cloud computing benefits and challenges ms. sara salem ph.d. student, faculty of computers and...
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Cloud ComputingBenefits and Challenges
Ms. Sara SalemPh.D. Student, Faculty of
Computers and Information, Cairo University
Prof. Fatma OmaraVice dean of the faculty of Computers and
Information , Cairo UniversityMr. Mohamed HandosaPh.D. Student, Faculty of
Computers and Information, Mansoura University
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Computing Generations
Handbook of Cloud Computing
Terminal
Mainframe
1. Mainframe Computing
Server
ServerInternet
4. Internet Computing
PC
2. PC Computing
PC
3. Network Computing
PC
PC
Server
Server
5. Grid Computing
PC Grid
6. Cloud Computing
PCCloud
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Mainframe Vs. Cloud Computing
• Cloud is a return to mainframe computing• Mainframe
– Offers finite computing power– Dummy terminals as user interface devices
• Cloud– Provides almost infinite power and capacity– PCs can provide local computing and cashing
Handbook of Cloud Computing
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History of Internet Revolution
• Internet gone through four revolutions.
• Every revolution took about ten years.
• Cloud computing is a major part of the fifth revolution
2011 Seif Haridi & Peter Van Roy
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
TCP/IP
Email & Usenet
Web & Search
Social Networking & Commerce
Resource Elastic Applications
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Cloud Computing Definition
• A computational environment that provides transparent access to a shared pool of computing resources matching the user’s needs– e.g. processing power, storage, applications, &
components• Clouds capabilities vary mainly in the extent of
transparency addressed in the following eight aspects: – Access, location, concurrency, replication, failure,
mobility, performance, and scaling.”
[Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011]
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Cloud Computing Definition
NIST: Definition of Cloud Computing, Draft version 14http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/index.html
Five Characteristics
On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity or expansion
Measured service
Service Models
Software
Platform
Infrastructure
Deployment Models
Private
Community
Public
Hybrid
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The Evolution of Cloud Computing
Grid Computing• Solving large
problems with parallel computing
• Made mainstream by Globus Alliance
Utility Computing• Offering computing
resources as a metered service
• Introduced in late 1990s
Software as a Service• Network-based
subscription to applications
• Gained momentum in 2001
Cloud Computing• Next-Generation
Internet computing
• Next Generation Data Centers
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Cloud Computing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Forces Driving Cloud Computing
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Cloud Services VS. Traditional Hosting
• Sold on demand, typically by minute or hour.• Elastic, a user can have as much or as little of a
service as they want at any given time.• Service is fully managed by the provider
– A consumer needs only a PC and Internet access.
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Primary Benefits of Cloud Computing
• Two primary benefits– Increasing agility– Reducing costs
• Agility improves with ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.
• Cloud computing provides both application developers and users an abstract view of services that shields complexities and details
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The Growth of Cloud Computing
http://blogs.zdnet.com/Hinchcliffe
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How Cloud Computing Works
2008 HowStuffWorks
Computer NetworkDatabase(Storage)
ApplicationServers
ControlNode
Client Computer
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BENEFITSCloud Computing
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Cloud Benefits
• No up-front investment– Pay-as you-go pricing model. – No need to invest in the infrastructure. – Resources are rented from the according to needs.
• Lowering operating cost– Resources are allocated and de-allocated on demand.– No need to provide capacities according to peak load. – Resources can be released to save on operating costs
when service demand is low.
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Cloud Benefits (Cont.)
• Highly scalable– Infrastructure providers pool large amount of
resources and make them easily accessible. – Service providers can easily expand its service to large
scales to handle rapid increase in service demands• Easy access
– Services hosted in the cloud are generally web-based. – Accessible through devices with Internet connections. – Devices: desktop, laptop, cell phones and PDAs.
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Cloud Benefits (Cont.)
• Reducing business risks and maintenance expenses– Outsource the service infrastructure to the cloud– Service providers shift business risks (such as
hardware failures) to infrastructure providers– Infrastructure providers have better expertise and
are better equipped for managing these risks. – A service provider can cut down the hardware
maintenance and the staff training costs.
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Pay-by-use VS. Provisioning for Peak
Static data center Data center in the cloud
Capacity
Time
Re
sour
ces
Demand
Unused resources
Slide Credits: Berkeley RAD Lab
Demand
Capacity
Time
Reso
urce
s Unused resources
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Heavy Penalty for Under-Provisioning
Lost revenue
Lost users
Re
sour
ces
Demand
Capacity
Time (days) 1 2 3
Slide Credits: Berkeley RAD Lab
R
eso
urc
es
Demand
Capacity
Time (days) 1 2 3
R
eso
urc
es
Demand
Capacity
Time (days) 1 2 3
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IT Project Evaluation Criteria
IT Evaluation Criteria• Time to value• Capital expense• Operational costs• Technical resource demands
Cloud Computing Offers• Fast time to value• Minimal capital investment• Lower operational costs• Fewer resource demands
53% of software projectscost 189% of original estimate
Standish Group, Chaos Report 2007
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Energy Savings
• Cloud computing leads to a 38% reduction in worldwide data center energy consumption by 2020.
• Total data center energy consumption– from $23.3 billion in 2010– to $16.0 billion in 2020. 2009
20102011
20122013
20142015
20162017
20182019
202070
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
Data Center Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2020
GHG Emissions, Cloud Computing ScenarioGHG Emissions, BAU Scenario
“Cloud Computing Energy Efficiency” report
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Key Indicators for Cloud Computing Value
Large capital infrastructure costs
and low data sensitivity (Data Centers)
Software or hardware migrations and
upgrades(Email Migration)
Projects that need to be deployed rapidly
(Wikis, Blogs)
Projects that require a great deal of
Government IT infrastructure management
New development for public or low data sensitivity projects
(Web Presence)
Projects that need to scale massively up or down with demand
(Tax season)Cloud
Computing
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LAYERS AND SERVICESCloud Computing
SaaS
PaaS IaaS
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Who Uses It What Services are available
Why use it?
Business Users E-Mail, Office Automation, CRM, Website Testing, Wiki, Blog, Virtual Desktop …
To complete business tasks
Developers and Deployers
Service and application test, development, integration and deployment
Create or deploy applications and services for users
System Managers
Virtual machines, operating systems, message queues, networks, storage, CPU, memory, backup services
Create platforms for service and application test, development, integration and deployment
Cloud Computing Services
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
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Hardware
CPU, Memory ,Disk, BandwidthData Centers
Infrastructure
Computation (VM) Storage (block)Amazon EC2,
GoGridFlexiscale
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Cloud Computing Layers
Platform
Software Framework (Java, .NET)Storage (DB, File)
Microsoft Azure,Google AppEngine,
Amazon SimpleDB/S3
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Resources Managed at each layer
Application
Business Applications, Web Services, Multimedia
Google Apps,Facebook,Youtube,
Saleforce.comSoftware as a service (SaaS)
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Hardware Layer
• Implemented in data centers• Manages physical resources of the cloud:
– Servers, routers, switches, power cooling systems.• Responsible for:
– Hardware configuration– Fault tolerance– Traffic management– Power and cooling resource management
Hardware
CPU, Memory ,Disk, BandwidthData Centers
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
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Infrastructure Layer
• Also known as the Virtualization Layer.• Creates a pool of resources by partitioning the
physical resources using virtualization technologies such as Xen, KVM, and VMware.
• Many key features, such as dynamic resource assignment, are only made available through virtualization technologies.
Infrastructure
Computation (VM) Storage (block)Amazon EC2,
GoGridFlexiscale
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
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Platform Layer
Platform
Software Framework (Java, .NET)Storage (DB, File)
Microsoft Azure,Google AppEngine,
Amazon SimpleDB/S3
Platform as a service (PaaS)
• Built on top of the infrastructure layer.• Consists of OSs and application frameworks. • Minimize the effort of deploying applications
directly into VM containers.• E.g. Google App Engine provides API support
for implementing storage, database, etc.
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Application Layer
• Highest level of the hierarchy• Consists of the actual cloud applications• Cloud applications can leverage automatic-
scaling feature to achieve better performance, availability, and lower operating cost.
Application
Business Applications, Web Services, Multimedia
Google Apps,Facebook,Youtube,
Saleforce.comSoftware as a service (SaaS)
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Cloud Computing Providers
End User
Service Provider (SaaS)
Platform Provider (PaaS)
Infrastructure Provider (IaaS)
• IaaS and PaaS providers are often parts of the same organization (e.g. Google, Salesforce).
• PaaS and IaaS providers are often called the infrastructure providers or cloud providers
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Market Overview
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (Paas)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
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Some Commercial Clouds
• Windows Azure (PaaS)– Hosting service for .NET applications and SQL
databases• Google AppEngine (PaaS)
– Automatic scaling and reliability at the price of a highly constrained application structure (3-tier Web application)
• Amazon Web Services (IaaS)– Includes Scalable Storage Service (S3), Elastic
Computing Cloud (EC2), Elastic Block Store (EBS)– Comes with many secondary tools: e-commerce,
Content-Distribution Network (CDN), etc.
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Cloud-based Storage
• An IaaS where the only resource being managed is the storage space.
• Amazon S3, CloudDIP and Dropbox– Used to facilitate collaboration between students – Allow working together on the same document.
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DEPLOYMENT MODELSCloud Computing
Public
Community
PrivateHybrid
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Public Cloud
• Service providers offer their resources as services to general public.
• Offers key benefits to service providers, including:– No initial capital investment on infrastructure, and– shifting of risks to infrastructure providers.
• However, public clouds lack fine-grained control over data, network and security settings, which hampers their effectiveness in many business scenarios.
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Private (Internal) Cloud
• Designed for exclusive use by a single organization.
• May be built and managed by the organization or by external providers.
• Offers the highest degree of control over performance, reliability and security.
• However, similar to traditional server farms and do not provide benefits such as no up-front capital costs.
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Hybrid Cloud
• A combination of public and private cloud models. • Offers more flexibility than both public and private. • Part of the service infrastructure runs in private
clouds while the remaining part runs in public clouds.
• Provides better control and security over application data compared to public clouds, while still providing on-demand service expansion.
• Requires carefully determining the best split between public and private cloud components.
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Community Cloud
• Shared by several organizations and supports a specific community having shared concerns– e.g. mission, security requirements, policy, etc.
• Managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
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CHARACTERISTICSCloud Computing
Characteristics
Geo-distribution and ubiquitous network access
Multi-tenancy
Shared resource pooling
Dynamic resource provisioning
Service oriented
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Multi-Tenancy
• Services owned by multiple providers are co-located in a single data center.
• Performance and management issues of services are shared among service providers and the infrastructure provider.
• The layered architecture of cloud computing provides a natural division of responsibilities
• However, multi-tenancy also introduces difficulties in understanding and managing the interactions among various stakeholders.
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Service Oriented
• Service-driven operating model.• Strong focus on service management. • IaaS, PaaS and SaaS provider offer service
according to Service Level Agreement (SLA) with customers.
• SLA assurance is a critical objective of every provider.
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Shared Resource Pooling
• Infrastructure provider offers a pool of computing resources.
• Dynamic resource assignment provides flexibility for managing resource usage and operating costs.
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Dynamic Resource Provisioning
• Traditional model provides resources according to peak demand.
• Cloud allows service providers to acquire resources based on the current demand.
• Resources obtained and released on the fly. • This can lower the operating cost.
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Geo-Distribution and Ubiquitous Network Access
• Any device with Internet connectivity is able to access cloud services– e.g. mobile phone, a laptop, etc.
• To achieve high network performance and localization, data centers are located at many locations around the world.
• A service provider can easily make use of geo-diversity to achieve maximum service utility.
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TRANSPARENCYCloud Computing
Transparency
Access
Location
Concurrency
Replication
Failure
Mobility
Performance
Scaling
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Cloud Computing Transparency
• The transparency feature of the cloud that shields complexities related to utility computing and Software as a Service (SaaS) from both developers and end-users.
• Clouds transparency addressed eight aspects:– Access, location, concurrency, replication, failure,
mobility, performance, and scaling.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011
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Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
• Access Transparency– Identical operations should be used to access local
and remote resources.
• Location Transparency– Resources should be accessed without knowledge
of their physical location.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011
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Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
• Concurrency Transparency – Ensures consistency of resources in the presence
of concurrent access.
• Replication Transparency– End-users and applications developers should not
be aware of the existence of multiple replicas of the resources.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011
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Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
• Failure Transparency– End-users and applications developers should
continue their tasks even with the presence of faults in hardware or software.
• Mobility Transparency– Both resources and clients allow to move within
the system without affecting the operation of the system.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011
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Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
• Performance Transparency– System should be reconfigured dynamically to
match load variances.
• Scaling Transparency– Allows system and applications dynamic scaling
without changing system structure or algorithms.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011
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VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGYCloud Computing
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Virtualization Technology
• An essential enabling technology for cloud computing.
• Virtualization allows a system to pretend to be more than one system.
• Virtualization provides abstraction for the computing resources like (Storage, Memory, Network and Processing Power).
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011
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Virtualization Technology (Cont.)
Virtualization Layer
…
Net
Disk
RAMProcessor
System Resources
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011
VM 3
Service 3
VM n
Service n
VM 1
Service 1
VM 2
Service 2
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Virtualization Benefits
• Higher resources utilization is achieved by multiplexing one host’s resources by many virtual machines.
• Flexible management of the computing resources in the cloud.
• Easy provisioning and migration of virtual machines.
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Virtualization Standardization
• Standardization ensures interoperability between virtualization management vendors and the virtual machines produced by them.
• Standardization Efforts:– VMAN– OCCI
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VMAN Standard
• Distributed Management Task Force initiated the Virtualization Management (VMAN) initiative.
• VMAN standard includes a set of specifications that address the management lifecycle of a virtual environment.
• OVF (Open Virtualization Format) is a standard format for describing VMs and applications to be deployed on heterogeneous platforms.
VMAN standardOVF specification
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011
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OCCI Standard
• The Open Grid Forum (OGF) organized an official new working group “the Open Cloud Computing Interface Working Group” (OCCIWG).
• OCCI include APIs to manage VMs:– Deployment– Scaling– Monitoring
Open Cloud Computing Interface Working Group.
OCCI APIs
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VIRTUAL MACHINE PROVISIONING AND MIGRATION
Cloud Computing
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Virtual Machine Provisioning
• Server provisioning is defining server’ configuration based on the user requirements:– Hardware: CPU, RAM, storage, networking, etc.– Operating system– Applications
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Virtual Machine Provisioning Life Cycle
• Load OS, applications, configurations
• Running & providing services
• Requirements Analysis
• Deallocate resources
Release VM
IT Service Request
VM Provision
VMs In Operation
- Manually installing an operating system.
- Using a preconfigured VM template.
- Cloning an existing VM.
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Need for Virtual Machine Migration
• Upgrading• Balancing resource usage• VM Failure• Meeting SLA
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Virtual Machine Migration Techniques
• Live/Hot Migration:– The movement of a virtual machine from one
physical host to another while being powered on.– The VM state is copied to the target host.– The source VM is suspended.– The network is routed into the target VM.– Finally the target VM starts.
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Virtual Machine Migration Techniques
• Regular/Cold Migration:– Migration of a powered-off virtual machine.– The configuration files, log files and the disks of
the virtual machine, are moved from the source host to the target host.
– The VM is registered with the new host.– The old version of the VM is deleted from the
source host.
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Virtual Machine Migration Techniques
Live/Hot Migration• VM is powered on.• Needs a shared storage for
virtual machines in the server’s pool.
• Certain CPU compatibility checks to be applied between hosts.
• Shortage time is very small• Less Simple Process.
Regular/Cold Migration• VM is powered off.• The virtual machines are
not required to be on a shared storage.
• No CPU checks are applied. X X
• Shortage time is large.• Simple Process.
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Live Migration and High Availability
• Migration of a running web server
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Cloud Computing Drawback
We can’t completely rely on third party when we
are transmitting sensitive data
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CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH DIRECTION
Cloud Computing
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Cloud Computing Aspects
• Computational Power– Provisioning, virtualization, elasticity/scalability,
and accounting.• Could Storage
– Delivers virtualized storage over a network on demand with a requested quality of service (QoS).
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Cloud Computing Aspects (Cont.)
• Cloud Security– Security models (targeting confidentiality,
integrity, and availability), privacy, access control, identity protection, authentication.
• Cloud Engineering– Architectures, modeling,
Interoperability/standardization, APIs, Programming models, verification and validation.
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Cloud Computing Research Challenges
• Automated service provisioning• Virtual machine migration• Server consolidation• Energy management• Traffic management and analysis• Data security• Software frameworks• Storage technologies and data management• Novel cloud architectures
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Research ChallengesAutomated Service Provisioning
• Dynamic exchange of cloud users requests.• Large scale and complex nature of cloud system.• Scheduling tasks with guaranteeing QoS constrains.• Dynamic successive allocation and dependent tasks. • HPC (High Performance Computing) applications
requires ever-increasing computational resources.• Allocate appropriate resource shares to services that
have conflicting resource demands. • Heterogeneous distribution of resources.
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Research ChallengesAutomated Service Provisioning(Cont.)
• Allocate and de-allocate resources from the cloud– to satisfy its Service Level Objectives (SLOs),– minimizing its operational cost.
• Determine how to map SLOs such as QoS requirements to low-level resource requirement such as CPU and memory requirements (contradictions).
• Achieve high agility and respond to rapid demand fluctuations such as in flash crowd effect, – resource provisioning decisions must be made online.
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Research ChallengesVirtual Machine Migration
• Benefits of Virtualization Platforms:– Natural way dealing the heterogeneity of the
infrastructure.– Allow partitioning and isolating of physical resources.– Execution of legacy applications.
• Virtual machine migration– Satisfy load balance across the data center.– Enables robust and highly responsive provision.– Major benefit is to avoid workload hotspots.
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Research ChallengesVirtual Machine Migration (Cont.)
• Challenges:– Detecting hotspots and initiating a migration lacks
agility to respond to sudden workload changes.– In memory state should be transferred
consistently and efficiently, with integrated consideration of resources for applications and physical servers.
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Research ChallengesCloud Security
• Service providers– Typically do not have access to the physical security
system of data centers.– Can only specify the security setting remotely, without
knowing whether it is fully implemented.– Rely on infrastructure provider to achieve data security.
• Infrastructure provider must achieve 2 objectives: – Confidentiality, for secure data access and transfer– Auditability, testing security setting of applications has
been tampered or not.
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Research ChallengesCloud Security (Cont.)
Not enough ability to customize
Hard to integrate with in-house IT
Hard to bringing back in-house
Lake of interoperability standards
Payment model may cost more
Performance
Availability
Security
0.00% 50.00% 100.00%
A survey conducted for IT organizationsScale: 1 = not at all concerned, 5 = very concerned
% responding 3, 4, or 5
International Data Corporation “IDC”, 2009
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Research ChallengesCloud Security (Cont.)
• Top security/privacy issues can be classified into: – Traditional Security Threats– Data Center Design and Operation– Incident Response, Notification, and Remediation– Operating System Security– Application Security– Encryption and Key Management – Identity and Access Management– Virtualization
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Research ChallengesCloud Storage
• Why cloud Storage popularity is increasing:– The pay-per-use model brings significant savings– Fault-Tolerance and reliability– Increased flexibility and scalability both in terms of
capacity and performance– Out-house storage provisioning; cloud storage
offers easy to use and to manage storage solution.– Access Transparency– File sharing and collaboration
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Research ChallengesCloud Storage Challenges
• Data security– Confidentiality, availability, authenticity,
authorization, and non-repudiation. • Data Location
– Ensure that the data, including all of its copies and back-ups, is stored only in geographic locations permitted by contract, SLA, and/or regulation.
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Research ChallengesCloud Storage Challenges(Cont.)
• Mixing or Commingling data with other cloud customers– Must be happen under controlling while in use,
storage, or transit. – Will be a challenge when concerns are raised about
data security and geo-location. • Data discovery.
– Cloud service providers and data owners need to focus on discovering data and assuring legal and regulatory authorities that all data requested has been retrieved.
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Research ChallengesCloud Storage (Cont.)
• Data persistence– Techniques must provide for
• Completely and effectively locating data in the cloud.• Erasing / destroying data.• Assuring that data has been completely removed.
• Distributed Transaction Atomicity– Transaction across sites should be atomic.– Changes persist only if the transaction commits.
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Research ChallengesCloud Storage (Cont.)
• Performance and cost effectiveness. – Dealing with storage should be fast and cost efficient.
• Interoperability. – Transferring Data between different data centers
seamlessly.• Data center and storage architecture.• Data backup and recovery
– Must be in place and effective in order to prevent data loss, unwanted data overwrite, and destruction.
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Research ChallengesCloud Storage (Cont.)
• Replication and consistency. – Data replication to increase reliability.– Copies of the data should be consistent.
• Scalability– Storage should be allocated / dellocated on
demand in real-time. – Data management should address both horizontal
and vertical aspects of scalability.
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Research ChallengesCloud Engineering
• A Cloud API is a mechanism by which software can request services
• Ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operatelity)
• A Federation is an organization within which smaller divisions have some internal autonomy– A federation of clouds is an agreement to
cooperate for the mutual benefit
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Research Directions
Computational Power
Cloud Storage
Cloud Security
Cloud Engineering
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Research DirectionsComputational Power
• Dynamic exchange of cloud user’s requests.• Large scale and complex nature of cloud
system.• Scheduling tasks with guaranteeing Quality of
Service (QoS) constraints.• Dynamic successive allocation and dependent
tasks.
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Research DirectionsComputational Power (Cont.)
• Cloud computing for High Performance Computing.
• Special hardware architectures for Cloud Computing.
• How to allocate appropriate resource shares to services with conflicting resource demands.
• Heterogeneous distribution of resources.
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Research DirectionsCloud Storage
• Storage retrieval performance• Selective encryption and information
dissemination • Cryptographic coprocessors• Data Integrity• Storage performance• Campus data storage
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Research DirectionsCloud Storage (Cont.)
• Efficient and secure sharing of data & storage• Data security
– Trusted data sharing through un-trusted cloud providers
• Data authentication• Storage abstraction for portability across
platforms• Replication consistency
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Research DirectionsCloud Security
• Concerning the categorization in all the cloud computing technology-stack (Virtualization, systems, data, networks, management, provisioning).
• Super-fast cryptographic processors and cryptographic accelerators.
• Biometric identification and Radio-frequency identification technologies for Cloud Computing.
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Research DirectionsCloud Security (Cont.)
• Hardened-modified operating system for paravirtualized Cloud-Computing platforms.
• Internet Single Sign-On and Federated Identity protocols.
• Security policies for virtual switches, virtual networks and VM-backplanes.
• Security Breaches and Vulnerabilities Response Policy for Cloud Computing Model.
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Research DirectionsCloud Engineering
• Programming Model and APIs• Cloud Computing Standards.• Data Lock-In• APIs Standardization and Compatible software• Data Extraction from Cloud• Data Confidentiality and Auditability• Data Encryption
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Research DirectionsCloud Engineering (Cont.)
• Data Storage Layer• Firewalls• Geographical Data Storage• Data Transfer Bottlenecks• Data Transfer Scheduling• Cloud front Service• Data Backup/Archival
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Research DirectionsCloud Engineering (Cont.)
• Performance Unpredictability– Virtual Machines Scheduling
• Scalable Storage– Query and Storage
• Inter-cloud– Inter-cloud standards– Identity/Presence– Network Search
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Research DirectionsCloud Engineering (Cont.)
• Networking– Networking Operating Systems
• Application for Cloud Computing– Health, E-Government, E-Learning, etc.
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Egyptian Cloud Computing R&D Roadmap
• The Cloud Computing committee in Egypt categorized the basic research and applied research in the following categories:– Standardization– Infrastructure– Computing– Management– Techniques
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THE BOTTOM LINE
Cloud computing is a simple idea, but it can have a huge impact on
the business.
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“Wilber is probably taking this Cloud Computing too seriously”.
Thank
You
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FUTURE SOLUTIONFOR E-GOVERNANCE
Cloud Computing
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Future Solutionfor E-governance
• Two main trends related to E-government: – Development of computer infrastructure, and – Increasing users' skills and knowledge of operating
computers and the Internet. • Public sector should concerns improved
conditions for development and deployment of e-government solutions.
• This can be achieved using cloud computing and service-oriented architecture in the public sector.
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Future Solutionfor E-governance (Cont.)
• Cloud computing permits to uniformly cover the whole country with e-government solutions, independently of divergence of local administrative units that – may be better or worse prepared to provide e-
services. • Service-oriented architecture facilitates provision
of compound services covering whole customer processes, where a customer may be a citizen or an enterprise.
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Future Solutionfor E-governance (Cont.)
• Existing e-government practices face many challenges, from development to implementation.
• Cloud computing might be an ideal solution to these challenges including maintaining Green ICT.