climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · tenow 1972 “lake of cold...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Climate change and plant-herbivore
interactions in boreal and arctic
ecosystems
Pekka Niemelä
University of Turku
![Page 2: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BACCI - report
![Page 3: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Changes in snow cover
![Page 4: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Kellomäki et al.
![Page 5: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Effect of climatic change on growth of Scots pine (Kellomäki et al.)
![Page 6: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Deciduous trees benefit climatic change
Cental European climate?
![Page 8: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Climate change can affect plant-herbivore
interaction by several mechanisms:
Quality of host plants changes
Growth and life cycle of herbivores changes
Habitat conditions (abiotic) changes
Trophic interactions changes
Predators, parasites, pathogens, etc…
![Page 9: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mekrijärvi chamber experiment
16 chambers:
-Elevated CO2
-Elevated Temperature
-Elevated CO2 and Temp.
-Control
Test plants:
-Pine
-Birch
-Willows
![Page 10: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The effect of climatic change on resistance of birch Kuokkanen et al.
• Fertilization
decreses the level
of defence
•CO2 + T
decreases the
defence level
•Interaction
between soil and
climate!
![Page 11: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Carbon/nutrient-balance
•The balance beween
nutrients and carbon
regulates the level of
defence against
herbivores
![Page 12: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Compensatory growth in relation to climatic change
Birches grown in:
1. elevated CO2 and
2. temperature under
3. optimal N fertilisation,
4. defoliation levels from
25-75% of leaf biomass
Cont, 25, 50, 75%
defoliation
![Page 13: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Forest defoliations in North-West Russia
Kozlov & Shelikovkin,
unpub.
L
Intensity of defoliation has increased
Number of outbreaks has increased
![Page 14: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The effect of winter temperatures
Low winter temperatures may
kill the overwintering eggs
Pine sawfly (Neodiprion
sertifer)
outbreaks in pine forests
Autumnal moth (Epirrita
autumnata)
Huge outbreaks in
mountain birch forests
![Page 15: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Pines defoliated by pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer)
![Page 16: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Life cycle of N. sertifer: overwinters as an egg
![Page 17: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Distribution of Neodpirion sertifer
Distribution in central
and southern Finland
![Page 18: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Areal distribution of outbreaks of N. sertifer
![Page 19: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cold hardiness of the eggs of N. sertifer
Veteli et al. 2005
![Page 20: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Effect of climate change on winter
temperatures
![Page 21: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The effect of climate change on the frequency of
outbreaks
![Page 22: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Egg parazitism and coldhardiness of eggs Veteli et al.
Temperature
”window” to escape
parazatism
![Page 23: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mountain birch forest killed by Epirrita autumnata
Some birches have
survived
![Page 24: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Larva of E. autumnata
Eggs are owervintering on twigs
![Page 25: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tenow 1972
![Page 27: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Outbreaks of Autumnal moth
![Page 28: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Norway, Tana, 2003; Lauri Kapari
Topographical distribution of damages
![Page 29: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Neuvonen and Virtanen 1998
![Page 30: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Tenow 1972
![Page 31: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
“Lake of cold air”
”Lake of cold air”
in rivervalleys
High egg
mortality in
rivervalleys
![Page 32: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Neuvonen and Virtanen 1998
![Page 33: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Neuvonen and Virtanen 1998
Climatic change and
outbreaks in river
valleys
![Page 34: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Conclusion
During mild winters outbreaks increase also
in rivervalleys
Climate change will increase the outbreak
frequencies of Autumnal moth
![Page 35: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Norway, Tana, 2003; Lauri Kapari
Topography of outbreaks
Why dwarf birches have been defoliated?
![Page 36: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Winter moth (Operopthera brumata)
![Page 37: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Tenow 1972
![Page 38: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Defoliation history
(Jepsen et al. 2009)
2002-03 Epirrita
2004-06 Operophtera
2007-09 Operophtera
Vegetation map: Johansen (2009)
Defoliation map: Jepsen et al. (2009)
![Page 39: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
New geometrid moth entering into mountain birch forests
![Page 40: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Growth of reindeer population in Finland
![Page 42: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Effect of reindeer
grazing on
vegetation
Den Herder et al, 2000
![Page 45: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Moth-reindeer-birch interactions
Climate change has increased geometrid
moth outbreaks
How recovery of mountain birch forests is
affected by reindeer grazing?
![Page 49: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
WP 4: Moth-Reindeer-Birch Dynamics in Northernmost
Fennoscandia
Leader: Pekka Niemelä (Turku, Finland)
Co-leader: Rolf Anker Ims (Tromsö, Norway)
Researchers and collaborators:
Jane Jepsen (Tromsö, Norway)
Otso Suominen (Kevo, Finland)
Tero Klemola (Turku, Finland)
Piippa Wäli (University of Oulu, Finland)
Annu Ruotsalainen (University of Oulu, Finland)
Anna-Maija Markkola (University of Oulu, Finland)
+ doctoral students, postdocs
![Page 51: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Rich – Low density
Poor – Low density
Poor – High density
Pulmankijärvi/Polmak lake
Reindeer density contrast
Vegetation map: Johansen (2009)
![Page 52: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Distribution of defoliation in the area
Vegetation map: Johansen (2009)
Defoliation map: Jepsen et al. (2009)
![Page 53: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
How to study moth-reindeer –birch interaction?
![Page 54: Climate change and plant-herbivore interactions in boreal and … · Tenow 1972 “Lake of cold air” ”Lake of cold air” in rivervalleys High egg mortality in rivervalleys](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060503/5f1cd0f04c389753ef39d0be/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Paired exclosure plots with different accessibility to herbivores
Large herbivore exclosure
Small + large herbivore exclosure (with mesh roof)
Study plot without exclosure
S S+L no
no
no
no
no
S
S
S
S
S+L
S+L
S+L
S+L
2 m
30 m?
30 m?