clinical microbiology
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Clinical Microbiology. (MLCM- 201) Prof. Dr. Ebtisam. F. El Ghazzawi. Medical Research Institute (MRI) Alexandria University. Intended Learning Outcomes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Clinical Microbiology
(MLCM- 201)Prof. Dr. Ebtisam. F. El Ghazzawi.
Medical Research Institute (MRI)
Alexandria University
Intended Learning Intended Learning OutcomesOutcomesBy the end of this lecture the student should be able
to understand all about Pathogens Primary within the Enteric Tract, Types, pathogens, and there Laboratory Diagnostic tests.
Shigella species cause enterocolitis.
Enterocolitis caused by Shigella is often called
bacillary dysentery. The term dysentery refers
to bloody diarrhea. Shigelleosis is only a
human disease, its natural habitat is limited to
the intestinal tract. The organism is transmitted
by the oral-fecal route.
The four Fs-fingers, flies, food and feces – are the principal factors
in transmission. After a short incubation period (1-2 days), there is
a sudden onset of abdominal pain, fever, and watery diarrhea. The
diarrhea has been attributed to an exotoxin acting in the small
intestine.
A day or so later, as the infection involves the ileum and colon, the
number of stools increases, they are less liquid but often contain
mucus and blood.
Each bowel movement is accompaning by
straining and tenesmus (rectal spasms)
which resulting lower abdominal pain.
In adult cases fever and diarrhea subside
spontaneously in 2-5 days.
However in children and the elderly, loss of
water and electrolytes may lead to
dehydration, acidosis and even death.
a. Specimens: Include fresh stool, mucus flecks,
and rectal swabs for culture. Large numbers of
fecal leukocytes and some red blood cells often
are seen microscopically.
b. Culture: Culturing on differential media e.g.
Mac-Conkey’s or EMB agar and on selective
media e.g. Salmonella Shigella agar (SS agar)
gives colourless colonies (NLF) should be
subjected to biochemical examination.
c. Serology: Normal persons often have agglutinins
against several Shigella species. However, serial
determinations of antibody titers may show a rise
in specific anitbody.
The Vibrios are curved, comma-shaped
gram-negative motile rods. They are found
in marine and surface waters.
Vibrio choleraeGram stain
The major pathogen in the genus Vibrio is
the Vibrio cholerae which is the cause of
cholera. While Vibrio parahaemolyticus
causes diarrhea associated with eating raw
or improperly cooked seafood.
V. cholera is transmitted by fecal contamination
of water and food primarily from human sources.
A major epidemic of cholera spanned the
1960s,1970s, 1991 and 1992 had spread to many
countries all over the world.
The factors that predispose to epidemics are
poor sanitation, malnutrition, overcrowding and
inadequate medical services.
Vibrio cholera produces an enterotoxin that
causes cholera, a profuse watery diarrhea that
can rapidly lead to dehydration and death.
There are no red blood cells or white blood
cells in the stool.
Rice water stool is the term often applied to
the nonbloody effluent.
There is no abdominal pain and subsequent
symptoms are referable to the marked
dehydration.
The loss of fluid and electrolytes leads to
cardiac and renal failure.
Acidosis and hypokalemia also occur as a
result of loss of bicarbonate and potassium
in the stool.
Culture of the diarrhea stool show colourless
colonies on Mac Conkey’s agar.
The organism is oxidase positive, ferment
sucrose and mannose. It grows on media
containing 6% NaCl.
Is a marine organism transmitted by
ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood,
especially shellfish such as oysters. Vibrio
parahaemolyticus secrets enterotoxin
similar to that of cholera and its clinical
picture varies from mild to quite severe
watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal
cramps and fever.
The enteritis tends to subsides
spontaneously in 1-4 days with no treatment
other than restoration of water and
electrolyte balance.
It grows in 8% NaCl solution.
It grows on TCBS agar where it yields green
colonies. It is oxidase positive and grows on
blood agar.
AssignmentCampylobacter,Helicobacter
Questions……………species cause enterocolitis.The term dysentery refers to…………….The …………….are curved, comma-shaped
gram-negative motile rods.The major pathogen in the genus Vibrio is the
……………..which is the cause of …………..
Recommended TextbooksManual of Clinical Microbiology, Vols. 1 and 2: Eighth
Edition Patrick R. Murray