda" fydkaIq" Isfldl= yd lshqIq h'

cmdkh uqyqÈka jg ù ;sfí' cmdkh jgd we;s

uqyqfoa WKqiqï fukau iS;, Èhje,a .,k ksid

u;aiH j¾. rdYshla Ôj;aúh yels mßirhls'

cmdkfha jeä m%foaYhla mDÓúfha W;a;r iu

YSf;daIaK l,dmfha msysgd we;s ksid" WIaK

R;=fõ§ meis*sla id.rfha .sksfldK È.ska yuk

iq<x yd YS; R;=fõ§ hqf¾ishdkq uyoaùmfhka

jhU È.ska tk iq<x iuÕ f;; iys; fudaiï

foaY.=Khla we;'

Miím

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Pre

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2

iajdNdúl ,CIK yd foaY.=Kh

kdyd f;dalsfhda yd imafmdfrda k.r ;=fkaidudkH udisl WIaK;ajh yd jI_dm;kh

1971-2000

^ñ'ó&

WIaK;ajh

kdyd

kdyd

f;dalsfhda

f;dalsfhda

imafmdfrd

imafmdfrd

^udisl&

^udisl&

jika;R;=j

.%SIauR;=j

uQ,dY% ksfydkafkdf;dfla" ixialrKh" ixLHdf,aLk ld¾hdxYh

j¾Idj

fï rfÜ meyeÈ,s R;= y;rla ;sfí' cmdkfha

b;d ukrï o¾Ykhka kï jika;fha fpß u,a

úlis; ùu yd ir;a ld,fha ;o r;=" ;eô,s yd

ly meye .ekafjk .iaj, fld<h' cmka ckhd

fufia u,a fld< fyd¢ka j¾K .ekafjk ia:dk"

ld,.=K jd¾;d uÕska yd is;shï uÕska fidhd

n,d fï R;= fjkia ùï yd ta wkqj fjkia jk

fidndoyfï .ia" je,a yd fld<" u,a fyd¢ka

Èiajk ;eka n,d f.dia úfkdao fj;s' cmdkfha

by< W;=r yd ol=Kq fmfoiaj, ld<.=Kh

tlsfklg fjkia fõ' ksoiqkla jYfhka tlu

ld, jldjdkqfõ§ ol=fKa ysre /ia kEug;a

W;=f¾ ysu l%Svd lsÍug;a mq¨jka'

YS;iD;=j

ir;aiD;=j

cmdkh m%pKav iq<x iys; jeis" .sks l÷ msmsÍu"

N+ñ p,k wd§ iajdNdúl wdmodjkaf.ka oe=ä

mSvkhg ,lafõ' 1995 ckjdßfha§ fldafí ys we;sjQ

oreKq N+ñ p,kh iy 2004 Tlaf;daïn¾ kS.;d

pqt;aiq N+ñ p,kfhka úYd, Ôú; ydks we;sjQ

kuq;a" tfia isÿjk ydks wju lr .ekSug" N+ñ

p,kj,g Tfrd;a;= fok f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍug;a"

jvd iQCIu wkaoñka l=Kdgq wdÈh ms<sn| mQ¾j

f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug;a" kj ;dCIK l%ufõohka

fidhd .ekSug;a cmka ckhd úfYaI mßY%u or;s'

JNTO

JNTO

JNTO

3

cmdkh m<d;a 47 lg fnod ;sfí'

N+f.da,Sh yd ft;sydisl lreKq

i,ld n,d fï m<d;a 47 m%foaY

kjhlg fnfoa' fïjd

fydlalhsfvda" f;dafydl=" lkaf;da"

pQnQ" lskals" pQf.dl=" Isfldl=" lshqIq

iy Tlskjd fõ'

fï tla tla m<d;l thg úfYaI jQ

m%dfoaYSh NdIdjla" isß;a úß;a iy

ixialD;shla o ;sfí' kso¾Ykhla

jYfhka f;dalsfhda k.rh we;=<;a

jk lkaf;da m%foaYh;a" Tidld

k.rh ;sfnk lkaidhs m%foaYh;a"

wdydrmdk" iïm%odhsl l,d Ys,am

m%o¾Yk wdÈh tlsfklg yd;amiska

fjkia ksid m<d;a fofla

fjkialï ii|d n, úfkdao ùu

iuyrekaf.a isß;hs'

cmdkfha mQ¾K ck.ykh ñ,shk

128ls' fuh f,dal ck.ykh

w;=frka oijekakhs' rfÜ N+ñ

m%udKh yd ii|k úg" j¾.

lsf,daógrhl ;=kaiSh y;,sia ;=kl

ck.yk m%;sY;h b;d by, tlls'

tlai;a ckmofha 31 la o m%xYfha

110 la o jk fï .Kk 341 jk

fn,aðhug b;d wdikak h'

cmdkfha N+ñ m%udKfhka 70] la

l÷lr m%foaY neúka b;sß 30]

;eks;,d m%foaYhhs' ñ,shkhlg;a

jvd ck.ykh Ôj;a jk úYd,

k.r kï fydlalhsfvda j,

imafmdfrda" f;dafydl= m%foaYfha

fikaodhs" lkaf;da l,dmfha

ljdils ihs;dud f;dalsfhda yd

fhdfldydud" pQnQ m%foaYfha

kf.dhd" lskals m<df;a Tidld"

lsfhdaf;da yd fldafí" pQf.dl=

m<df;a ysfrdIsud yd lshQIQys

*ql=Tld" cmdkfha m%Odk k.rh

f;dalsfhdaj cmdkfha iEu

wxYhlskau m%Odk uOHia:dkh

jqj;a" ta ta m%foaYj, m%Odk k.r"

m%dfoaYSh foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól yd

ixialD;sl uOHia:dk fia lghq;=

lrhs'

JNTO

JNTO

Fuku

oka

Cit

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4

cmdkfha m%foaY

kf.dhdpQnQ m<df;a m%Odk k.rhhs kf.dhd'

kf.dhd wjg m%foaYfha ld¾

ksIamdokh yd fjk;a l¾udka; j,

ukd ixj¾Okhla we;' ta k.rh

ixfla;j;a lrk kf.dhd ud,s.dj

wjqreÿ 270 la ;=< cmdkh md,kh

l< tfoda rdcHfha m<uq fYda.=ka jQ

f;dl=.djd bfhaiq úiska 1612 È

b`Èlrk ,oaols' fï ud,ss.dj tys

jyf,a idod we;s uk#l,ams; uqyqÿ

i;ajfhl= jk iÑfydflda ms<sìUq jk

rkauqjd uQ¾;s fol ksid Ñr m%isoaOh'

1945 § tys fodrgqj yd fld;a lsysmhla

yefrkakg úkdY jQ fï ud,s.h 1959

§ w¨;a rkauqjd uQ¾;s iu`. uq¿ukskau

m%;sixialrKh lrk ,§'

*ql=TldlshQIqys m%Odk k.rh jk *ql=Tld N+f.da,Sh msysàfuka

wdishdjg wdikak ksid cmdkh yd wfkla wdishdkq rgj,a

w;r fyd`o fjf<`o uOHia:dkhls' b;d o¾YkSh W;aij

folla jk yld;d fodka;l= yd yld;d .sfhdka huldid

fuys meje;afõ' l=l=¨ uia j,ska idok ñiq;dls yd rdfuka

kQâ,aia jeks fï k.rhg úfYaI jQ lEu j¾. k.rfha

wdl¾IKhg fya;= jk w;r fï lEu j¾. tys .`.nv msysá

wdmkYd,d j,ska ,nd.; yel'

kdydcmdkfha ol=Kg;a ngysrg;a msysá Tlskdjd m<df;a m%Odk

k.rhhs kdyd' lshQIq m<df;a ksß; È.ska msysá Tlskdjd

m%foaYhg úYd, fukau l=vd ¥m;a 160 la we;=,;a fõ' th

>¾u l,dmfha msysgd we;s ksid iajNdúl fi!kao¾hfhka

yd WKqiqï foaY.=khlska hqla;hs' Tlskdjd wjg ks,a uqyqo

ial+nd vhsúka yd fjk;a uqyqÿ lS%vd yd úfkdaodxY j,g

f,dalfha ;sfnk fyd`ou ia:dkhla'

f;dalsfhda 1603 § foaYmd,k uOHia:dkh jQ f;dalsfhda wo cmdkfha w.kqjr

fukau tys m%Odk wd¾Ól yd f;dr;=re uOHia:dkh o fõ' l,ska

tfoda ud<s.dj jQ" ±ka rc ud<s.dj msysgd ;sfnkafka k.r uOHhfha

ud<s.dj wjg vhá kï jQ cd;sl md¾,sfïka;= f.dvke.s,a, yd

rcfha weu;s ld¾hd, fukau jdksc Èia;%slalh o fõ' cmdkfha uq¿

ck.ykfhka y;frka tlla jk ñ,shk ;syla muK jQ ckhd

f;dalsfhda wjg m%foaYfha Ôj;a fj;s' Iskacql= ys wyig Èfjk

f.dvke.s,s /ila fï mska;+rfhka Èiafõ'

imamfrdafydlalhsfvda ys m%Odk k.rh imamfrdah' fydkaIq jeks m%Odk

k.r wjqreÿ .Kkdjla ;=< fifuka f.dvkeÕ=Kq kuq;a

imafmdfrda k.rh oykjjk Y;j¾Ifha w. Nd.fha § l%udkql+,

ie,eiaula wkqj f.dvk.k ,§' tys ùÈ ukd ie,eiaulg ieliS

we;' fydlalhsfvdays WIaK ld,fha iajdNdúl fi!kao¾h N=la;s

ú§ug úfkdaoldóka imafmdfrdajg meñfKk w;r YS; ld,fha

Tjqka fuys tkafka ysu mqjre u; ke.S ysu Wv ,siaid hEu jeks

ysu l%Svd i|yd h' fï mska;+rfha k.rfha m%Odk ixfla; folla

jk Tfodaß WoHdkh yd imafmdfrdays rEmjdyskS l=¿K ±lsh yel'

iEu wjqreoaolu fmrjdßfha § f,dal m%isoaO imafmdfrda ysu W;aij

fuys meje;a fõ'

Tidld y;ajk Y;j¾Ifha Tidld k.rh msysg jQ od mgka th úfoia

rgj,a iuÕ fj<| uOHia:dkhla úh' uy f;dalsfhdajg muKla

fojeks jk uy Tidldjg" w.k.r w;r fojeks ;ek ysñfõ'

wdydr mdk yd úlg wx. ksid m%isoaêhg m;a Tidldfõ 1970 §

wishdfõ m<uq jrg tlaiafmda f,dal m%o¾YKh o mj;ajk ,§'

Tidld fndlafla" lD;su ¥m;l 1994 § bÈflreKq lkaidhs

cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm," cmdkhg wuq;a;ka meñfKk m%Odk

oajdrhhs'

lsfhdaf;da8 jeks Y;j¾Ifha cmdkfha w.kqjr jQ lsfhdaf;da k.rhg wjqreÿ

1200 lg;a jvd wE;g Èfjk b;sydihla we;s w;r merKs mQckSh

ia:dk yd WoHdk ksid m%isoaêhg m;aj we;' lsfhdaf;da" Wð iy

´;aiq hk k.rj, mkai,a yd mQckSh ia:dk yd merKs m%N+ ud<s.d

17 la hqfkiafldaj uÕska 1994 § f,dal Wreuhka fia ms<sf.k

;sfí'

ysfrdIsud1945 § f,dalfha m<uq jrg kHIaÀl fndaïnhlska wk;=rg m;a

k.rh jQ ysfrdIsudj ±ka cmdkfha m%Odk k.rhla ùug ;rï

m%;sixialrKh ù ÈhqKq ;;a;ajhlg meñK we;' mQckSh ia:dkhla

jk bÜiql=Isud msysgd we;af;a ysfrdIsudj wi, msysá ñhðud

¥mf;ys h' f,dal Wreuhla jk fï mkaif,a f;daß ^iqm%isoaO

oajdrh& jvÈh wjia:djkays § uqyqfoka f.dvìug b,smamS ;sfí'

JNTO

JNTO

JNTO

Osa

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5

fydlalhsfvda

imafmdfrda

f;dafydl=

fikaodhs

jQnq

jQf.dl=ihs;udlsfhdaf;dljdils

kf.dhd

fldafn

ysfrdIsudTidld

Isfldl= lskals

f;dalsfhda

Ñnd

fhdfldydud

lkaf;da

meis*sla id.rh

cmka uqyqo

*ql=Tld

lshqIs

Tlskjd

kdyd

5A

fydlalhsfvda

imafmdfrda

f;dafydl=

fikaodhs

jQnq

jQf.dl=ihs;udlsfhdaf;dljdils

kf.dhd

fldafn

ysfrdIsudTidld

Isfldl= lskals

f;dalsfhda

Ñnd

fhdfldydud

lkaf;da

meis*sla id.rh

cmka uqyqo

*ql=Tld

lshqIs

Tlskjd

kdyd

cmdkfha m%foaY

jk f,dal ix.%dufhka miq .ïn| jdih

l< úYd, ckldhla k.rj,g ixl%uKh

ùfuka cmka ck Ôú;fha úYd, fjkila isÿúh'

ckhd fufia meñKsfha ld¾hd, fiajlhska fuka

/lshd lsÍugh' N+ñ m%udKh fukau ck.ykh

j¾Okh ùfuka k.r uOHfha msysá ld¾hd, yd

lïy,a j,g k.rdikak fmfoiaj, f.j,a iy

;Ügq f.j,a j, ksjeis ckhd meñKshy' Ñrd.;

pdß;%dkql+,j cmdkfha tla ksjil mrïmrd

;=kla fyda Bg jeä m%udKhl idudðlhska tl

jy,la hg Ôj;a jQ kuq;a" wo kd.ßl ksfjia j,

idudkHfhka Ôj;a jkafka tl mjq,l foudmshka

yd orejka h' foudmshkaf.a foudmshka ðj;a

jkafka fjku h'

ksjdicmdkfha merKs ksjdi idok ,oafoa ,S lKq yd ,S

j,sks' kuq;a j¾;udk ksjdi ngysr rgd wkqj

jdfka lKq iuÕ ±juh fmdf<dj iys; idokq

,efí' kd.ßl m%foaYj, mjq,a ±ka ±ka úYd,

fldkal%SÜ ;Ügq ksjdij, Ôj;a fj;s'

ngysr ksjdi yd iiok úg m%Odk fjkialï

folls' tajd kï ksjdi ;=< mdjyka fkdme<§u;a"

tl ldurhlaj;a cmka l%uhg fmdf<djg ;;dñ

l<,d fhdod iliSu;a h' ksjig we;=,a jk úg

mdjyka .,jkafka fmdf<dj msßisÿj ;nd

.ekSughs' f.kalka keue;s ksjdi m%fõYh

im;a;= .e,ùug" .nvd lsÍug yd kej; mdjyka

me<§ug fjka jQ ia:dkhls' msg; we¢ mdjyka

whska fldg f.;=< mdúÉÑ lrk mdjyka f.a ;=<

§ mdúÉÑ lr;s'

hg ;Ügqj msÿre j,ska ksu jQ —;;dñ˜ kï jQ

l,d, wjqreÿ 600 l muK ld,hla cmka f.j,a

j, mdúÉÑ flf¾' ;;dñ tlla idudkHfhka

óg¾ 1'91 « 0'95 ls' ldurj, m%udKh ukskafka

tys iúlrk ;;dñ .Kksks' fï ;;dñ

fmdf<djg fhdok ksid" WIaK ld,fha § iS;,

yd YS; ld,fha § WKqiqu ,efí' cmdkfha f;;

iys; jd;h we;s udi j,È fï ;;dñ" ldmÜ j,g

jvd jd;h msßisÿj ;nd.ekSug Wmldß fõ'

wdydrwdydr fõ, hkakg cmka jpkh f.dydka' fï

jpkfha kshu f;areu n;a kuq;a th fld;rï

jeo.;a o lsjfyd;a yeu wdydrhlg u jdf.a fï

jpkh mdúÉÑ fõ' idudkHfhka cmka lEu

fõ,lg ;eïnQ iqÿ n;a iuÕ m%Odk jYfhka uia

fyda ud¨ yd óg wu;rj msisk ,o t<j¿ yd

ñfida kï iqma j¾.hla yd wÉpdre fuka ieliQ

t<j¿ wvx.= fõ' n;a wef,k iq¿ ksid

fpdmaoaálaia kï ,S fldagq j,ska lEug myiqh'

j¾;udk cmka ckhd" hqfrdamh" W;=re

wefußldj yd wdishdj jeks f,dj mqrd rgj,

lEu j¾. wdydrhg .ks;s' n;aj,g wu;rj

mdka" kQâ,aia yd meiagd iuÕ úúO j¾.j, uia"

ud¨" t<j¿ iy m<;=re wdÈh wdydr fõ,g

tlafõ' msgrgj, m%p,s; iqIs" f;ïmqrd"" iqlshls

jeks cmka wdydr j¾. cmdkfha o b;d ckm%shh'

^by,& ;;dñ l,d, iys; cmk

udÈ,sfha ldurhla

^ju& fndfyda k.r jeishka

ðj;ajkafka ;Ügqf.j,a ixlS¾Kj,

Mis

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ksjdi" wdydr yd we֕fo

k.rn|" blaukska ,nd.; yels yeïn¾.¾" nÈk

,o l=l=¨ uia wdoS flá lEu j¾. úl=Kk wdmk

Yd,d" ;reKshka yd <uhska w;r b;d ckm%sh h'

lEug fmr cmka ckhd —b;olsuia˜ hehs lshkq

,efí' —fï lEu ms<s.kakjd˜ hk f;areu we;s

fuh lEu fõ, ilia lsÍug tla jQ ieug ia;+;s

lsÍuls' lEfuka miqj;a b;d fyd| lEu fõ,la

hk f;areu we;s —f.dÑfida iudfoYs;d˜ lshd

kej; ia;+;s mqo;s'

we÷ïcmdkfha Ñrd.; we÷ï lsfudakdjhs'

idudkHfhka fiaoj,ska idok lsfudakdjg úYd,

w;a we;s w;r Wrysi isg fom;=,a olajd Èlafõ'

n| jgd Tì keue;s m<,a máhla n¢kq ,efí'

lsfudafkda ±ka idudkHfhka w¢kafka W;aij

wjia:dj,§ muKs' fï W;aij kï IsÑ f.da idka

W;aijh" újdfyda;aij yd Wmdê W;aij wdÈhhs'

ngysr we÷ï iuÕ iiok úg lsfudafkdfjka

w;amd bßhõ iSud jk w;r weÕ,d .ekSug o

ld,h .; fõ' kuq;a WIaK ld,fha § hqld;d kï

jQ ieye,a¨ myiq lsfudafkdjka" <uqka yd ;reK

wh W;aij j,§ .sKsfl,s m%o¾Yk j,§ yd fjk;a

úfYaI wjia:d j,§ w¢;s' tÈfkod we÷ï i|yd

<uqka yd ;reK wh à I¾Ü" l,siï" fmdf,da lñi

yd l%Svd we÷ï j,g" myiqj ksid jeä leue;a;la

olaj;s'

^by<& f;ïmqrd

^by< ju& iïm%odhs; cmka lEu fõ,la

^jy& <uqkaf.a tÈfkod iqjmyiq we÷ï

^my<& hql;d we÷fuka ieriqk .eyeKq <uhs

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7

cmdkfha mdie,a l%uhg jhi wjqreÿ yhl ^06&

ld,hla m%d:ñl mdie,a" ;=ka wjqreoaol ^03&

ld,hla uOHu mdie,a yd ;=ka wjqreÿ ^03& ld,hla

by< mdi, yd isjq wjqreÿ ^04& ld,hla úYaj

úoHd, wOHdmkh we;=,;a fõ' m%d:ñl yd uOHu

wjqreÿ 09 wksjd¾h fõ' Wiia mdi,a yd úYaj

úoHd,hg hEug YsIHhska wod, úNd. j,g fmkS

isáh hq;=h'

<uhska bf.k .kakd úIhkacmka <uhska Tjqkaf.a ihjeks wjqreoao miq ù tk

wfm%a,a udifha § m%d:ñl mdi,a m<uq fY%aKshg

we;=<;a lr .kq ,efí' m%d:ñl mdi,a mx;shlg

mx;shlg idudkHfhka we;=<;a jkafka <uqka

30-40 olajd ixLHdjls' Tjqkag cmka NdIdj"

.Ks;h" úoHdj" iudc wOHhkh" ix.S;h" w;ajev"

YdÍßl iqj;djh yd .Dy úoHdj ^f.or fodr

m%fhdackj;a jk bjqï msyqï yd ueyqï jev bf.k

.ekSug& wd§ jYfhka W.kajkq ,efí' jv jvd

m%d:ñl mdi,aj, ±ka bx.%Sis NdIdj o" wOHdmk

;;a;ajh kxjd,sug f;dr;=re ;dCIKh o W.ka

jk w;r fndfyda mdie,a j, wka;¾ cd, myiqlï

o we;'

cmka mdie,aj, fIdfoda jeks Ñrd.; f,aLk

l,dj yd yhsl= hk moH ksnkaOk l,djo

W.kajkq ,efí' fIdfoda hkq ;Ska; yd nqreiqjla

wdOdrfhka lkað wCIr ,sùuhs' fï wCIr

kef.kysr wdishdkq rgj,a lSmhl o Ndú;jk

w;r ta rg j,§ ì£ wd YíodkqlrK wCIr

úfYaIhls' yhsl= wjqreÿ 400 lg muK fmr

cmdkfha we;s jQ ldjH úfYaIhls' fuh ud;%d

myla" y;la yd myla tlaj ud;%d 17 lska hq;a b;d

flá moHhls' yhsl=" ir, fhÿï j,ska .eUqre

w¾: ms<sìUq jk" lshjkakd ;=< yeÕSï okjk

ldjH úfYaIhls'

mdi,a Ôú;hcmka m%d:ñl mdi,a j, mx;s" úfYaI l%shdldrlï

i|yd l=vd lKavdhï j,g fnokq ,efí' fï

lKavdhï j, <uqkag Tjqkaf.a wOHdmkfha

fldgila f,i mx;s ldur" Yd,d iy mdi,a N+ñ

Èkm;d msßisÿ l< hq;=h' fndfyda m%d:ñl

mdi,aj, <uqka" mdif,a fyda wdydr ielfik

ndysr ia:dkj,ska f.fkk Èjd wdydrh ;ukaf.a

mx;s ldurj,u isg b;d m%shukdm wkaoñka lEug

.ks;s' l=vd YsIH lKavdhï Tjqkaf.a mx;sj,

ñ;=re ñ;=ßhkag lEu fnod f.keú;a fo;s'

mdie,a Èjd wdydrhg fmdaIodhs yd fi!LH

iïmkak úúO wdydr we;=<;ajk ksid YsIH

YsIHdfjda Èjd wdydr úfõlh i;=áka n,disá;s'

wjqreoao ;=< mdi,aj, úfYaI W;aij meje;afõ'

lU we£u yd läka lv Èùu jeks l%Svd W;aij

fukau ft;sydisl ia:dkj,g pdßld" <uhska

bÈßm;a lrk kegqï .ehqï iys; l,d yd

ixialD;sl W;aij rdYshla mdi,a uÕska ixúOdkh

lrkq ,efí' m%d:ñl" uOHu yd Wiia mdi,a j,

8

mdie,a

wOHdmk l%uh

fY%aKshWmdêOdÍ mdie,

lKaIaG úoHd,h

ld¾ñl úoHd,húYaj

úoHd,h

Wiia mdie,

uOHu mdie,

m%d:ñl mdie,

wksjd¾h wOHdmkhi;sm;d ld,igk - yhjeks fY%aKsh

cmdkfha Wiia mdie,l mx;shla

i÷od wÕyrejdod nodod n%yiam;skaod isl=rdod

úoHdj cmkaNdIdj

.DyúoHdj

l,d iudcwOHhkh

úoHdj .Ks;h .Ks;h l,didudkH±kqu

ldhslúoHdj

ix.S;h ldhslúoHdj

.Ks;h .Ks;h

.Ks;h iudcwOHhkh

cmkaNdIdj

iudcwOHkh

cmkaNdIdj

cmkaNdIdj

idudkH±kqu

ix.S;h cmkaNdIdj

wdpdrúoHdj

idudkH±kqu

ix.ï yd

lñgq

/iaùï

by< mka;sj, bf.k .kakd <fuda lsfhdaf;da yd

kdrd jeks ixialD;sl jákdlu;a we;s

k.rj,g;a" ysu l%Svd uOHia:dk wdÈh n,d

.ekSug;a tajd .ek bf.k .ekSug;a Èk lSmhl

pdßldj, fhfo;s' uOHu yd by< mdie,a

fndfyduhl <uqka mdi,a ks< we÷ñka ieriS isáh

hq;=h' msßñ <uhskaf.a idudkH mdi,a ks, we÷u

È. l,siï yd fl<ska jQ fld,¾ iys; lñihs'

.eyeKq <uhs idh iuÕ íf,ai¾ fldaÜ w¢;s'

ix.ï l%shdldrï

uOHu mdi,aj, yeu <uqkau jdf.a l%Svd" ix.S;"

l,d fyda úoHd iï.ïj,g ne£ ndysr l%shdldrlï

j,g iyNd.Sfõ'

msßñ <uqka w;r fíiafnda,a l%Svd ix.ï b;d

ckm%shhs' fidl¾ ^mdmkaÿ& l%svdj cmdkfha

ckm%sh;ajhg m;ajk ;j;a l%Svdjls' merKs

igka l%u W.kajk cQfvda l%Svdjg .eyeKq msßñ

fomCIfhau <uhs iyNd.S fj;s' fï <uqka f,dal

cQfvda Y+r;d ;rÕj,§ fukau T,sïmsla l%Svd j,

molalï,dNS" msßñ .eyeKq fomCIfhau cmdk

cQfvda l%svlhska" wkq.ukh lrkjd úh yels h'

cmdkfha ckm%sh fjk;a l%Svd jk fgksia"

ndialÜfnda,a" ðïkdiaála iy fjd,sfnda,a i|yd

l%Svd iudc ;sfí' fï yeu l%Svdjlau mdi,a yd

m%dfoaYSh uÜgñka mj;ajk ksid" l%Svdf,da,S

<uqkag ;rÕlsÍug fndfyda wjia:d ie<fia'

ixialD;sl iudc w;r f.da iudc uE;l§ ckm%sh

úh' fï" iqÿ yd l¨ .,aj,ska ,E,a,la u; lrk

l%Svdjls' fï l%Svdj ms<sn|j Ñ;% l:d fmd;la

m<jQ miq mdi,a <uqka fï l%Svdjg jeä jeäfhka

fhduqúh' fï yereKq úg .S .hkd" Ñ;% l,d"

nEkaâ jdok" cmka f;a W;aij" u,a ieliSï

wdÈhg;a iudc msysgqjd ;sfí' fïjdo b;d ckm%sh

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9

mdie,a fgksia l%Svd iudchl idudðlfhla <uhska tla ù Èjd wdydr .ekSu

mdie,a ix.S; ix.uhla ix.S;h mqreÿùuf.da lS%vdfõ fhfok <uqka

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10

mka <uhs úúOdldrfhka Tjqkaf.a

úfõl ld,h .; lrhs' fidks yd

kskafgkafvda iud.ï ksIamdokh lrk ùäfhda

l%Svd o <uqkaf.a ckm%sh;ajh Èkdf.k we;'

<uqkaf.a t<suyka l%Svd w;r mdmkaÿ" fíiafnda,a

yd nhsisl,a me§ï fõ' iuyr l%Svd <uhs ldâ

fi,a,ï lsÍug iy ta i|yd fhdod.;a ldâ m;a

tl;= lsÍug leue;a;la olaj;s'

l=vd <fuda remjdysksfhka iÔùlrK

jevigyka keröug leue;a;la olajk kuq;a

wjqreÿ 10 muK jk úg kdgH yd fjk;a

jevigyka j,g we,aula olaj;s' ixhqla; ;eá

ñ<§ f.k ckm%sh .dhsl .dhsldjkaf.a mska;+r

j,ska ish ldur ieliSug W;aiql fj;s'

Y;j¾I .Kkdjla ;=< cmka <uqka fi,a,ï l<

l%Svd yd fi,a,ï nvq ;ju;a cmdkfha mj;S'

Tß.ï keue;s fld< keùfï l,dj ́ kEu cmka

<ufhla tla jrla j;a lsÍug W;aidy lrhs'

y;/ia mdg lvodis kjd" Tre" fldl=ka yd wd§

ld,Sk f;dmams jeks kdkdúO foa iE§u Tß.ï

l,dfjka l, yel' fnhsf.dud msßñ <uqka

lrk l%Svdjls'

fï l%svdfõ§ lSmfofkl= tlúg nUr lerleùu

mgka f.k ch.%yKh ,nkafka wjidkfha §

fkdkej;S lerflk nUr whs;s ;eke;a;dhs'

.eyeKq <uhska leu;s l%Svdjla ´ydðls-l=vd ùÿre

fnda, tlsfklg .eiSfï l%Svdj' fnda,hlg

fnda,hla jefok fia weÕs,s j,ska .eiSh yels kï

fnda,hla Èkd .; yelshs'

ta ta R;=jg wkql+,j mjqf,a wh iuÕ úfkdao

pdßld wdÈhg o <fuda tlafj;s' úfYaIfhka

WIaK R;=fõ § msyskqï ;gdl yd uqyqÿ fjr<g

hEug fndfyda fokd m%shlr;s' WIaK yd ir;a

R;=j, lÿj, weúÈñka iuyr úg l|jqre neo

ksjdvq .; lr;s' YS; ;d,fha § cmdkfha Ys;ld,

ksjdvq-ksfla;k j,g f.dia ysu l%Svd lr;s'

mdi,a lghq;= j,ska neyerj <fuda msyskSug yd

mshdfkda jdok mx;sj,g iyNd.S fj;s' iuyr wh

Tjqkaf.a ksfjia wi, mdmkaÿ fyda fíiafnda,a l%Svd

ix.ï j,g ne§ tu l%Svd j, ksr; fj;s' cql= kï

jQ mqoa.,sl mdie,aj,g nefokafka <uqkaf.a ±kqu

jvd mq¿,a lr .eksughs'

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mka;s ldurfhka Tíng

Tß.ï fldlal=

ndialÜfnda,a l%svdlrk <uqka msßila

YS; R;=fõ ysu u; ,siaidhu mdief,ka ndysrj mshdfkda jdokh bf.k .kakd .eyeKq <ufhla

c

cmka NdIdfõ wlaIr ud,d ;=kla we;' cmka

NdIdfõ wCIrj, uQ,dY% Ök NdIdfjka ,enqkq

w;r fï Ök wCIr wjqreÿ oyia .Kklg fmr

Ökfha wdrïN jQ nj m%p,s;h' fï wCIr lkað

hk kñka ye¢kafõ' uq,a ld,fha § fï wlaIr

mska;+r úh' l,ahEfï § fï mska;+r iajrEmh

fjkia ùfuka oeka ta uq,a wl=re j,g jvd fndfyda

fjkia h' oeka fï wCIr j,ska jpk fyda jpk

fldgia ye¢kafõ' idudkH mdúÉÑfha § lkað

wlaIr 2000 ^fooyila& muK ;sfí' m%d:ñl

mdif,a § o 1000 la muK W.ks;s'

lkað j,g wu;rj Yío wkqj ,shfjk wlaIr

ud,d 2 la ysrÕkd yd l;lkd cmdkfha Ndú;

fõ' fï foflau uQ,dY%h lkað' tla wlaIr

ud,djl fï wl=re 46 la ;sfnk w;r"

idudkHfhka jHdxckdCIr" Yíohla yd iajr

Yíohla ^la ¬ w } l& tlaj wlaIrhla iEfoa' uq,ska

iEfok Yíofha fjkila oelaùug ;s;a wdÈh

fhdod.;a úg" j¾;udk cmka NdIdfõ ish¿ Yío

i|yd fï wlaIr m%udKj;ah' ysrÕkd wlaIr

lkað yd iïnkaO lrñka idudkH cmka jpk

,shkq ,efí' fjk;a NdId j,ska tk jpk -

úfoaYsl mqoa., yd ia:dk kdu" Yío yd i;=kaf.a

Yío wdÈh ,sùug l;lkd wCIr mdúÉÑ lrkq

,efí'

cmdkfha fydaf.ka hehs ye¢kafjk m%dfoaYSh NdId

/ila we;' tlu foh ye¢kaùug ta ta NdIdj,

fjk fjku Yío ;sfí' Yío lsÍu yd WÉpdrKh

fjkia jk w;r l%shd mo yd kdu úfYaIK moj,

wÕ fjkia fõ' kuq;a idudkHfhka ms<s.;a

NdIdj mdúÉÑ lsÍfuka úúO m<d;a j,ska tk

whg NdIdj f;areï .; yels jk fia yiqrejd

.ekSug mq¨jk'

11

NdIdj

lkað yeÿkq yeá

ysre

ysflfkla

ysf;da.i

ls

ysrÕkd yd l;lkd wCIr igyklaysrÕkd

l;lkdYíoh

md nd od iZ .d ka jd rd hd ud yd kd ;d id l w

ms ì È ð .s ß ñ ys ks ú Is ls b

mq nq ÿZ iqZ .= re hq uqyq*q

kq ;aiq iq l= W

fm fn fo fiZ f. fufr fy fk f; fi fl tt

fmd fnd fod fiZd f.d fjd frd fhd fud fyd fkd f;d fid fld UT

12

jd¾Isl Èk o¾Ykhckjdß 1 w¿;a wjqreÿ Èkh

fojeks i÷ Èk jeäysá njg m;ajk Èkh

w¿;a wjqreoafoa wdrïNh

l,ska wjqreoafoa wfm%a,a udifha § wjqreÿ 20 ,nk

;reK ;reKshkag Tjqkf.a Ôú;fha ffiajÍj

fukau" j.lSï Ndr.; hq;= wjêhg t<U we;s nj

m%ldY lsÍug cmdkh mqrd ta ta m%foaYj,

meje;afjk W;aijh

fmnrjdß 3 fyda 4 fi;aiQnqka ^fndaxÑ weg úislsÍfï W;aijh&

11 cd;sl mokï Èkh

cmdkfha merKs Èk o¾Ykfhys jika;h t<öug

fmr Èkh'

lnf,a nÈk ,o fidahd fndaxú weg" hl=ka yd

ÿ¾Nd.Hh ke;s lsÍug úiqrejd yeÍu

cd;sh wdrïN jQ Èkh iurñka ck;djf.a

foaYdNsudkh j¾Okh lsÍfï W;aijhls'

ud¾;= 3 ysku;aiqß W;aijh

1 jeks fldgqj n,kak

20 fyda 21 jika;fha Èjd ? iu jk Èkh'

cmka ckhd iajNdjO¾uhg lD;{ fjñka i;=ka

yd ñksiqka flf¾ wdorh olaj;s'

wfm%a,a

29 - uehs 05 f.da,avka ùla

29 fIdajd Èkh

cd;sl ksjdvq Èk lSmhla fm< .eiS we;s fuu

ld,fha § fndfydauhla mjq,a cmdkh ;=, fyda

úfoaY.;j ksjdvqj .;lr;s'

uehs 3 rdcH Èkh

4 yß; Èkh

5 <ud Èkh 2 jeks fldgqj n,kak'

2 jk bßod uõjrekaf.a Èkh

fï cd;sl ksjdvq Èkfha § ckhd

iajNdjO¾uhdg .re lrñka tys

iqkaor nj w;aúÈ;s'

cmka ckhd ish uõjreka

wkqiaurKh lr;s'

fuu cd;sl ksjdvq Èkh cmka md,k l%uh n,hg

m;a ùu iurkq ,nhs'

cQks 3 jk bßod mshjrekaf.a Èkh

cmka ckhd ish mshjreka

wkqiaurKh lr;s'

1' ysku;aiqß.eyeKq <uhskaf.a j¾Okh yd i;=g Wfoid mQcd mj;ajk W;aijhls' .eyeKq <uhska isák mjq,a j," merKs rdclSh we÷ï me<÷ï j,ska ieriQ fndakslalka iys; m%o¾Yk wÜgd,hla idod mSÉ u,a j,ska iri;s' fndakslalkag n;a yd fjk;a cmka lEu ms<s.ekaùuo fuÈk isß;ls'

2' <ud Èkhfï Èkh me/kakka ye¢kajQfha ;kaf.d fkd filal= hk kñka' fï Èkfha § whsßia u,a fmdälr N+;hska t,jd oeóu isß;ls' tl, msßñ <uqka ,efíjdhs m%d¾:kd l< o oeka ´kEu <ufhl= W;aijdldrfhka ms<s.efka' tkuq;a msßñ <uqka isák mjq,aj, hqO we÷ï yd fin< ysia jeiqï m%o¾YKh lrñka Ñrd.; ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lr;s' óg wu;rj ldma ud¨jkaf.a yevrej we;s ieris<s lrkafka fï ud¨jdg uqyqfoa iev Èh/<s mrojd msysksh yels ksid h' fï ieris<s j,ska ixfla;j;a jkafka msßñ <uqka Yla;su;a" wd;au Yla;sh wse;s id¾:l Ôú; .; lrkq we;ehs hk úYajdihhs'

3' ;kn;dcmka úYajdi yd Ök ckl;djl tk úYajfha ;drld folla jgd f.;=kq W;aijhls' f.dm¨ ;rej yd ikakd,s ;rej wjqreoao mqrd fjka ù isg tlajkafka cQ,s 7 fjksod¨' mxp j¾K lvodis j, Tjqkaf.a m%d¾:kd ,shd WK nïnq j, .eg.id fyd¢ka o¾YKh jk ;ekaj, ;nkafka Tjqkaf.a m%d¾:kd bgqfõjdhs wfmaCIdfjks'

^fndakslalkaf.a fyda .eyeKq <uhskaf.a W;aijh&

Ch

iku

sei C

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13

foieïn¾ 23 wêrdchdf.a Wmka Èkh

25 k;a;,a Èkh

31 w¿;a wjqreÿ Wodj

6 jeks fldgqj n,kak'

cQ,s7 ;knd;d ;drld W;aijh

3 jeks fldgqj n,kak'

3 jk i÷od kdúl Èkh

uqyqÿ iïm;a fjkqfjka lD;{;djh

m<lrñka cmdkfha fi!Nd.Hh

m%d¾:kdlrk Èkh'

wf.daia;=wf.daia;= ueo fndka W;aijh

4 jeks fldgqj n,kak'

iema;eïn¾ 3 jk i÷od jeäysá f.!rj Èkh

iema;eïn¾ ueo ir;a i| o¾Ykh"

22 fyda 23 ir;a ld,fha Èjd ? iu jk Èkh

jeäysáhkag f.!rj olajd

Tjqkg §¾>dhqI m;k Èkhhs'

iy,a j,ska iE¥ meKsri lEu"

È. ;Kfld< u; m;=rd cfka,

,Õ ;nd pkaø mQcdjla mj;ajd

i| foi n,d m%S;s jk Èkh'

uq;=ka ñ;a;kag f.!rjdpdr lr

Tjqka isysm;a lrk Èkh'

Tlaf;daïn¾ 2 jk i÷od l%Svd Èkh

ukd ldhsl iy udkisl iqjh

m;d cmka cd;slhska l%Svd j,

ks;r jk Èkh'

fkdjeïn¾ 3 ixialD;sl Èkh

15 IsÑ f.da ika 7-5-3 W;aijh

miajk fldgqj n,kak'

23 lïlre ia;+;s Èkh

cmka ckhd ixialD;sl lghq;= j, ksr; jk

Èkhhs'

fiajlhskag f.!rj olajñka wfkHdakH iqyo

nj j¾Okh lr .kakd Èkh'

4' fndka W;aijhcQ,s 13 isg 15 olajd fyda

wf.daia;=fõ" uq;=ka ñ;a;kaf.a

wd;au fjkqfjka meje;afjk

fn!oaO W;aijhla' fï Èkj,

uq;=ka ñ;a;ka kej; f.or tk

ksid" Tjqkag wdrdOkd lrñka"

.uka uÕ fmkaùug f.or fodrgq

wi< myka o,aj;s' f.or we;=<;

msßisÿ fldg" f.or foúhka msfok

;ekao msßisÿ fldg" lEu îu

wdÈfhka mqo mQcd mj;ajd ñh .sh

{d;Skag mska fm;a muqKqjkq ,efí'

W;aijh wjidkfha § kej; f.or

fodrgqfõ myka o,ajd Tjqkg wdmiq

hEug uÕ wdf,dalu;a lr" .x.dj,

fyda uqyqfoa mqo mQcd mdlr yßhs'

5' IsÑ-f.da-idkafouõmsfhda 3 isg 5 yeúßÈ

ÈhKshka" wi< we;s mQckSh

ia:dkhg f.k f.dia mqo mQcd

mj;aj;s' fï wxl 3 f;dardf.k

we;af;a jdikdjka; hhs úYajdi

lrk neúks' Ñfgdafia wfï kï jQ

úfYaI meKsri lEula" fldlal= yd

bínkaf.a mska;+r we;s nE.hl oud

<uqkag fo;s' Ñfgdafia hkq wjqreÿ

1000 ls' fldld yd bínd È. Ôú;

we;a;ka nj cmdkfha m%p,s;h'

fï meKsri lEu fufia wiqrd

fokafka <uqkaf.a fi!LHh yd Ñr

Ôjkh m%d¾:kd lrñks' fndfyda

<uhs cd;sl we÷u jk lsfudafkdaj

fyda yldud j,ska ieriS PdhdrEm

.ks;s'

6' w¿;a wjqreÿ WodjfuÈk uOHu rd;%sfha rgjgd mkai,a >KaGdr kdo

fõ' cmdkfha fn!oaO úYajdih wkqj" ñksiqka fj;

f,!lsl wdYd 108 la ;sfí' >KaGdr 108 jrla kdo

lsÍfuka ta wdYdjka bj;a l< yels nj lshefõ'

w¿;a wjqreoafoa §¾>dhqI yd ukd fi!LHh Wfoid

fuÈk úfYaI ;sßÕ= j,ska iE¥ kQâ,aia wkqNj lr;s'

kQâ,aia fuu W;aijfha jeo.;a ;ekla .kafka tajd

È. neúka È.= m%S;su;a Ôú;hla ixfla;j;a lrñks'

wlsysf;da wêrdchdf.a Wmka Èkh fjkqfjka

ck;dj W;aij mj;akk Èkh'

fuÈk mjqf,a wh iy ñ;=rka iuÕ ;E.s yqjudre

lr .ekSu isß;ls' iEu fokdu tla ù lEu

.kakd m%S;su;a wjia:djla'

^r;= wl=re ( rcfha ksjdvq ( ks,a wl=re ( Ñrd.; W;aij&

14

ovhï lsrÍfï hq.fhka ù j.dlsÍfï hq.hg

ñksiaiq ovhï lsÍfuka yd le,Efjka tl;= l< foa wdydrhg .;a ld,h

iaÓr jdiia:dk bÈlsÍfï wdrïNh" Tml, .,a WmlrK yd ueá n÷ka

mdúÉÑh

ù j.dj yd f,dayuh n÷ka mdúÉÑfha wdrïNh

hudf;da rc fm<m; tlai;a ùu" fidfydka f.dve,s bÈùu" nqoaOd.u"

Ök wCIr" kj ;dCIK l%u yd fjk;a ixialD;Ska uydoaùmfhka

cmdkhg f.k tau'

k.r ks¾udK yd jxYj;a whf.a hq.h

fIdf;dl= l=ure rdcHêldß f,i m;aùu'

±kg f,dalfha ;sfnk merKsu ±j wdlD;sh

we;s fyda¾hqð mkaif,a jev lghq;= ksu úu'

kdrd k.rhg w.kqjr f.k hdu

f;daohsð mkaif,a nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a

ms<srej wjika ùu'

lshdf;dajg w.kqjr f.k tau'

jxYj;a whf.a n, mrdl%uh j¾Okh ùu'

cmdkfha lkd wCIr mdúÉÑfha wdrïNh f,dalfha merKsu kj l:dj

—f.kað fudfkd.;dߘ ^f.kaðf.a l:dj& uqridls Islsnq rpkd lsÍu

jxYj;a whf.a hq.fhka hqoaO ùrhkaf.a hq.hg

ñkfudf;d fkd fhdßf;dfuda lul=rd fYd.kf;a md,kh msysgqùu'

fudka.,a jreka cmdkhg myr §u' ^B<Õ wdl%uKh 1281&

wIsl.d ;ldWðf.a uqfrdauÑ ^lsfhdaf;da&

fYd.kf;a md,kh

r;%x uKavmh iys; mkai, lsfhdaf;dafõ f.dvke.Su'

ߧ uKavmh iys; mkai, lsfhdaf;dafõ f.dvke.Su'

ro< m%N+ka w;r rg mqrd wr., we;sùu'

mD.=.Siska m%:u jrg cmdkhg .sKs wú y÷kajd §u'

*ekaisia fiaúh¾ úiska l%sia;shdKs wd.u cmdkhg

f.k tau'

f;dfhdaf;dó ysfofhdaIs cmdkh tlai;a lsÍu'

hqO ùrhskaf.a hq.fhka fj<|kaf.a hq.hg

f;dl=.djd bfhahiq tfoda fYd.kf;a md,kh

weröu'

fj<|du ÈhqKq ùfuka fj<÷kaf.a n,h

ÈhqKq ùu'

cmdkh ndysr f,dalfhka iïmQ¾Kfhka

wE;a ùu'

b;sydihcmdkfha m%Odk isÿùu yd jeo.;a ixialD;sl ikaêia:dk m%Odk f,dal isÿùu

.,a

hq.h

4-5

Y'j'

593

607

710

752

794

1192

1274

1336

1397

1489

1543

1549

1590

1603

1639

fcdafudaka

hq.h

hfhdhs

hq.h

f.kað fudfkd.;dß Ñ;%hla

ysfïð ud<s.dj

u;aiqizlhd iqmsß fj<|ie,

1768 § ;snqKq wkaou

l%s'mQ' 3500

l%s'mQ' 3000

l%s'mQ' 2500

l%s'mQ' 1760

l%s'mQ' 1400

l%s'mQ' 116

l%s'mQ' 313

l%s'mQ' 589

7 jk

Y; j¾Ih

l%s'j' 800

l%s'j' 962

l%s'j' 1206

l%s'j' 1299

l%s'j' 1337

l%s'j' 1492

l%s'j' 1600

l%s'j' 1750

fuifmdfÜñhdfõ m<uq

YsèGdpdrh

Bðma;=fõ tlai;a

rdcHhla ìysùu'

bkaÈhdfõ bkaÿ ksïk

YsIaGdpdrfha jHdma;sh

neìf,dakshdfõ yuqrdì

kS;sud,dj ia:dms; ùu'

Ökfha úka rc

fm<mf;a wdrïNh

frdaudkq wêrdcHfha

ÈhqKqu wjia:dj

m<fjks fldkaia;ka;Suq

wêrdchd l%sia;shdks

wd.u ms<s.ekSu

iqhsrc fm<m; Ökh

tlai;a lsÍu

fudfyduâ ;=ud bia,dï

O¾uh wdrïN lsÍu

m%xY rcq pd,sue.afka

ngysr frdaudkq

wêrdcHfha rcfuka

Tgqkq me<|ùu'

m<uqjk Tfgda Y=oaO

frdaudkq wêrdchd fuka

Tgqkq me<|ùu'

fcka.sia

Ldkafudkaf.da,shdkq

wêrdcHfha msysgùu'

Tfgdauka wêrdcHh

ia:dms; ùu'

tx.,ka;h yd m%xYh

w;r ish wjqreÿ hqoaOfha

mgka .ekau'

l%siafgdam¾ fld<ïnia

weußldkq uydoaùmh

fidhd .ekSu'

tx.,ka;h kef.kysr

bkaÈhdkq iud.u

msysgqùu'

hqfrdamSh n,j;=ka

f,dalfha úYd, m%foaY

w;am;a lr .ekSu'

hqfrdmfha ld¾ñl

úma,jfha wdrïNh

15

isoaOia:dk yd mdi,a ixLHdj j¾Okh ùu fukau lshùu" ,shùu" .Ks;h"

hym;a p¾hdj yd fjk;a úIhhka mq¿,a f,i b.ekaùu

tlai;a ckmo kdúl fldufodare ue;sõ fmß cmdkh újD; úh hq;= nj

mjiñka Wr.djg meñKSu'

cmdkhg f,dalhg újD;ùu

cmdkh yd tlai;a ckmoh iduh yd ñ;%;ajh ms<sn|j .súiqu w;aika lrñka

cmdkh f,dalfhka fjkaù ;sîu wjika ùu'

úúO rgj,a iuÕ fj<| .súiqï w;aika lsÍu

tfoda fYda.=ka md,kh wjikaj wêrdchdg foaYmd,k uQ,s;ajh ,eîu'

fuhsð m%;sixialrKh ksid tfoda f;dalsfhda f,i kï lsÍu'

foaYmd,k yd idudÔh l%u yd cmka ck;djf.a Ôjk ffY,sfha fjkialï'

wOHdmkh wksjd¾h lsÍu yd rg mqrd m%d:ñl mdie,a bÈlsÍfï wdrïNh

cmdk wêrdcHfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ksl=la lsÍu

m%:u wêrdcH md¾,sfïka;=j ^vhá& wdrïN ùu'

Ök cmka hqoaOh

fiao l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okh

reishdkq cmka hqoaOh

m%:u f,dal hqoaOh

nr l¾udka; ixj¾Okh ùu'

lkaf;da uyd N+ñ lïmdj

msßñ i¾j n, Pkaoh y÷kajd §u

meis*sla hqoaOh

ysfrdaIsud iy kd.idls kr.j,g mrudKq fndaïn fy,Su'

kj mYajd;a cmdkhla lrd

cmka wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj ksl=;a lsÍu

iudc m%;sixialrK lghq;= l%shd;aul lsÍu'

hqldjd ysfols fN!;sl úoHdj ms<sn| fkdfn,a ;Hd. m%Odkh ,enQ m%:u

cmka cd;slhd fõ'

úúO rgj,a iuÕ idu .súiqï w;aika lsÍu'

cmdkfha tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uKav,fha idudðl;ajh ,eîu'

iudc m%;sixialrK lghq;= m%j¾Okh ùu'

wdishdfõ m<uq T,sïmsla l%Svd Wf<, f;dalsfhdafõ

meje;aùu'

úÿ,s fõ.fhka Odjkh jk f;dalhsfoda

Iskalkafika ÿïßh l%shd;aul ùu'

m<uq tlaiafmda f,dal m%o¾YKh Tidldys § meje;aùu'

cmdkhg Tlskjd kej; Ndr§u'

YS; R;= T,sïmsla ;%Svd Wf<, imafmdfrdays§ meje;aùu'

ykaIska wjdð uyd N+ñ p,kh

k.dfkdays§ YS; R;= T,sïmsla l%Svd Wf<,

f,dal mdmkaÿ iïfï,k l%Svd Wf<, - cmdkh yd fldßhdkq iuQydKavqfõ

yd wkq.%yfhka

kS.;d pQt;aiq N+ñ p,kh

—fidnd oyfï keKj;a nj˜ hk f;audj hgf;a tlaiafmda f,dal m%o¾YKh

whsú ys § meje;aùu'

cmdkfha m%Odk isÿùï yd jeo.;a ixia;D;sl ikaêia:dk

1853

1854

1858

1867

1868

1889

1890

1894-

95

1904-

05

1914-

18

1923

1925

1941-

45

1945

1946

1949

1951

1956

1964

1970

1972

1995

1998

2002

2004

2005

1776

1789

1876

1886

1903

1914-18

1929

1939-45

1945

1957

1961

1969

2004

weußldj ksoyia

rdcHhla ùu

m%xY úma,jfha wdrïNh

ñksia whs;sjdislï

m%{ma;sh ksl=;a lsÍu

wef,laiekav¾

.%eyeïfn,a fg,sf*dakh

ksmoùu

ld,a fnkaia fmg%,a j,ska

Odjkh jk ldrh

ksmoùu

´¾ú,a yd ú,an¾ rhsÜ

m<uq .=jka .ufka

fh§u'

m%:u f,dal hqoaOh

uyd mßydksfha wdrïNh

fojeks f,dal uyd

ix.%duh

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

uKav,h ia:dmkh lsÍu

fidaúhÜ ix.uh ñksid

úiska idok ,o m<uq

pkaøsldj - iamqáksla

wNHdjldY.; lsÍu'

fidaúhÜ foaYfha hQß

..dßka wNHdjldYhg

.sh m<uq ñksid ùu'

m<uq jrg ñksid i| u;

md ;eîu'

bkaÈhdkq id.rfha we;s

jQ m%n, iqkdñh'

m%Odk f,dal isÿùï

msx;+r ^by< jfï isg& ( f.daf;da fl!;=ld.drh" ysfïð k.r Yd,dj" u;aiqielhd iud.u" u;aiqfudaf;da k.r Yd,dj JNTO&

cmdkfha merKsu mdie,la jk lshsÑ

mdie,

fujeks f.dvke.s,s cmdkfha mYapd;a hqO iufha ixj¾Okh ms<sônq lrhs'

b;sydih mqrd" cmdkh fjk;a rgj,ska ;dCIKh"

isß;a úß;a fukau l,d Ys,am wdÈfha wdNdIh ,nd

fïjd talrdYslrf.k cmdkhgu úfYaI jQ

ixialD;shla f.dvk.df.k we;' cmdkfha wo

Ôjk rgdj iïm%odhsl wdishdkq ixialD;sh yd

ngysr kùk ixialD;sfha ukd ixl,khls'

iïm%odhsl ixialD;shwo;a cmdkfha b;d Wiia ;;a;ajhla ysñjk

iïm%odhsl kdgH w;r lnqls" lafhdaf.ka yd

nqkarl= fõ'

17 jk Y;j¾Ifha uq,a Nd.fha § wdrïN jQ lnqls

kdgH" rx.k Ys,amSkaf.a ,d,s;Huh jQ l:d ú,dYh

fk;a weo .kakd iq¿ weÿï wdhs;a;ï yd

rEm,djkH Wml%u ^l=ufodaß& fukau fõÈldfõ

rx.kh ;Sj% lsÍug fhdod .kakd ld¾ñl

l%fudamdhkaf.ka o iukaú;hs' Ys,amSka yev

.kajk rEm,djkH l%u ksid Tjqkaf.a pß;

fukau ufkdaNdjh Woa§mkh fjhs' lnqls kdgH"

uOH ld,Sk yd tfoda ud;Dld mdol fldg we;s

w;r .eyeKq pß; mjd rÕ olajkafka msßñ whhs'

fkda" cmdkfha merKsu ix.S; kdgHh l%uhhs'

fï kdgHj,g fonia muKla fkdj .dhkh"

ix.S;h yd kegqï we;=<;a fõ' fuys ;j;a

úfYaIdx.hla kï j¾Kj;a we÷ulska ieriS isák

m%Odk k¿jd" ;Ska; .d Tm oeuQ oejuh fjia

uqyqKla me<§uhs' fï fjia uqyqK jfhdajDO

;eke;af;la fyda uy¨ ldka;djla" fyd,aukla yd

;reK msßñ <ufhla jeks pß; ksrEmKh lrhs'

lafhdaf.ka iïm%odhSh úlg kdgH úfYaIhla' fï

kdgHj, l%shd yd fonia úfYaI ffY,shla wkqj rÕ

oelafõ' fkda kdgH w;r;=r fï kdgH rÕ

oelajqj;a ±ka ±ka lafhdaf.ka kdgH muKla

m%o¾YKh lrk wjia:do ;sfí'

nqkarl= 16 jk Y; j¾Ifha w. Nd.fha § ckm%sh jQ

rElv kdgH úfYaIhls' Iñfika kï jQ ;;a 3 la

iys; ix.S; NdKavhlska jefhk ix.S;hg" l:dj

È.yefrkafka .S; ;=,sks' nqkarl=" ,d,s;Hfhka msß

ukialdka; rElv l,djla f,i f,dal m%isoaOhs'

f;a ix.%y W;aijh yd bflndkd jeks fjk;a

iïm%odhSh l,d" woo cmka ck Ôú;fha iÔù

wx.hls' f;a W;aijh ^ifoda fyda pfoda& wuq f;a

fld< j,ska f;a idok mshjr lSmhlska hq;a

ix.%yhls' kuq;a fï ifoda pdß;%h f;a idod

ms<sfh, lsÍug jvd ixlS¾K lghq;a;ls' ±kqu yd

ixfõ§ nj b;d mq¨,a mrdihl Èfjk Wiia

l,djls' ifoda uÕska ðú;fha mrud¾: fukau

fidndoyu w.hlsÍu m%.=K flf¾'

Y;j¾I 7 la muK ld,hla ;=< úldYh jQ cmka

u,a ieliSfï l,dfõ ^bflndkd& wdrïNh merKs

fn!oaO u,a mQcd lsÍfï isß;hs' fuh yqfola

ieris,s i|yd u,a mdúÉÑ lsÍu fkdfõ' bflndkd

ieris<sj, § tla tla ieris,a,g fhdod .kakd

me,Eá fldgia" .kakd Ndckh" u,a fld< yd w;=

b;s" ieris,a, ;nk ;ek wd§ ms<sfj, wd§ fuu

iEu wxYhlau" th ;nk ia:dkhg .e,fmk

wkaou;a i,ld n,kq ,efí'

Nat

ion

al T

hea

ter

Nat

ion

al B

un

raku

Th

eate

r

16

ixialD;sh

lnqls wjqreÿ 400 g;a jeä b;sydihla we;s iïm%odhdkql+, kegqï úfYaIhlsnqkarl= rElv kegqï úfYaIhls' relv tyd fuyd heùu yd yeÕSï okjk YÍr p,kh md,kh lrkafka fõÈldj msgqmi isáhs'

cmdkhg ngysßka f.k wd Ydia;%Sh ix.S;h ±ka

b;d ckm%shh' fndfydafokd ngysr ix.S;h yodrk

w;r rgmqrd ix.S; ixo¾YK meje;afõ' f,dalh

mqrd ix.S; ixo¾YKh mj;ajk Tijd" fihsð jeks

ix.S; md,lhska o" mshdfkda yd jh,Ska jdolhska o

cmdkfha isá;s'

1951 jekSisfha Ñ;%má Wf<f,a§ l=frdidjd wlSrd

iaj¾K isxy iïudkh ch.%yKh l< miqj cmka

iskudjg f,dal wjOdkh fhduq úh' ñfida.=Ñ

flkað yd Tiq hiqðfrda kï jQ úYsIaG Ñ;%má

wOHCIl jrekaf.a lD;s f,dal m%Yxidjg m;a ù

;sfí' uE;§ 1997 jekSisfha Ñ;%má Wf<f,a§

ls;dfkda ;flIs iaj¾K isxy iïudkh yk-ì

Ñ;%máh fjkqfjka Èkd .;af;a h' fudyqg 2003

Wf<f,a§ izf;dabÑ Ñ;%mghg fyd|u wOHCI

iïudkh m%odkh lrk ,§'

iÔù iskud rEm uÕska ilikq ,nk ldgqka yd

<ud l:d 1960 .Kka j, isá cmka <uhskag

úfkdaodiajdohla f.k foa' weiafg%da fndahs"

fodrtfudka" fia, uQka yd v%e.kafnda,a ±ka

f,dalh mqrd <uqkaf.a wdorh Èkd we;' wOHCI

ñhidls yhdfjdaf.a —iamsßgâ tfõ˜ <ud

Ñ;%mghg 2003 fyd|u iÔù iskud rEm Ñ;%máhg

ysñ iïudkh m%odkh lrk ,§' Tyqf.au —yjq,aia

uQúka ldi,a˜ 2004 jekSis Ñ;%mg Wf<f,a §

Tfi,a,d iïudkh i|yd f;dard.kakd ,§'

idys;Hfhka o fkdfn,a ;d.Hh ÈkQ ljnd;d

hiqkdß yd Tt flkaiznqfrda cmka cd;slfhda h'

kùk hq.fha .%ka: l¾;Djreka jk uqrldó yrehs

yd hIsfudaf;da nkdkdf.a lD;Ska cmka ;reK

fldgia w;r b;d ckm%sh jk w;r úfoaY NdId

fndfydauhlg mßj¾;kh fldg ;sfí'

Kin

-no

-ho

shi,W

atan

abe

Shas

hin

jo

JNTO

Tezu

ka P

rod

uct

ion

s

17

kùk ixialD;sh

^by<& ifod fyda jdfoda

f;a ieliSï yd mdkh

lsÍfï iïm%odh'

^ol=K& f,dj m%p,s;

—weisfg%da fndahs˜

^by<& fodafcdað fjda kdgHfha cjksldjla

^ol=K& bflfkdfjda ffY,sfha bflndkd u,a

ieliqula

mdkfha úúO l%Svd" lrkq ,efí' cQfvda yd

flkafoda jeks merKs igka l%u fukau fjk;a

rgj,ska ixl%uKh jQ fíia fnda,a yd mdmkaÿ - ^fidl¾&

jeks l%Svd o ckm%sh h' WIaK R;=fõ § uqyqÿ r< ud Wv

,E,a,la u; meo hk i¾*sx yd uqyqfoa lsñfoñka ial+nd

vhsúka l%Svd lrk w;r YS; R;=fõ§ úfYaIs; jQ ,E,s

Wv" ysu u; ,siaid hEu jeks l%Svd lr;s'

m%Odk l%Svd

fíia fnda,a" fm%alaIlhska bÈßfha l%Svd lrk cmdkfha

b;d ckm%sh l%Svdjls' cmdkfha jD;a;Suh fíia fnda,a

l%Svd lrejkaf.ka iukaú; uOHu lKavdhfï"

lKavdhï yhla yd meis*sla lKavdhfï yhla jYfhka

lKavdhï fod<yla fõ' lKavdhï yhl l%Svlfhda tla

l%Svd jdrhl § l%Svd jdr 140 la muK l%Svd lr;s' fï

l%Svdj,ska m<uq ;ek .kakd lKavdhï fol cmka l%Svd

;rÕ ud,djg l%Svd lrhs' uE; ld,fha § cmka

l%Svlhka jeä jeäfhka tlai;a ckmohg ixl%uKh ù

tys fíia fnda,a m%Odk lKavdhï j,g iïnkaO ù isà'

fudjqka w;r iqiQzls bÑfrda yd u;aiqhs ysfols iqm%isoaO

l%Svlfhda h'

wdOqkslhska w;r o fï l%Svdj ckm%sh ù we;' m%dfoaYSh

lKavdhïj,g fyda mdie,a l%Svd iudc j,g iïnkaO ù

mdie,a <fuda fíiafnda,a l%Svd lr;s' wjqreoaolg

fojrla meje;afjk cd;sl Wiia mdie,a fíiafnda,a

Y+r;d ;rÕdj,shg iyNd.S ùug wjia:dj ,efnkafka ta

ta m<d;a j, jg lSmhlg iyNd.S ù ch.%yKh ,enQ

mdie,a lKavdhï j,ghs'

1993 cmdkfha jD;a;Suh mdmkaÿ ^fidl¾& lKavdhï

tl;=j" fÊ' ,S.a msysgjQjdg miqj fï l%Svdfõ

ckm%sh;ajh j¾Okh úh' 2002 f,dal mdmkaÿ

iïfï,k Y+r;d ;rÕdj,sh cmdkh yd fldßhdkq

iuQydKavqfõ wkq.%yfhka meje;aùu fï l%Svdfõ

ckm%sh;ajh by< hdug fya;= ldrl úh'

igka l%ucQfvda" flkafoda" lrdf;foda yd whslsfvda jeks

iïm%odhsl igka l%u kùk cmdkfha by< ;;a;ajhl

mj;skafka tajd ±ä lemùulska m%.=K lrk whf.a

m%YxikSh W;aidyh ksid hs'

—wdpd¾h iïmkak l%uh˜ hk wre;a we;s cQfvda"

úreoaOjdÈhdf.a Yla;sh uekf.k tuÕska u Tyq

mrdch lsÍu wruqK jQ igka l%uhls' f,dalh mqrd ±ka

ckm%sh ù we;s fï l%Svdj 1964 m<uq jrg T,sïmsla l%Svd

Wf<,g tla jQ miq ks, jYfhka T,sïmsla l%Svdjla

f,i ms<s.efka' cQfvda wkq.ukh lrñka flkafoda

cmdk ,Slvq l%Svdjo uE;§ úfoia rgj, ckm%sh ù f.k

hhs' flkafoda l%Svlfhda igka l%u j,§ m<Èk

wdrCIl we÷ïj,g iudk we÷ï weo WK nïnq lvq

j,ska ;udf.a wdrCIdj .ek ie,ls,su;aj m%;sjd§kag

myr fo;s' lrdf;foda Ñkfha isg ßlalHq rdcOdksh

^±ka Tlskdjd& yryd cmdkhg ,enqKq l%Svdjls'

lrdf;foda ;rÕlrejka lsisu wdrCIl we÷ulska

ierfikafka ke;' Tjqka mdúÉÑ lrkafka ;u w;a md

muKls'

iqfuda cmdkfha cd;sl l%Svdj jk iqfuda wjqreÿ 1000 l

b;sydihla we;s l%Svdjls' wdydr wiajekak fjkqfjka

lrk ia;+;s mQcd j,g iïnkaO neúka fï l%Svd j, §

merKs isß;a úß;a wkq.ukh flf¾' merKs ùrhkaf.a

fuka úfYaI fldaKavd ieris,a,lska ierfik ßlsIs

fkdfyd;a iqfuda l%Svlhskaf.a we÷u fiao bk máhla

muKs' Tjqka igka lrkafka w;aj,sks'

JKF

Bas

ebal

l Mag

azin

e

18

l%Svdc

fï 2004 cmka ;rÕdj,sfha l%Svd wjia:djla' fíiafnda,a cmdkfha

ckm%shu l%Svdjla fõ'

ldhsl fukau udkisl Yla;sh f.kfok

lrdf;a-foda .eyeKq <ufhl= mqyqKqjk wkaou

Tjqkaf.a nr lsf,da.%Eï 100 ;a 200 ;a w;r fõ'

Tjqka igka lrkafka óg¾ 4'5 la m<,a jQ fodayafhda

kï jQ ljhla ;=,sks' igk mrdchjk l%Svlhd

ljfhka msgm;g hEu fyda ish wä m;=,a yer

YÍrfha fjk;a fldgilska ìu iam¾Ylrhs' l%Svd

kS;s Í;s ir, kuq;a l%fudamdhka ixlS¾Kh'

ch.%yKh lsÍug wiqúO l%u ;sfí' jD;a;Sh

iqfuda ;rÕdj,s wjqreoaolg yh jrla meje;afjk

w;r tla ;rÕdj,shla Èk 15 la meje;afõ'

cmdkfhka msg; m%o¾Yk pdßld uÕska iqfuda

l%Svdjg úfoaY rgj, o wjOdkh fhduq ù we;s

w;r úfoia rgj, iqfuda l%Svlhska o b;d

id¾:lj fï l%Svdfõ kshef,;s'

T,sïmslacmdkfha wdOqksl l%Svdj,g o jeo.;a ;ekla

ysñjk w;r" T,sïmsla l%Svd Wf<,g oCI l%Svl

l%Säldfjda iyNd.S fj;s' 2004 we;kaia kqjr

T,sïmsla Wf<,g cmka l%Svl l%Säldjka 312

fofkla iyNd.s jQy' 2006 f;dßfkd ys mj;ajk

,o YS; R;= T,sïmsla Wf<,g 112 fofkla ;rÕ

l<y' T,sïmsla l%Svd Wf<, 1964 .%sIau R;=fõ §

f;dalsfhda j, iy fofjks f;fjks jrg

ms<sfj,ska YS; R;= T,sïmsla l%Svd Wf<, 1972

imamfrda j, yd 1998 k.dfkda j,§'

ckm%sh <ud l%Svdmdi,a l%Svd iudc fyda Tjqka Ôj;ajk m%foaYfha

l%Svd iudcj,g ne£ cmka <fuda úúO l%Svd lr;s'

msßñ <uqka w;r b;d ckm%sh l%Svd fol mdmkaÿ

^fidl¾& yd fíia fnda,a h' .eyeKq <uqka fgksia

yd w;amkaÿ l%Svd ms%h lr;s' msyskSu .eyeKq msßñ

fofldgigu wh;a <uhska m%sh lrk l%Svdjls'

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iqfuda - cmdkfha cd;sl l%Svdj

mdi,a zflkafodaZ ^lvq irU& iudcfha iudðlhska 1964 T,sïmsla l%Svd ;;a;ajh ,enQ cQfvda l%Svdj mqyqKq jk <uqka

cmka wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj hgf;a cmka wêrdchd

rcfha fukau ck;djf.a tlai;a Ndjfha

m%;suQ¾;shhs' wêrdcHhdg rdcH n,;, ke;'

wlsysf;da wêrdchd 1989 § cmdkfha 125 jk

wêrdchd f,i isxydikh Ndr .;af;a h'

rdclSh mjqf,a idudðl idudðldjka cmdkhg

meñfKk úfoaY rgj, wuq;a;ka ms<s.ks;s' úfoaY

rgj, pdßld lr;s' fï lghq;= b;d jeo.;a

jkafka wka;¾cd;sl in|;d j¾Okh lsÍug

WmldÍ jk neúks'

rdclSh mjqf,a idudðl idudðldjka rgmqrd

meje;afjk cd;sl lghq;= j,g yd úfYaIfhka

wdndê; yd jeäysá iqNidOk wdh;k W;aij

j,g iyNd.S fjñka cmka ck;dj iuÕ mq¿,a yd

ióm iïnkaO;djhla mj;ajdf.k h;s' rdclSh

mjq, cmka ck;djf.a buy;a f.!rjhg md;% fõ'

mka cd;sl Och ye¢kafjkafka —ysfkdure˜

hk kñks' fï cd;sl fldäh Ndú;hg

meñKsfha 19 jk Y;j¾Ifha w.Nd.fha § h' iqÿ

miqìul ueo we;s r;= ljh ysre ixfla;j;a lrhs'

cmdkfha lsñ.fhda kñka ye¢kafjk cd;sl .Sfha

uQ,dY%h oijk Y;j¾Ifha rÑ; ud;%d 31 lska hq;a

—jl˜ kï mo je,ls' th wo ;;a;ajhg

mßj¾;kh jQfha 19 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha §

ix.S;h uqiq lsÍfuks' cmka cd;sl .Sfha moje,

cmdkfha È.= ld,Sk iduh yd ;sridr fi!Nd.Hh

Wfoid m%d¾:khls'

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cmka rc mjq, wiqkaf.k"

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wlsIsfkd l=ure" Tgqkak ysñ

l=ußh uidfld" wlsysf;d

wêrdchd" ñÑfld rc ìij"

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ls ñ .d - fhd - jd Ñ fhd ks - - h Ñ fhd ks id iz fr

1947 l%shd;aul jqkq cmka wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ck;d

wdêm;Hh" uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï j,g .re lsÍu

yd hqoaOh neyer lsÍu hk ;%súO lreKq u; mokï ù

;sfí' jHjia:dodhlh ^vhÜ kï jQ md¾,sfïka;=j&

úOdhlh ^leìkÜ uKav,h& yd wêlrKh ^Widú

moaO;sh& hk rcfha f;jeoEreï wxY" n,mEulska

f;dr ksoyfia l%shd lsÍu wdKavql%u jHjia:dj

iy;sl lrhs'

vhÜ kï jQ cmka cd;sl md¾,sfïka;=j rdcH n,h

;ekam;a jQ W;alDIaG wdh;khls' rcfha kS;s

iïmdok n,;, o mejÍ we;af;a fuhg hs' fï

md¾,sfïka;=jg wdik 480 lska hqla; ksfhdað; uka;%S

uKav,h yd wdik 242 ls we;s W;a;Í;r iNdj

we;=<;a fõ' wjqreÿ úiai msrekq iEu cmka

cd;slfhl=gu Pkaoh §fï jrm%idoh ysñ h'

cmdkfha ;sfnkafka ì%;dkHhg yd lekvdjg iudk

md¾,sfïka;= wdKavql%uhls' wefußldkq yd m%xY

cd;slhska fuka ckdêm;sjrfhl= fl<skau m;alr

.ekSula fuys ;ek' ksfhdað; uka;%S uKav, iyslhska

úiska Tjqk;ßka flfkla w.ue;s OQrhg m;alrkq

,efí' w.%dud;H;=ud rdcH weu;s uKav,fhka iuia;

leìkÜ uKav,h f;dard" tys kdhl;ajh orhs'

leìkÜ uKav,h tys úOdhl n,;, l%shd;aul

lsÍfï § vhÜ keue;s md¾,sfïka;=jg j.lsj hq;=hs'

wêlrK n,;, mejfrkafka W;alDIaG Widúhg yd

by< Widú" Èia;%sla Widú yd my< Widúj,ghs'

W;alDIaG Widúhg m%Odk úksiqre we;=¨ ;j;a

úksiqrejreka 14 fofkla we;=,;a jk w;r fï ish¨

fokdu m;alrkq ,nkfka leìkÜ uKav,h úisks'

uydud¾. kS;s W,a,x>kh lsÍu wd§ iq¨ jerÈ ms<sn|

kvq úNd. lrkafka my< Widúj,hs'

cmdkfha m<d;a 47 l m,d;a wdKavq fukau kd.ßl

wdKavq fndfydauhla ;sfí' ck;d wOHdmkh"

iqNidOkh yd fjk;a fiajd iemhSu;a" há;,

myiqlï i|yd wjYH;d iemhSula fï m%dfoaYSh

wdKavq tallj,g mejf¾' fï md,kuh

l%shdoduhka ksid ks<OdÍyq" m%dfoaYSh ck;dj

iuÕ ióm iïnkaO;d mj;aj;s' m<d;an| yd

m%dfoaYSh ksfhdað;jreka Pkao úuiSï uÕska f;dard

m;alr .kafka ta ta fmfoia j, fjfik ckhd hs'

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cd;sl vhÜ ^md¾,sfïka;=& f.dvke.s,a,

vhá ^md¾,sfïka;=& ieis jdrhla

wdKavq l%u jHjia:dfõ ;%súO wxYmd,k ;ka;%fha l%shdjka

.ek iduQysl j.lSu

jHjia:dodhlh úiqrejd yeÍujHjia:dodhl wxYhvhá ^md¾,sfïka;=j&

úksiqrejkag úreoaO

fodaYdNsfhda.

w.%dud;H;=ud m;alsÍu¦

leìkÜ iNslhskag úreoaO

úYajdiNx. fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu

Pkao úuiSïkS;sfha idOdrK;ajh

ms<sn| ksfhda.

ck;dj

ck;d woyia yd Woyia iqm%Sï Widú úksiqrejka

ms<sn| cd;sl ksÍCIKh

úOdhl wxYh^leìkÜ uKav,h&

iqm%Sï Widúfha m%Odk úksiqre;=ud kï lsÍu

fjk;a úksiqrejreka 14 fofkl= m;alsÍu wêlrK wxYh^Widú&

md,k l%shdoduhka ms<sn| ksfhda. ieliSu

1956 tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uKav,fha idudðl;ajh ,enQ miq"

cmdkh cd;Hka;r m%cdfõ idudðlfhl= jYfhka

jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgqlr we;' cmdkh G8

ixúOdkfha o idudðlfhls' fjk;a wdishdkq rgj,a

iu. in|;d meje;aùu cmdkfha m%uqL wruqKls'

f,dalfha iduh" fi!Nd.Hh yd ia:djrFjh ia:dms;

lsÍfï úúO lghq;=j," cmdkh b;d l%shdldÍj lghq;=

lrhs' ;%ia;jdohg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu f,dal wd¾Ól

j¾Okhg Wojq lsÍu yd mßirh wdrCId lsÍu wd§

f.da,Sh m%YaK úi§fï m%h;akhg cmdkh iyNd.S jk

w;r" l,dmSh ia:djrFjh Wfoid f,dal n,j;=ka iuÕ

iïnkaO;d yd iyfhda.h Yla;su;a lr,Sug cmdkh ish

ld¾hh uekúka bgq lrhs'

cd;Hka;r .egqï iduldój úi§fï wruqKska cmdkh

;u wka;¾ cd;sl j.lSu bgq lrkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

idu idOl yuqodjg ks,OdÍka fukau uqo,a

odhlFjfhks' fï lghq;=j, § wr.,hg iïnkaO mCI

iuÕ hqoaOh wjika lsÍug yd iu:hlg t<öug hqo

yuqod bj;a lr .ekSfï § ta ms<sn|j úuis,af,ka isàu

wdÈhg cmdkh iyNd.S jkafka h'

cmdkh ixj¾Okh jk rgj, wd¾Ól yd iudÔh

bÈß .uk i|yd b;d l%shdldßj ks, wdOdr imhhs'

cmka úfoaYdOdr ixj¾Ok wruqof,a m%Odk wruqK

ixj¾Okh jk rgj, ckhd ish ÈhqKqj Wfoid

;uka úiskau .kakd m%h;akj,g w; §u yd udkqIsl

wdrCIdj ia:djr lsÍu;a h' cmdkh" fï wkaoug

úfoaYdOdr imhk f,dalfha m%uqL fmf<a

idudðlfhls'

cmdk úfoaY ixj¾Ok wruqo,a úúOdldrh'

wdmiq fkdf.jk wdOdr fokq ,nkafka

ixj¾Okh jk rgj, ckhdf.a wdydr" fi!LH

yd wOHdmkh jeks uQ,sl wjYH;d msßueiSu

i|ydhs' cmka úfoaYdOdr f,i fokq ,nk ;j;a

úYd, fufyjrla kï" cmka úfoaYSh iyfhda.s;d

iafõÉPd fiajfha fh§ isák cmka cd;slhska

úfoaYj,g heùuhs' fï jev ms<sfj,ska

;dCIKh" fi!LH yd wOHdmkh hk fCIa;% j,g

cmka cd;slfhda Tjqkaf.a úfYaI{ {dkh yd

oCI;d úfoia rgj, ckhd iuÕ fnod yod

.kssñka ixj¾Okh jk rgj,g w; ys; fohs'

(US$ ñ,shk)lekvdj3.363.1%

iamd[a[h3.763.5%

iaùvkh5.094.8%

fko¾,ka;h5.114.8%

m%xYh10.7710.1%

cmdkh

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tlai;a

ckmoh27.6225.9%

fjk;a17.8116.7%

c¾uksh10.039.4%

tlai;a rdcHh10.089.4%

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cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d

uQ,dY%h ( ixj¾Ok wdOdr lñgqj

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cmdkfha úfoaY iyfhda.S;d iafjÉPd .=rejreka fydkaÿrka

YsIHhkag —Tß.ñ˜ l,dj W.kajhs

cmka ks,OdÍka kef.kysr áfudarfha idu idOl ld¾Hhl

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cmdkh wd¾Ólh w;ska f,dalfha b;d by<

ixj¾Okhla we;s rgls' tys o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

^wjqreoaol NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdÈ;h& f,dalfha

fojeks ;ek .kS' fgdfhdgd" fidaks" *qð*s,aï yd

mekfidksla jeks cmka NdKav j, kduhka f,dj

mqrd m%isoaOh'

wmkhk yd wdkhk NdKavNdKav ksIamdokh cmdkfha buy;a Yla;shla

kuq;a tys iajdNdúl iïm;a w,amh' fuys ms<smÈk

idudkH ms<sfj; kï uQ, øjH wdkhkh fldg

NdKav ksmojd foaYSh Ndú;hg f.k úfoaYSh

Ndú;hg wmkhkh lsÍuhs'

wkd.; wd¾Ól m%j¾Okh i`oyd b;d ÈhqKq

wxYhla jYfhka frdfndajreka ksIamdokh i`oyka

l< yel' cmka ;dCIKh f,dalfha uq,a ;ekg

;sfnk fï wxYfha fydkavd ksIamdokhla jk

wisfuda kï frdfnda ñksid fomhska weúÈk"

NdIdj l:dlrk frdfnda flfkls' uE;

wkd.;fha § úúO ld¾h i`oyd frdfnda iyh ,nd

.; yels jk w;r úoHd m%nkaO l:d j, fuka

ñksid iómfha Ôj;a ùug mq¿jk'

lDIsl¾uhcmdkfha m%Odk lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdokh iy,a jk

w;r cmdkfha wdydrhg .kakd iy,a jeä

m%udKhla ksmojkafkao cmdkfhah' cmdkfha

ck.yK wkqmd;h wkqj j.d ìï m%udKh wvqùu

fya;=fjka tys ck;djg wjYH ;sß`.=" fidahd

fndaxÑ yd fjk;a m%Odk wdydr cmdkfha j.d

fkdflf¾' wdydr iajhxfmdaIK wxYfhka ld¾ñl

rgj,a w;r cmdkh my<ska isà' fï ksid

cmdkfha wdydr jeä fldgila wdkhkh lrkq

,efí' tfia jqj;a cmdkfha uqyqÿ iïm;a b;d

by<h' cmka wdydr fõf,a m%Odk ;ekla u;aiH

wdydr j,g fjkajk w;r tys u;aiH

l¾udka;ho b;d ÈhqKqh'

.ukd.ukhcmdkfha .ukd.ukh fiajd b;d ld¾hCIu

uÜgul mj;ajdf.k hkq ,efí' cmdkfha wiaila

uq,a,la kEr úisÍ ;sfnk uydud¾. yd ÿïßh

ud¾. moaO;shg wu;rj .=jka yd uqyqÿ fiajdo"

b;d mq¿,a wkaoñka ls%hd;aul fõ'

Iskalkafika wê fõ. ÿïßh fiajd mehg ls'ó'

250 isg 300 l fõ.fhka Odjkh fõ' fuh

f,dalfha ;sfnk b;du iqrCIs;" fõ. Odjk

ÿïßh fiajhla f,i ie,fla'

Iskalkafika ÿïßhg wu;rj" cmdkfha u.S

ÿïßh ud¾. cd,djlao" ;sfí' cmdkfha fndfyda

m%Odk k.r j, Wux ÿïßh ud¾.o we;' cmdkfha

w. k.rh jk f;dalsfhdafõ lsf,daóg¾ ish

.Kka Èfjk" 12 lg wêl Wux ud¾." f,dalfha

b;d fyd`o fiajhla jk w;r th ;j ;j;a

jHdma; fjñka mj;S' fujeks ÿïßh u.S fiajd"

ld¾hd, fyda mdi,a j,g hEug ñ,shk ixLHd;

ckhd mdúÉÑ lr;s' cmdkfha yeu ÿïßh

fiajdjlau msßisÿ fukau kshñ; ld,fõ,djg

Odjkh ùu ksid m%isoaOhs'

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wd¾Ólh yd l¾udka;

^ju& iajhxlS%h ld¾

ksIamdok lïy,la

^my<& A700 ldKavfha

Iskalkafika ÿïßhla

^ol=K& whsfuda - ñksfil=g

iudk frdfndafjla

kùk Ôjk rgdj jvd iqjodhS yd iqkuH ùu ksid

fndfyda foa ksIamdokh fldg jrla mdúÉÑlr

bj; ±ófï m%jK;djh jeä jeäfhka Èiafõ' fï

mqreÿ ksid jd;h yd c,h ¥IKh ùu" iajdNdúl

mßirh úkdY ùu" f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh yd wmøjH

m%udKh úYd, jYfhka j¾Okh ùu jeks úúO

mdrißl m%Yak Woa.;ù ;sfí' mßirh iq/lSu

cmdkhg muKla fkdj uq¿ f,dalhgu b;d

jeo.;ah' cmka rcfha kdhl;ajfhka cmka

ck;dj b;d mq¿,a wkaofï mßir iq/lSfï

jHdmD;sj, ksr; fj;s'

kj Ôjk rgdfõ iqjodhS nj wmøjH /ila f.dv

lrhs' bvï msrùu i`oyd fï wmøjH

fhdod.;fyd;a m%;sM,h jkafka l`ÿ Wig wmøjH

tlaùuhs' wfma iudc rgdj fjkia lrñka" wmøjH

m%;spl%SlrKh lrk iudchla f.dv k.uq' ´kEu

fohla m%fõifuka fukau kdia;sh j,ld kej;

kej; mdúÉÑ lruq' wmøjH m%udKh wju lsÍu;a

wmøjH m%;spl%SlrKh lsÍu;a cmdkfha b;d

id¾:lj flf¾' ma,diaála fnda;,a yd áka

weiqreï m%;splS%lrKh cmdkfha ukdfia

ia:dms;j ;sfí'

iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú; i`oyd úÿ,sh" .Eia yd .ei,ska

we;=¿j n,Yla;sh jeä m%udKhla jehfõ' úÿ,sh

W;amdokhg;a hka;% l%shdlsÍug;a f;,a yd .,a

w`.=re oykh lsÍfuka ldnkavfhdlaihsâ yd

fjk;a jdhq jd;hg tlaùfuka f.da,Sh

WIaK;ajh yd jd;h ¥IKh ùu jeäfõ' f.da,Sh

WIaK;ajh ksid f,dalh mqrd WIaK;ajh by<

hhs' fuh j<lajd,Sug ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jeks

jdhq wju l< hq;=hs' f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh kj;d,Su

ms<sn`oj 1997 cmdkfha lsfhd;da kqjr meje;s

fldma ^cop. 3& iuq¿fõ§" fndfyda rgj,a Tjqka

jd;hg ksoyia lrk ydkslr jdhq wju lsÍug

fmdfrdkaÿ jQy' iuq¿fõ§ 2005 fmnrjdß

udifha§ l%shd;aul lrk ,§'

f.da,Sh WIaK;ajhg tfrysj l< yels tla fohla

kï ydkslr jdhq msgfkdlrk n,Yla;s

mßyrKh lsÍuhs' ysre t<sfhka" iq<`.ska yd N=.;

WIaK;ajh wmsg ,nd.; yels msßisÿ n,Yla;s fõ'

f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh yd mßir ¥IK m%Yak úi`§ug"

msßisÿ n,Yla;s ksmoùug yd ck;djg

y`ÿkajd§ug cmdkh b;d il%Sh jev ms<sfj,la

iliñka isà'

f,dalh mqrd rgj, mßir ¥IK m%Yak úi`od

.ekSug wmøjH m%;spl%SlrK ;dCIKh" ydkslr

jdhq jd;hg tla fkdlsÍu yd fjk;a mßir

;dCIK lghq;=o imhñka cmdkh f,dalfha

fndfyda rgj,go wdOdr fohs'

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^by< jfï& m%;spl%SlrK l< ma,diaála fnda;,aj,ska idok ,o we`ÿï

^jfï& jyf,a ysre ;dm cfka, iúl< f.hla

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mq¿jka wka;¾cd,fha Kids Web Japan fjí

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URL: http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/

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URL: http://web.mofa.go.jp/

2007 ud¾;= 11 m%ldYkh