climate throughout geologic time has been controlled ... · climate throughout geologic time has...
TRANSCRIPT
Climate Throughout Geologic Time Has Been Controlled Primarily by the Balance
Between Cooling Caused by Major Explosive Eruptions of Evolved Magmas
Typical of Island Arcs and Warming Caused by Voluminous Effusive Eruptions
of Basaltic Magma Typical of SubaerialOcean Ridges and Island Chains
Peter L Ward, USGS retiredTeton Tectonics, Jackson, WY
V43E-4749
Annual mean total column ozone (black line) peaks during years with major volcanic eruptions and then drops precipitously by more than twice as much during the following year causing a cooling in the lower stratosphere (purple line) and warming of Earth. The green line shows annual mean tropospheric chlorine (y-axis inverted). The dashed red line shows increase in ocean heat content (y-axis inverted).
1989
Montreal
Protocol
Increasing
use of CFCs
Why Did Global Warming Stop in 1998?
Because it was caused by ozone depletiondue to CFCs, not greenhouse gases
1974
Rowland
Molina
paper
1985
Antarctic
Ozone Hole
discovered
Chlorine
Energy Absorbed by Greenhouse GasesR
adia
tio
nb
righ
tne
ss
Frequency in terahertz
Water
Carbondioxide
OxygenOzone
6
0
En
erg
y o
f os
cilla
tion
(eV
)
4
2
0.08 eV 0.3 eVMethane4 eV
Pe
rce
nt
abso
rpti
on
InfraredUltra-violetInfrared Visible
Energy of ultraviolet radiation reaching Earth when ozone is depleted
is at least 48 times hotter than energy absorbed by greenhouse gases
times
hotter
48
The Highest Frequency Highest Energy Radiation
is Absorbed in the Upper Atmosphere
Temperature in the atmosphere is set by
the highest energy solar radiation to
penetrate to a given level
Ene
rgy
>6.8
eV
km
En
erg
y >
4.3
eV
km
50 km
30 km
When ozone is depleted, more high-energy solar radiation reaches Earth
The temperature of Earth is determined primarily by how energetic the
solar radiation is that reaches Earth
IONOSPHERE
Global
WarmingGlobal
Cooling
Krakatoa
11,750 to 9,375
Frequency of
explosive volcanism
Duration of
effusive volcanism
Effusive volcano
Bárðarbunga, Iceland, Current
Explosive volcano
Pinatubo, Philippines, 1991
Duration: years to millennia Duration: hours to days
Eruption height: generally < 2 km Eruption height: up to 36 km
Formed aerosol in the
lower stratosphere
Glaciation in Iceland near end of last ice age (Licciardi et al., 2007)
Extrusion of basaltic
magma reached a peak 55
to 60 million years ago
during the opening of the
Greenland-Norwegian
Sea. Temperature also
reaches a peak.
(Storey et al., 2007)
Paleocene Eocene
Thermal Maximum
Sea surface
temperatures
rose 6oC
Massive Expansion of Ice in
Antarctica at 34 Ma
Flood Basalts and
Mass Extinctions Flood basalts
lead to:
Ozone depletion
Lethally hot
climate
Acidic oceans
Land plant
mutations
Mass extinctions
Ag
es
of
ma
ss
ex
tin
cti
on
s (
Ma
)
Ages of continental flood basalts (Ma)
(Courtillot and Renne, 2003)
7 million km2
91% of the
contiguous US in
<670,000 years
Examples of Major Temperature Change Contemporaneous with Major Volcanism
Glo
bal
War
min
g Is
Cau
sed
by
Less
O3
–N
ot
Mo
reC
O2
1.
The
mic
rosc
op
ic b
on
ds
ho
ldin
g m
atte
r to
geth
er
osc
illat
e b
etw
ee
n
attr
acti
ve a
nd
re
pu
lsiv
e e
lect
rost
atic
fo
rce
s, g
ivin
g ri
se t
o m
acro
sco
pic
te
mp
era
ture
.
2.
The
he
at c
apac
ity
of
mat
ter
is d
ep
en
de
nt
pri
mar
ily o
n t
he
nu
mb
er
of
de
gre
es
of
fre
ed
om
of
the
se o
scill
atio
ns.
3.
He
atin
g m
atte
r in
cre
ase
s th
e a
mp
litu
de
of
the
se o
scill
atio
ns
at e
ach
fr
eq
ue
ncy
an
d in
cre
ase
s th
e f
req
ue
ncy
wit
h t
he
pe
ak a
mp
litu
de
.
4.
Wh
en
mat
ter
reac
he
s th
erm
al e
qu
ilib
riu
m, t
he
sp
ect
rum
of
fre
qu
en
cie
s an
d a
sso
ciat
ed
am
plit
ud
es
on
its
surf
ace
are
de
scri
be
d b
y P
lan
ck’s
Law
.
5.
The
se o
scill
atio
ns
on
th
e s
urf
ace
of
mat
ter
ind
uce
an
ele
ctro
mag
net
ic
fie
ld in
sp
ace
co
nta
inin
g th
e s
ame
fre
qu
en
cie
s (c
olo
rs)
and
am
plit
ud
es
(bri
ghtn
ess
) fl
ow
ing
away
fro
m t
he
mat
ter
in m
uch
th
e s
ame
man
ne
r as
a
rad
io s
tati
on
tra
nsm
its
its
fre
qu
en
cy a
nd
am
plit
ud
e.
Pla
nck
’s L
aw
Mo
re d
etai
ls a
t o
zon
ed
ep
leti
on
the
ory
.in
foYo
uTu
be
Vid
eo
at
tin
yurl
.co
m/o
zon
e-d
ep
leti
on
-th
eo
ry
Dr.
Pet
er
L. W
ard
, U.S
. Ge
olo
gica
l Su
rvey
, re
tire
dTe
ton
Te
cto
nic
s, P
.O. B
ox
48
75
, Ja
ckso
n, W
Y 8
30
01
30
7-4
13
-40
55
info
@o
zon
ed
ep
leti
on
the
ory
.in
fo.
6.
Fre
qu
en
cie
s in
th
e e
lect
rom
agn
etic
fie
ld d
o n
ot
inte
ract
wit
h e
ach
oth
er
and
do
no
t ch
ange
as
they
pro
pag
ate
ove
r ga
lact
ic d
ista
nce
s.
Am
plit
ud
es,
on
th
e o
the
r h
and
, d
ecr
eas
e b
y o
ne
ove
r th
e s
qu
are
of
the
d
ista
nce
tra
velle
d a
s th
ey s
pre
ad o
ut
ove
r th
e s
urf
ace
of
an e
xpan
din
g sp
he
re.
7.
Osc
illat
ion
s in
mat
ter
and
in s
pac
e c
on
stit
ute
th
erm
al e
ne
rgy
wh
ich
, in
sp
ace
, is
qu
anti
zed
by
inva
rian
t fr
eq
ue
ncy
. Th
erm
al e
ne
rgy
is a
lso
q
uan
tize
d b
eca
use
it is
eq
ual
at
eac
h f
req
ue
ncy
to
th
e f
req
ue
ncy
tim
es
the
Pla
nck
co
nst
ant.
En
erg
ies
of
rad
iati
on
ove
r a
ran
ge o
f fr
eq
ue
nci
es
are
n
ot
add
itiv
e.
8.
The
so
lar,
ult
ravi
ole
t th
erm
al e
ne
rgy
that
re
ach
es
Eart
h w
he
n o
zon
e is
d
ep
lete
d is
at
leas
t 4
8 t
ime
s h
ott
er,
at
leas
t 4
8 t
ime
s m
ore
en
erg
etic
, th
an in
frar
ed
en
erg
y ab
sorb
ed
by
gre
en
ho
use
gas
es.
Th
ere
sim
ply
is n
ot
en
ou
gh t
he
rmal
en
erg
y ab
sorb
ed
by
gre
en
ho
use
gas
es
to h
ave
a m
ajo
r ef
fect
on
glo
bal
war
min
g.
9.
Co
mp
ute
r p
rogr
ams
use
d t
o q
uan
tify
gre
en
ho
use
-gas
th
eo
ry
ove
rest
imat
e in
frar
ed
en
erg
ies
be
cau
se t
hey
ass
um
e t
hat
th
erm
al e
ne
rgy
trav
els
in s
pac
e a
s w
ave
s w
he
re e
ne
rgy
is a
fu
nct
ion
of
amp
litu
de
sq
uar
ed
, th
at e
ne
rgie
s ar
e a
dd
itiv
e o
ver
ban
dw
idth
, an
d t
hat
fre
qu
en
cie
s in
tera
ct a
nd
ch
ange
ove
r d
ista
nce
–al
l pro
pe
rtie
s ve
ry d
iffe
ren
t fr
om
th
e
ob
serv
ed
be
hav
ior
of
rad
iati
on
in s
pac
e d
esc
rib
ed
ab
ove
.
10
.H
eat
flo
ws
fro
m h
ot
to c
old
. A
cco
rdin
g to
Pla
nck
’s L
aw, r
adia
tio
n f
rom
a
bo
dy
of
mas
s d
oe
s n
ot
hav
e h
igh
en
ou
gh f
req
ue
nci
es
or
amp
litu
de
s to
w
arm
itse
lf a
s as
sum
ed
by
gre
en
ho
use
-gas
th
eo
ry.
War
min
g ra
dia
tio
n
mu
st c
om
e f
rom
a w
arm
er
bo
dy.