clinical chemistry (antibiotics)
DESCRIPTION
AntibioticsTRANSCRIPT
Toxicology: Therapeutic Drugs: ANTIBIOTICS
Presented by:Flores, Lanie Grace P.Gongora, Erica Mae S.
What are antibiotics?
•Antimicrobial agents that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
•Produced naturally by a bacterium or fungus
How do antibiotics work?
WIS
•Weakening the bacteria’s cell wall until it bursts
•Interfering with the bacteria’s ability to repair its damaged DNA
•Stopping the bacteria’s ability to make what it needs to grow
AMINOGLYCOSIDES• Group of chemically related antibiotics• Treatment of infections with Gram (–) bacteria that are
resistant to less toxic antibiotics• Act synergistically against certain Gram (+) organisms• Used in treatment of:
– Severe infections of abdomen and UT– Bacteremia– Endocarditis
• Require trough and peak measurements
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
Not well absorbed from the GI tract, it is limited to:– Intravenous (IV)– Intramuscular (IM)
Not used in an outpatient setting
GENTAMICIN
• Most commonly used– Low cost– Reliable activity against Gram (-) aerobes
• Isolated from Micromonospora– Breakthrough in the treatment of bacillary
infections ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa)
TOBRAMYCIN
• Has greater in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
AMIKACIN
• Effective against resistant organisms– Its chemical structure makes it less susceptible to
inactivating enzymes• Preferred agent for serious nosocomial
infections caused by Gram (-) bacilli
KANAMYCIN
• Used to treat serious bacterial infections in many different parts of the body
• Short-term use only• Toxic effects more likely to occur in elderly
patients and newborn infants
STREPTOMYCIN
• The first aminoglycoside– Isolated from Streptomyces griseus
• Used for:– Tuberculosis– Infections caused by certain bacteria
NEOMYCIN
• Had better activity than Streptomycin against aerobic Gram (-) bacilli
• Could not safely be used systemically due to its formidable toxicity
• Isolated from Streptomyces fradiae
TOXIC EFFECTS
• Ototoxic effect – Disrupts inner ear cochlear and vestibular membrane
o Hearing and balance impairmento Irreversible
• Nephrotoxic effect– Increase in serum creatinine and BUN– Impairs the function of the PCT
o Electrolyte imbalanceo Possibly proteinuria
TOXIC EFFECTS
• Neuromuscular blockade– Administration of neuromuscular blocking drugs and
anesthetics– Hypocalcemia– Myasthenia gravis
• Hypersensitivity reactions• Superinfections• CNS effects• GI disturbances
ELIMINATION
• Renal filtration– Patients with compromised renal function,
adjustments must be made based on serum concentration
METHODS
• Chromatography• Immunoassay
VANCOMYCIN
• Glycopeptide antibiotic• Effective against Gram (+) cocci and bacilli• Skipping doses may increase risk of further
infection that is resistant to antibiotics• Used against resistant strains of Streptococcus
and Staphylococcus• Only trough levels are monitored to ensure the
serum drug concentration is within the therapeutic range
ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
Because of poor oral absorption, it is administered by:– IV infusion
TOXIC EFFECTS
• “Red-man syndrome”– Erythemic flushing of the extremities
• Ototoxic and Nephrotoxic effects are similar to aminoglycosides
ELIMINATION
• Renal filtration• Excretion
METHODS
• Chromatography• Immunoassay
CHLORAMPHENICOL
• Distributes to all tissues• Concentrates in the CSF• Isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae• 50% protein bound; rapidly absorbed in the GIT• No longer drug of choice due to BM toxicity• Used against:– Gram (+) and Gram (-) cocci and bacilli (including
anaerobes)– Ricketssia, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, and Chlamydophila spp.
ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
• Well absorbed orally• Intravenous (IV)
TOXIC EFFECTS
• Blood dyscrasia• “Gray baby syndrome”– Condition that occurs in newborns (especially
premature babies) who are given the drug chloramphenicol
• Cytoplasmic vacuolation– Erythroid cells– Myeloid cells
ELIMINATION
• 68%-99% – Excreted in the urine
• 8% - 12%– Excreted as free chloramphenicol
• Remainder is excreted as inactive metabolites
REFERENCES:
Bishop, Michael (2010). Clinical Chemistry 6th Edition: Techniques, Principles, Correlations.Rodriguez, M.T. (2014). Clinical Chemistry Review Handbook for Medical Technologists.Tortora et al. (1998). Microbiology: An Introduction 6th Edition.
http://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/1115/p1811.htmlhttp://www.drugs.com/cdi/streptomycin.htmlhttp://campus.usal.es/~galenica/clinpkin/Aminoglycosides.htmhttp://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604038.htmlhttps://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/chloramphenicolhttp://www.medicinenet.com/chloramphenicol-oral/article.htm