climate and terrestrial biodiversity chapter 7. dust blown from west africa to the amazonian rain...
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Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Chapter 7
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Dust Blown from West Africa to the Amazonian Rain Forests
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7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
Concept 7-1 An area's climate is determined mostly by solar radiation, the earth’s rotation, global patterns of air and water movement, gases in the atmosphere, and the earth’s surface features.
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The Earth Has Many Different Climates (1)
Weather
Climate
Air circulation in lower atmosphere due to• Uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun• Rotation of the earth on its axis• Properties of air, water, and land
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The Earth Has Many Different Climates (2)
Currents • Prevailing winds • Earth’s rotation • Redistribution of heat from the sun
Link between air circulation, ocean currents, and biomes
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Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones
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Global Air Circulation
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Energy Transfer by Convection in the Atmosphere
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Global Air Circulation, Ocean Currents, and Biomes
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Fig. 7-5, p. 143
Warm, less salty, shallow current
Cold, salty, deep current
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Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
Greenhouse gases• H2O
• CO2
• CH4
• N2O
Greenhouse effect
Human-enhanced global warming
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Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
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The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
Heat absorption by land and water
Effect of• Mountains• Rain shadow effect
• Cities• Microclimates
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Rain Shadow Effect
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7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.
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Climate Affects Where Organisms Can Live
Major biomes
Latitude and elevation
Annual precipitation
Temperature
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The Earth’s Major Biomes
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Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and Biomes
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Fig. 7-11, p. 149
Stepped Art
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Fig. 7-12, p. 151
Stepped Art
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Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse Temperate Grassland
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Chaparral Vegetation in California, U.S.
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Santa Monica Mountains, CA
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Fig. 7-15, p. 154
Stepped Art
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Fig. 7-17, p. 156
45
Harpy eagle
Emergent layer
40
35 Toco toucan
30 Canopy
25
Hei
gh
t (m
eter
s)
20
Wooly opossum
Under story
15
10
Brazilian tapir
Shrub layer5
Black-crowned antpitta
Ground layer0
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Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State, U.S.
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Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles
Majority of the world’s forests
Habitats for endemic species
Help regulate the earth’s climate
Can affect sea levels
Major storehouses of water• Role in hydrologic cycle
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Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State, U.S.
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More Mountains!
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7-3 How Have We Affected the Word’s Terrestrial Ecosystems?
Concept 7-3 In many areas, human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by the earth’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
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Fig. 7-20, p. 158
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Deserts Grasslands Forests Mountains
Large desert cities Conversion to cropland
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Agriculture
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Timber extractionRelease of CO2 to atmosphere from burning grassland Conversion of
diverse forests to tree plantations
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Mineral extraction
Soil salinization from irrigation Increasing tourism
Overgrazing by livestockDepletion of
groundwaterDamage from off-road vehicles
Urban air pollutionIncreased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletionLand disturbance
and pollution from mineral extraction
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Pollution of forest streams
Soil damage from off-road vehicles