climate change
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Global Warming and
Climate Change
CLIMATE CHANGE
Difference between climate and weather
Climate: Average weather over a
long period Influenced by slow
changes in the ocean, the land, the orbit of the Earth about the sun, and the energy output of the sun
Fundamentally controlled by the balance of energy of the Earth and its atmosphere
Weather:Daily conditions,
including temperature and rainfall
Can change very rapidly from day to day, and from year to year.
Changes involve shifts in temperatures, precipitation, winds, and clouds.
Difference between global warming and climate change
"Global warming" - gradual increase of the Earth's average surface temperature, due to a build-up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
"Climate change" - long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation, as well as changes in the seasonal or geographic variability of temperature and precipitation.
How Climate Change Came About
old habits + + new technology ______________
DRAMATICALLY ALTERED CONSEQUENCES
expected increase of another 1.4 - 5.8 degrees Celsius by the year 2100
INDUSTRIALIZATION
- burning of ever greater quantities of
oil, gasoline, coal, cutting of forests and the practice of certain
farming methods
After Effects of Industrialization
Greater amounts of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere
Is that bad?
Greenhouse gases make life on earth
possible - but in moderation
Augmented and increasing quantities push the global temperature to artificially
high levels alerting the climate
Records show:1990 - warmest
decade of the millennium
1998 - warmest year2005 - 2nd warmest
year
TROPOPAUSE
forestry
energy
industry
agriculture
waste
Human Sources of Greenhouse Gases (GHG)Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – Most prevalent GHG
Methane (CH4) – Second most common, 21x CO2 GWPNitrous Oxide (N2O) – 310x CO2 GWP
HFCs, PFCs, and SF6 = range 600 – 23900x CO2 GWP
Sectors Affected by Climate ChangeAgriculture:
Changes in crop yieldsIrrigation demands,
Productivity
Forests: Change in Ecologies,Geographic range of
species, andHealth and productivity
Human Health: Weather related mortality
Infectious disease Air quality - respiratory
illness
Industry and Energy: Changes in Energy
demandProduct demand &
Supply
Water Resources: Changes in water
supplyand water quality
Competition/Trans-border Issues
Coastal Areas: Erosion and flooding
InundationChange in wetlands
3D modeling and visualization tools are used forvulnerability assessment, exact location and
quantification of areas which are susceptible to floods due to rise in sea level.
Study area: Northern part of Navotas, Metro Manila
Philippine Rice Production Arrows indicate El Niño events
(source: Food and Agricultural Organization)
Dry seasons
becoming
drier
Wet seasons
becoming
wetter
ENSO and associated extreme weather events
El Niños have been more frequent, persistent and intense since the mid-1970’s;
Some land areas have been experiencing severe droughts/severe wetness due to inter-decadal / multi-decadal climate variability.
Some increases in total rainfall and number of rainy days (Visayas)
Some increases in frequency and intensity of extreme 24-hour rain events.
Source: PAGASA
Tropical cyclonesAn increase in tropical cyclone occurrences inside the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
There are seasonal preferred tracks of tropical cyclones crossing the country both during El Nino and La Nina events.
Source: PAGASA
Changes in temperature ranges
Land temperatures
• 0.1 ºC/decade increase in daily daytime temperatures
• 0.2 ºC /decade increase in daily nighttime temperatures
Scientists Sound the AlarmIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
conducted First Assessment in 1990 reflecting views of 400 scientists saying that global warming is real and happening
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeStabilize greenhouse gas emissions “at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human-induced) interference with the
climate system”
Kyoto ProtocolDefines Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction targets for Developed
countriesIntroduced three flexibility mechanisms to comply
Division of Parties by Annex
Belarus / Bulgaria / Croatia /Czech Republic / Estonia /
Hungary / Latvia / Liechtenstein/ Lithuania / Monaco / Poland /
Romania / Russian Federation /Slovakia / Slovenia / Ukraine
Non-Annex I Countries = All the Rest of Ratifying Countries
Annex IAustralia /Austria / Belgium /
Canada / Denmark / EC /Finland / France / Germany /Greece / Iceland / Ireland /
Italy / Japan / Luxembourg /Netherlands / New Zealand /Norway / Portugal / Spain /
Sweden / Switzerland / Turkey/ United Kingdom / USA
Annex II
Measures to Address the ProblemMITIGATION MEASURES- delay, if not totally avoid,
the problem
ADAPTATION MEASURES- adjust to the ongoing
situation
Reduce emissions- alternative energy sources (renewables)
Changing lifestyle and rules
- energy efficiency and energy conservation
Expanding forests - forests as sinks- change agricultural methods
Coping- through policies, mass transit, and preference
for environment-friendly technology
Reduce emissions
buy energy efficient appliances and light bulbs
CFLs illuminate more at half the energy consumed by incandescent bulbs
adjust thermostat to reduce energy for cooling
Conserve energy
Turn off aircon, fans and lights when not in use
Walk ...
Ride a bike ...
Take the MRT
Support environment-friendly legislations
Participate in your local government’s efforts to minimize, if
not totally avoid, waste
Reduce ...
Re-use ...Recycle
Plant trees
Trees absorb carbon ...
Hold on to the soil ...
Break up strong winds and typhoons ...
Help maintain biodiversity and ecosystems
“The era of procrastination, of half-measures,
of soothing and baffling expedients, of delays,
is coming to its close ...
In its place, we are entering a period of consequences.
- Sir Winston Churchill
November 12, 1936