clitic-placement and subject position in the history of european portuguese: evidence from the tycho...

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CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp Meertens Institute, 5/12/2007 Based on joint work with Helena Britto and Maria Clara Paixão de Sousa,

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Page 1: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS

Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Meertens Institute, 5/12/2007

Based on joint work with Helena Britto and Maria Clara Paixão de Sousa,

Page 2: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Categorical clitic-placement along the time: enclisis

Absolute V1: obligatory enclisis

Encontrei-o ontem

*O encontrei ontem

"I met him yesterday"

Page 3: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Categorical clitic-placement along the time: proclisis 1. O Paulo não me fala/*fala-me

Paulo does not speak to me 2. Ele sabe que a viste/*viste-a

he knows that (you) saw her 3. Todo mundo sabe que o Joao a viu/*viu-a

he knows that John saw her 4. Alguém me chamou/*chamou-me

Somebody called me 5. Quem me chamou/*chamou-me?

Who called me? 6. Só ele a entende/*entende-a.

Only him understands her 7. Só um whisky o capitão lhe deu/*deu-lhe

Only one whisky the captain gave to him 8. Eu (sempre, aínda, já) a encontrei/*encontrei-a no mercado

I (always, still, already) met her at the market

Page 4: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Other contexts

Variation proclisis/enclisis up to the 19th century

Obligatory enclisis in Modern European Portuguese.

Page 5: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Variation enclisis/proclisis in Portuguese authors born between 1550 and 1850 (1)

With pre-verbal subjects (examples from the Sermons of Padre Antonio Vieira, born in 1608) : (1) As outras prophecias cumprem-se a seu tempo

the other prophecies achieve-SE ("are achieved") at their time(2) Estes thesouros, pois, que agora estão cerrados, se abrirão a seu tempo

these treasures, therefore, that now are closed, SE-will-open ("will be opened") at its time

Page 6: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Variation enclisis/proclisis in Portuguese authors born between 1550 and 1850 (2)

With other pre-verbal phrases: adverbs

(3) Lá ha se de esperar o tempo que basta para os fructos verdes amadurecerem There has-SE ("one must") wait the time which is sufficient for the green fruits to mature(4) Agora o vereisNow (you) him-will-see

Prepositional Phrases(5) Dos outros salvar-se-ha ametade; e dos grandes e poderosos quantos?

Of the others will-SE-save ("will be saved") half; and of the big and powerful how many?(6) De umas se não sabem os logares onde estiveram; d'outras se lavram, semeam, e plantam os mesmos logares, sem mais vestigios de haverem sido, os que encontram os arados, quando rompem a terra. Of ones SE-NEG-know (it is not known) the places where (they) were; of the others SE-plough, seed, and plant the same places, with no more traces of having existed, those that find the plows, when (they ) till the soil.

Page 7: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Variation enclisis/proclisis in Portuguese

authors born between 1550 and 1850 (3) with pre-verbal clauses(7) E porque não teve boa informação de seus procedimentos , o

chamou á sua presençaAnd because (he) did not have a good information of his proceedings, him-called to his presence

(8) e se sois e fostes sempre bom, julgam-vos mal…and if (you) are and were always good, (they) judge-you badly

in V1 coordinate clauses(9) e lhe pediu conta …

and to-ele-asked account(10) Deus julga os pensamentos , mas conhece-os

God judges the thoughts, but (he) know-them

Page 8: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Comparing with Modern European Portuguese (EP)

In EP, proclisis is impossible in the kind of sentences listed above.

They all require enclisis!

Page 9: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Locating the change in timeMartins (1994, p.273): Enclisis

Alfonso de Albuquerque (1462-1515) 26,5% Damiao de Gois (1502-1574) 2,9% Fernao Mendes Pinto (1510-1583) 1,9% Diogo do Couto (1542-1616) 27,5% Francisco Manuel de Mello (1608-1666) 7,7% Antonio Vieira (1608-1697) 68,4% Luis Antonio Verney (1713-1792) 72,7% Almeida Garrett (1799-1854) 80,7% Oliveira Martins (1845-1894) 97,6%

Conclusion: The change was already instantiated in Vieira.

Page 10: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

The Tycho Brahe Corpushttp://www.ime.usp.br/~tycho/corpus

49 texts from Portuguese authors born between 1497 and 1845 (2.297.293 words) of which,

23 texts tagged for POS (1.040.666 words) 2 texts syntactically parsed (111.067 words)

Page 11: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Diogo do Couto (1542-1606), Décadas - 47,448 words; Luis de Sousa (1556-1632), A vida de Frei Bertolameu dos Mártires - 53,928 words; Francisco Rodrigues Lobo (1579-1621,) Corte na aldeia e noites de inverno - 52,429 words; Padre Manuel da Costa (1601-1667), A arte de furtar, 52,867 words; Antonio Vieira (1608-1697), Letters, 57,088 words, and Sermons, 53,855 words; Francisco Manuel de Mello (1608-1666), Cartas Familiares, 58,070 words; Frei Francisco das Chagas (1631-1682), Cartas Espirituais, 54,445 words; Manuel Bernardes (1644-1710), Nova Floresta, 52,374; José Cunha Brochado (1651-1735), Letters, 35,058 words; Maria do Céu (1658-1753), Rellaçaõ da Vida e Morte da Serva de Deos a Venerável Madre Elenna da Crus , 27,410 words; André de Barros (1675-1754), A vida do Padre Antonio Vieira, 52,055 words; Alexandre Gusmão (1695-?), Cartas, 32,433 words; Matias Aires (1705-1763), Reflexões sobre a vaidade dos homens, 56,479 words; Luis Antonio Verney (1713-1792), Verdadeiro método de estudar, 49,335 words; Antonio da Costa (1714-?), Cartas do Abade Antonio da Costa, 27,096 words; Correia Garção (1724-1772), Dissertações, 24,924 words; Marquesa de Alorna (1750-1839), Letters, 49,512 words; Almeida Garrett (1799-1854), Viagens na minha terra, 51,784 words; Ramalho Ortigão (1836-1915), Cartas a Emília, 32,441 words.

Page 12: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Enclisis in V2 sentences (except with preverbal clauses and V1 coordinated clauses)

Ênclises em sentenças V2 em 20 textos do Corpus Tycho Brahe

0,100,12

0,03

0,21

0,050,02

0,45

0,080,11

0,050,05 0,06 0,05

0,27

0,63

0,41

0,15

0,48

0,70

0,85

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1500 1525 1550 1575 1600 1625 1650 1675 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850

COU SOU LOB MCO MEL VIC VIS CHA BER BRO

CEU ABA GUS AIR VER ACO GAR ALO GTT ORT

Galves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa 2002

Page 13: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Enclisis in V2 sentences with pre-verbal subjects

0,06

0,31

0,00

0,54

0,00

0,36

0,29

0,51

0,85

0,93

0,65

0,07

0,11

0,14 0,09

0,080,08

0,13

0,05

0,67

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1500 1525 1550 1575 1600 1625 1650 1675 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850

Enclisis vs. Proclisis with pre-verbal subjectsGalves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa, 2005Galves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa, 2005

Page 14: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Two grammars for clitic placement

Classical Portuguese

(XP/subject) [V-cl

[XP/subject cl-V

Modern European Portuguese

(XP) [Subject V-cl

Page 15: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Empirical Evidence

Enclisis and Contrast in Vieira’s Sermons Effect of the length of the pre-verbal clauses

on enclisis Restrictions on the position of subjects in

enclitic V3 constructions Loss of these effects after 1700

Page 16: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Vieira’s Sermons: Contrastive topics

[p. 74] Não diz o Apostolo, que passa o mundo, senão as figuras; porque as figuras vão-se, e o theatro fica.The Apostle does not say that passes the world but the figures; because the characters go-SE, and the theater remains[p. 97] Comparada, porém, qualquer revelação não canonica, com as boas obras, eu antes quizera a certeza das obras, que a da revelação; porque a revelação não me póde salvar sem boas obras; e as boas obras pódem-me salvar sem revelação.Compared, though, any revelation not canonical, with the good deeds, I rather would want the certainty of the deeds than the certainty of the revelation because the revelation cannot save me without good deeds; and the good deeds can-me save without revelation.[p. 121] Nós deixamos as pégadas de traz das costas, e Deus tem-n'as sempre diante dos olhos, com que as nota e observa: as pégadas para nós apagam-se, como formadas em pó, para Deus não se apagam, como gravadas em diamante. We leave the footprints behind our back, and God has-them always in front of his eyes,..

[p. 121] As pégadas estão manifestas e vêem-se; as raizes estão escondidas, e não se vêem: e assim tem Deus guardados invisivelmente todos os nossos peccados, os quaes no dia da conta rebentarão como raizes, e brotarão nos castigos, que pertencem á natureza de cada um. The footprints are manifest and see-SE ("can be seen"); the roots are hidden and cannot be seen:...[p. 125] Elles conheciam-se, como homens, Christo conhecia-os, como Deus.They knew-themselves, as men, Christ knew-them, as God.[p. 170] Deus julga-nos a nós por nós; os homens julgam-nos a nós por si.God judges-us to us for us; men judge-us to us for themselves.

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Vieira’s Sermons: Contrastive topics (2)

[p. 163] Muitas vezes a bons princípios seguem-se bons fins, como em Christo, e a máus principios seguem-se bons fins, como no bom ladrão, e a bons princípios seguem-se máus fins, como em Judas.

Many times to good principles follow good aims as in Christ and to bad principles follow-SE good aims, as in the good thieve, and to good principles follow-SE bad aims, as in Judas.

[p. 156] Eis aqui porque David queria que o julgasse Deus, e não os homens: no Juiso de Deus perdoam-se os peccados como fraquezas: no juiso dos homens castigam-se as valentias como peccados.

This is why David wanted that God judged him, and not the men: in the judgement of God forgive-SE ("are forgiven") the sins as weaknesses: in the judgement of men punish-SE (is punished) bravery as sins.

Page 18: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Vieira’s Sermons: Non contrastive topics

[p. 122] ...porque ainda que a vida e os dias em que peccamos passam, os peccados que n'elles commettemos, não passam, mas ficam depositados nos thesouros da ira divina. Falla o Apostolo por bocca do mesmo Deus, o qual diz no Deuteronomio: Nonne hæc condita sunt apud me, et signata in thesauris meis? Mea est ultio, et ego retribuam in tempore. Estes thesouros, pois, que agora estão cerrados, se abrirão a seu tempo, e se descobrirão para a conta no dia do Juiso, que isso quer dizer, in die iræ, et revelationis justi judicii Dei.

because although the life and the days in which (we) sin pass, the sins that we commit do not pass but remain deposited in the treasures of the divine anger. ....These treasures, therefore, that now are closed, SE-will-open ("will be opened") in its time, and SE-will-discover ("will be discovered") for the counting in the day of the Judgement..

[p. 87] Que effeitos ha-de causar nos homens a vista d'aquelles signaes? O Evangelhista o refere por bem extraordinarios termos: Arescentibus hominibus præ timore, et expectatione, quæ supervenient universo orbi.

What effects will cause in the men the view of those signals? The Evangelist to-it-refers by very extraordinary terms: Arescentibus hominibus præ timore, et expectatione, quæ supervenient universo orbi.

Page 19: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Clitic-placement with pre-verbal dependent clauses

0,36

0,78

0,08

0,62

0,26

0,48

0,88

0,59

0,43

0,58

0,18

0,64

0,88

0,53

0,29

0,94

0,90

0,36

0,86

0,00

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

1500 1525 1550 1575 1600 1625 1650 1675 1700 1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850

Enclisis vs. Proclisis with fronted dependent clauses averages for 50 year periods

Galves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa, 2005

Page 20: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Effect of the length of the pre-verbal

clause

16th 17th

Size of fronted dependent clause (in phonological words) P E % E P E % E

1-4 w 68 29 0,30 38 35 0,48

5-8 w 33 18 0,35 27 28 0,51

9+ w 8 9 0,53 10 25 0,71

109 56 75 88

{IntP [CP clause[CP

[CP clause {IntP [CP

Page 21: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Clitic-placement and subject position in V3 clauses

XXV As minhas cartas, quando Vossa Mercê lhe achar alguma cousa, que sem nojo possa aproveitar a alguém,

mostre-as, se quiser (Chagas, 1631) My letters, when Your Mercy finds in them something that someone could profit for, show-them, if you want Se eu a governara, neste lugar a havia de meter algum tempo. (Chagas, 1631) If I governed it, in this place, it-had to put some time

SXV Nós, pelo contrário, pegamo-nos. (Vieira, 1608, Letters)

We, on the contrary, take-ourselves ela com o ruido os chama, com suas doces águas os deleita, ... (Chagas, 1631) she with her noise them-calls, with its sweet waters them-delights

XSV Vendo tão rara e verdadeira amizade, el-rei Dionísio o mais velho disse-lhes: (Bernardes, 1644) Seeing such a rare and true friendship, the king Dionísio the older said-to-them

.Se êste negócio é de Deus, êle o há de conservar (Chagas, 1631) If this deal is of God, he it-has to conserve

Page 22: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

V3 orders with proclisis (proportions in relation to total data in main clauses), 16th and 17th centuries

XXV(S); 0,08

XXV(S); 0,05

XXV(S); 0,12

XXV(S); 0,06

SXV; 0,11

SXV; 0,04 SXV; 0,01

SXV; 0,02

XSV; 0,03

XSV; 0,05XSV; 0,02

XSV; 0,01

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

0,50

1500-1549 1550-1599 1600-1649 1650-1699

XXV(S) SXV XSV

Page 23: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

V3 orders with enclisis (proportions in relation to total data in main clauses), 16th and 17th centuries

XXV(S); 0,012 XXV(S); 0,013XXV(S); 0,006

XXV(S); 0,003

SXV; 0,000 SXV; 0,004SXV; 0,006 SXV; 0,000

XSV; 0,000 XSV; 0,000XSV; 0,001 XSV; 0,000

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

1500-1549 1550-1599 1600-1649 1650-1699

XXV(S) SXV XSV

Page 24: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Enclisis in V3 sentences

XXV: 100 cases / 10 with enclisis = 10%

SXV: 42 cases/ 6 with enclisis= 14% XSV: 57 cases /1 with enclisis= 1,7%

Total: 199/17 = 8,5%

Page 25: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Vendo tão rara e verdadeira amizade, El Rey Dionísio o mais velho disse-lhe:

(ed. J. Pereira de Sampaio, 1949)

Vendo tão rara, e verdadeira amizade El-Rey Dionísio, disse-lhe:

(original edition, 1704)

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Page 26: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Enclisis in V3 sentences

XXV: 100 cases / 10 with enclisis = 10%

SXV: 42 cases/ 6 with enclisis= 14% XSV: 57 cases /0 with enclisis= 0% Total: 199/16 = 8,0%

Page 27: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

AFTER 1700....

Page 28: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

No more effect of the length of the pre-verbal clause

16th 17th 18th 19th

Size of fronted embedded clause (in phonological words) P E % E P E % E P E % E P E % E

1-4 w 68 29 0,30 38 35 0,48 12 35 0,74 0 10 1,00

5-8 w 33 18 0,35 27 28 0,51 16 31 0,66 0 4 1,00

9+ w 8 9 0,53 10 25 0,71 15 15 0,50 0 0 -

109 56 75 88 43 81 0 14

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No more contrastiveness associated with pre-verbal subjects in enclitic constructions

(a) Enfim, minha Senhora, a mesma delicadeza e pundonor de Vossa Alteza Real está interessada na escolha do meio que a pode fazer alcançar o que deseja e, aproveitando a licença que me dá para dizer o que entendo, tomo liberdade de supor-me por um momento no seu lugar e dizer-lhe o que eu faria, o que Vossa Alteza fará muito melhor que eu, e o que desejo que Vossa Alteza Real faça. Vossa Alteza Real julga-se ofendida e precisa despicar-se.

(b) A malícia tem armas para atacar tudo, mas o juízo também as tem para perceber e discernir o que convém. Esta reflexão lhe basta para, daqui por diante, saber quem deve aceitar ou recusar com algum pretexto sempre polido e que nem levemente ofenda o amor próprio de ninguém, porque desta atenção depende a paz e bom nome.

(c) Fui imediatamente falar com uma das minhas amigas, a qual me comunicou que, tendo tido a resolução de preguntar a Sua Majestade se meu marido seria nomeado para algum dos lugares, Sua Majestade respondeu que eu ainda não tinha pedido nenhum. Esta resposta aclarou-me e, abolindo todos os meus antigos princípios, conheci que na nossa Côrte é preciso pedir e de pouco ou nada serve merecer.

Page 30: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

No more restrictions on the position of subjects in enclitic V3 constructions.

Page 31: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Proclisis in V3 constructions

XXV(S); 0,01

XXV(S); 0,05

XXV(S); 0,02

SXV; 0,02

SXV; 0,05

SXV; 0,07

XSV; 0,06

XSV; 0,02

XSV; 0,01

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

0,50

1700-1749 1750-1799 1800-1849

XXV(S) SXV XSV

Page 32: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Enclisis in V3 constructions

XXV(S); 0,021

XXV(S); 0,006

XXV(S); 0,027

SXV; 0,008

SXV; 0,000

SXV; 0,053

XSV; 0,006

XSV; 0,012

XSV; 0,027

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

1700-1749 1750-1799 1800-1849

XXV(S) SXV XSV

Page 33: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

The increase of SVcl

(Paixão de Sousa 2004)

0,319

0,012

0,115

0,051

0,024

0,156

0,000

0,004

0,009

0,007

0,006

0,004

0,024 0,030

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

1500-1549 1550-1599 1600-1649 1650-1699 1700-1749 1750-1799 1800-1849

SV XV(S)

Page 34: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

The decrease of VS (Paixão de Sousa 2004)

Page 35: CLITIC-PLACEMENT AND SUBJECT POSITION IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEAN PORTUGUESE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TYCHO BRAHE CORPUS Charlotte Galves, Linguistics/Unicamp

Conclusions The change does not emerge in Vieira

but in the generation born in the first quarter of the 18th century

The high frequency of V2 enclisis in Vieira’s Sermons is due to a stylistic use of the grammar in which enclisis is a V1 phenomenon.

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Implications for the analysis of Modern European Portuguese (EP)

The evolution of the syntax of subjects in time brings evidence that in EP subjects and topics cease to behave alike (cf. Costa 1998, against Barbosa (1996, 2000 a.o)

The domain in which enclisis is required is no more IntP, but the first X’ in CP (cf. Galves and Sândalo 2004)

Can this change be considered as a kind of grammaticalization (Anderson 2005)?

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Bibliographical references (1) ANDERSON, S. 2005. Aspects of the theory of clitics. Oxford University Press. BARBOSA, P. (1996). Clitic placement in European Portuguese and the Position

of Subjects. In: A. Halpern and A. M. Zwicky, eds., Approaching Second: Second Position Clitics and Related Phenomena. CSLI Publications, Stanford, pp. 1-40.

BARBOSA, P. (2000). Clitics: a window into the null subject properties. In J. Costa, ed., Portuguese Syntax – New Comparative Studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 31-93.

BENINCA, P. (1995). Complement Clitics in Medieval Portuguese: the Tobler-Mussafia Law. In A. Battye, and I. Roberts, eds, Language Change and Verbal Systems. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 325-344.

COSTA, J. (1998) Word Order and Constraint Interaction: A Constraint-Based Approach. Ph.D. thesis, HIL Leiden University.

GALVES, C. (2002). “Syntax and Style: Clitic-Placement in Padre Antonio Vieira”. In H. Sharrer and E. Raposo, (eds)., Santa Barbara Portuguese Studies, vol. 6, pp. 387-403.

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Bibliographical references (2) GALVES, C., Britto, H. and Paixão de Sousa, M. C. (2005). “The Change in Clitic

Placement from Classical to Modern European Portuguese”. Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 4-1, 39-67.

GALVES, C & M. C. Paixão de Sousa, “Clitic placement and the position of subjects in the history of Portuguese”, Romance Languages and Linguistic Theory 2003, Selected papers from ‘Going Romance’ 2003, John Benjamins, 2005, pp. 93-107.

GALVES, C. and Sândalo, F. (2004.) “Clitic-Placement in European Portuguese and the Syntax-Phonology Interface”. In A. Castro, M. Ferreira, V. Hacquard and A. P. Salanova. eds., Romance Op. 47, Collected Papers on Romance syntax, MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 47:115-128.

MARTINS, A. M. (1994). História dos Clíticos no Português. Ph.D. dissertation, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa.

PAIXÃO DE SOUSA, M. C. (2004). Língua Barroca: Sintaxe e História do Português dos Seiscentos. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, UNICAMP.

SALVI, G. (1990). La Sopravvivenza della Legge di Wackernagel nei Dialettioccidentali della Peninsola Iberica. Medioevo Romanzo 15:177-210.