cldt final
TRANSCRIPT
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would take this opportunity to thank the almighty
who has endowed us with intelligence so as to be able to
undertake a project on Contact Less Digital Tachometer
At the outset we express our heartfelt gratitude to our
project guide Prof.Manisha Wajewho, guided us with her
knowledge and experience our sole mean of guidance is
Prof. Manisha Waje and our respected H.O.D Prof.Vijay
Joshi. We also would like to thank our honorable principle
Dr. D.D.Shah for their support. It would have been simply
impossible for us to undertake this project without their
help.
We would also like to thank all staff members of our
department for their kind support.
-Mayur Chandak
-Ketan Kalantri
-Kapil Chandak
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ABSTRACT
Counting revolutions per minute (RPM) of motors
determining the motor speed is essential in the field of industrial
automation. It is useful especially for closed loop systems whereproper action can be taken in case the actual RPM deviates from
the set RPM.
So we have designed a simple microcontroller based
system to measure RPM of any machine accurately without
actually touching it. This system measures the RPM and shows
on LCD the RPM of running motor or machine.
Using proper transducer, first the rotations of the
motor are converted into pulses. The generated pulses are
counted by microcontroller for a fixed time (one second). The
count is multiplied by factor to get the exact RPM and then
displayed on the LCD.
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INTRODUCTION
TACHOMETER: Tachometer is a device which measures RPM(Rotational speed) of any rotating element.
This is a portable tachometer, which has battery and can measure15,300rpms.
As this is a digital tachometer, it displays the measured reading onan alphanumeric LCD, in rpms (revolution per min.).
As the name implies, what makes this device special, is that it can
very accurately measure the rotational speed of a shaft withouteven touching it. This is very interesting when making direct
contact with the rotating shaft is not an option or will reduce the
velocity of the shaft, giving faulty readings.
The sensor used in this tachometer is an IR Proximity sensor,which produces pulses according to received IR rays & provides
them as input to the microcontroller.
Microcontroller counts these pulses according to algorithm built inas program and displays results on LCD.
It can be used for speed measurements of various motors & shaftswhere very precise measure of rotational speed is required.
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FEATURES
Digital Readout.
Speed displayed in rpm (Revolution per min.).
Contactless measurement.
Measures up to 15,300 rpm.
Instantaneous measurement.
Automatic DATA Hold Function.
Portable, due to use of battery.
Reliability due to use of microcontroller.
No mechanical wear & tear, as no moving part.
User friendly.
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SPECIFICATIONS
Measures up to 15,300 rpm.
9v Battery.
All ICs require 6v supply.
Electrical & mechanical specifications of allcomponents are provided in the datasheets attached
Herewith at the end of the report.
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PRINCIPLE OFOPERATION:
The idea behind most digital counting device, frequency meters
and tachometers, is a micro-controller, used to count the pulses
coming from a sensor or any other electronic device.
In the case of this tachometer, the counted pluses will come fromIR proximity sensor, which will detect any reflective element
passing in-front of it, and thus, will give an output pulse for each
and every rotation of the shaft, as show in the picture. Those pulses
will be fed to the microcontroller and counted.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
DISCRIPTION:IR Proximity Sensor:
Here the proximity sensor used is IR proximitysensor.
Thus it works on the principle of IR transmission &reception.
When transmitted IR gets reflected back receiverdetects it & we get output.
Microcontroller(8051):It is the most important part of the design,
it processes the input obtained from IRproximity sensor
& produces output which
is displayed on the LCD.
The P89C51RD2Hxx is a member of 8051 family,
DIGITAL TACHOMETER
Microcontroller
P89C51RD2Hxx
IR
Proximity
sensor
Reflective
strip
Power Supply 6 V
Alphanumeric
LCD
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produced by Phillips Semiconductor with 64Kb of on chip ROM & 1Kb of on chip
RAM & comes with ISP (In System Programming) mode for easy programming. It
also has 3 Timers & 7 Interrupts.
With a few support chips and a program stored in memory, one can use theP89C51RD2Hxx-BASIC to sense, measure, and control processes, events, or
conditions.
LCD(Liquid Crystal Display):
An alpha-numeric LCD module is used todisplay the results.
The LCD we used here is 2 linealphanumeric Liquid Crystal Module that
can display 2 lines of 16 characters each.Backlight is provided.
It has ability to display numbers, characters & graphics .It displays speed &distance even at night.
The 14 pins needed for control, the main controller is built in the module.
POWER SUPPLY:
As it is a portable device, power to the whole circuitry can be provided with9V battery supply.
The unregulated 9V power of battery is regulated using 7805fixed IC regulator.
The output of the regulator is then provided to each component ofmain design.
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MODULE WISE DESIGN
1.LOW RANGE IR PROXIMITY SENSOR:
Principle of Operation:An IR proximity sensor works by applying a voltage to a pair of IR light emitting
diodes (LEDs) which in turn, emit infrared light. This light propagates through the air
and once it hits an object it is reflected back towards the sensor. If the object is close, the
reflected light will be stronger than if the object is further away. The sensing unit (for
this experiment a TSOP 1738 will be used), in the form of an integrated circuit (IC),
detects the reflected infrared light, and if its intensity is strong enough, the circuit
becomes active. When the sensing unit becomes active, it sends a corresponding signal
to the output terminal which can then be used to activate any number of devices. For the
purpose of this exercise, a small green LED will turn on when the sensor becomes active.
As shown in above block diagram Proximity sensor consist of three parts namely :
1)IR Transmitter2)IR Receiver &
3)Pulse Generator
1) IR Transmitter:
It simply consist of an Simple IR Transmitter LED, which is
biased through a resistor R, which controls its intensity.
2) IR Receiver:
Similar to IR transmitter it also simply consist of an IR
Receiver Module i.e. TSOP 1738 which also biased similar to IR
Transmitter.
IR
Trans.
IR
Receiv
Pulse
Generator
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3) Pulse Generator:
The pulse generator consist ofTimer IC NE555, which is
biased in monostable multivibrator mode & which is triggered
when ve pulse is applied at pin2, which is pulled high with a
resistor. The IR Transmitter module is connected to the pin2 of
timer. When IR light falls on the Receiver module pin2 isshorted to ground via the Receiver module & thus Timer is
Triggered generating a +ve pulse at
the output (pin 3).
IC NE555 Pin Description
Nr. Name Purpose
1 GND Ground, low level (0 V)
2 TRIG A short pulse high-to-low on the trigger starts the timer
3 OUT During a timing interval, the output stays at +VCC
4 RESET A timing interval can be interrupted by applying a reset pulse to low (0 V)
5 CTRL Control voltage allows access to the internal voltage divider (2/3 VCC)
6 THR The threshold at which the interval ends (it ends if the voltage at THR is at least 2/3
7 DIS Connected to a capacitor whose discharge time will influence the timing interval
8 V+, The positive supply voltage which must be between 3 and 15 V
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16-bit address bus - It can access 216 memory locations - 64 KB (65536 locations)each of RAM and ROM
On-chip RAM 128/256/512bytes (data memory) On-chip ROM - 4k/16k/32k/64k Byte (program memory) Fourbyte bi-directional input/output port
UART (serial port) Two/Three 16-bit Counter/timers Two-level interrupt priority Power saving mode
Common features included in modern 8051 based microcontrollers include built-in reset
timers with brown-out detection, on-chip oscillators, self-programmable Flash ROMprogram
memory, bootloader code in ROM, EEPROM non-volatile data storage, IC, SPI, and USB host
interfaces, CAN orLIN bus, PWM generators, analog
comparators, A/Dand D/A converters, RTCs, extra counters and timers, in-circuit debugging
facilities, more interrupt sources, and extra power saving modes.
MEMORY ARCHITECTURE
The 8051 has four distinct types of memory - internal RAM, special function registers,
program memory, and external data memory.
Internal RAM (IRAM) is located from address 0 to address 0xFF. IRAM from 0x00 to
0x7F can be accessed directly, and the bytes from 0x20 to 0x3F are also bit-addressable. IRAM
from 0x80 to 0xFF must be accessed indirectly, using the @R0 or @R1 syntax, with the address
to access loaded in R0 or R1.
Special function registers (SFR) are located from address 0x80 to 0xFF, and are accessed
directly using the same instructions as for the lower half of IRAM. Some of the SFR's are also
bit-addressable.
Program memory (PMEM, though less common in usage than IRAM and XRAM) is
located starting at address 0. It may be on- or off-chip, depending on the particular model of chip
being used. Program memory is read-only, though some variants of the 8051 use on-chip flash
memory and provide a method of re-programming the memory in-system or in-application.
Aside from storing code, program memory can also store tables of constants that can be accessed
by MOVC A, @DPTR, using the 16-bit special function registerDPTR.
External data memory (XRAM) also starts at address 0. It can also be on- or off-chip;
what makes it "external" is that it must be accessed using the MOVX (Move eXternal)
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instruction. Many variants of the 8051 include the standard 256 bytes of IRAM plus a few KB of
XRAM on the chip. If more XRAM is required by an application, the internal XRAM can be
disabled, and all MOVX instructions will fetch from the external bus.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF INTERNAL
ARCHITECTURE OF P89C51RD2HXX
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Instruction setThe 8051 instruction set offers several addressing modes, including
Direct register, using ACC (the accumulator) and R0-R7 Direct memory, which access the internal RAM or the SFR's, depending on
the address
Indirect memory, using R0, R1, orDPTR to hold the memory address. Theinstruction used may vary to access internal RAM, external RAM, or program
memory.
Individual bits of a range of IRAM and some of the SFR's
Many of the operations allow any addressing mode for the source or the
destination, for example, MOV 020h, 03fh will copy the value in memory location
0x3f in the internal RAM to the memory location 0x20, also in internal RAM.
Because the 8051 is an accumulator-based architecture, all arithmetic
operations must use the accumulator, e.g. ADD A, 020h will add the value in
memory location 0x20 in the internal RAM to the accumulator.
It is important to note that one does not need to master these instructions in
order to program the 8051. With the availability of good quality C compilers,
including open sourceSDCC, virtually all programs can be written in C high-level
language.
LCD(LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin,
flat panel used for electronically displaying
information such as text, images, and moving
pictures. Its uses include monitors for
computers, televisions, instrument panels, and
other devices ranging from aircraft cockpit
displays, to every-day consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices,
clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. Among its major features are itslightweight construction, its portability, and its ability to be produced in much
larger screen sizes than are practical for the construction of cathode ray tube (CRT)
display technology. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in
battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical
device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in
front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or
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measurements make comparison difficult.[2]
Refresh rate: The number of times per second in which the monitor draws the
data it is being given. Since activated LCD pixels do not flash on/off between
frames, LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker, no matter how low
the refresh rate.[3]
High-end LCD televisions now feature up to 240 Hz refresh
rate, which allows advanced digital processing to insert additional interpolatedframes to smooth up motion, especially with lower-framerate 24p material like
the Blu-ray disc. However, such high refresh rates may not be supported by
pixel response times, and additional processing can introduce considerable
input lag.
Matrix type: Active TFT or Passive.
Viewing angle: (coll., more specifically known as viewing direction).
Color support: How many types of colors are supported (coll., more specifically
known as colorgamut).
Brightness: The amount of light emitted from the display (coll., more
specifically known as luminance).
Contrast ratio: The ratio of the intensity of the brightest bright to the darkest
dark.
Display applicationsThe applications for the LCDs are endless, Some of them are:
Television and digital television Liquid crystal display television (LCD TV) Digital signage LCD projector Computer monitor Aircraft instrumentation displays (see glass cockpit) HD44780 Character LCD, a widely accepted protocol for small LCDs Various medical equipment.
Mobile Phone Displays.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The circuit is divide into two parts :
1) MAIN CIRCUIT
2) SENSOR CIRCUIT(Proximity sensor)
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MAIN CIRCUIT
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SENSORCIRCUIT
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B) SENSOR CIRCUIT:
Sensor circuit comprises of three parts, Transmitter , Receiver &
pulse generator.
Transmitter circuit consist of an IR transmitter LED which is
simply forward biased through resistor R5. It emits IR beam of moderateintensity continuously.
As shown in above the Receiver & Pulse Generator circuit
comprises of timer NE555, which is configured as a monostablemultiviabratorwhose time period depends upon combination of resistor
R1 & capacitorC2, given by the equation:
Where we selected R1= 820ohm & C2 = 100nF
Therefore t = 1.1(820)(100 E-9)
= 0.902 sec. 1 sec.
Thus we generate a pulse of 1 sec. each time NE555 timer is
triggered.
Here the trigger pin 2 of timer 555 is pulled high through resistor
R6. The IR Receiver Module TSOP1738 is connected along with the
resistor R6 such that when the IR beam reflected by the refleactor falls
on IR Receiver, pin-2 goes low to trigger timer NE555. The output from
the pin-3 of timer 555 is inverted by the transitor Q1 and taken out as
output for the main circuit. This output is fed to the pin P3.4 ofmicrocontroller P89C51RD2Hxx for counting.
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LISTOFCOMPONENTS
Sr no. Name of Component Quantity
1. Microcontroller P89C51RD2 1
2. 16 by 2 LCD 13. IR Receiver 1
4. IR Transmitter 1
5. Crystal-11.0592 MHz 1
6. Push Button 3
7. IC Regulator-7806, 7805 2
8. NE555
9. Transistor-2N2222 1
10. LEDs 3
11. Battery 9Volt 1
12. Resistors -150 , 220 ,470, 820, 1k,10k.
10
13. 1K Resistor Bank 1
14. Capacitors 33pF, 0.1uF,1uF, 100uF
10
15. Connectors & wires 1m
16. IC ZIP 1
17. PCBs 2
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SENSOR CIRCUIT PCB
Sensor Circuit PCB Component Layout
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SOFTWARE SECTION
The software i.e. program for counting RPM and displaying it on LCD is
written in Assembly Language of 8051 microcontroller. It is complied &
assembled in KEIL VISION.3 compiler & hex file is created. The Hex file is
downloaded in the microcontroller IC with help ofFLASH MAGICsoftware.
Algorithm & flow chart of the program is as given below:
ALGORITHM:
1. Equate (assign each pin of microcontroller the corresponding name.)
2. Start
3. Define interrupt routine
4. Start main program
5. Make LED2 on & LED2 off
6. Initialize LCD by proper commands
7. Display MSG0: RPM counter
8. Display MSG1: TE Electronics
9. Display MSG2:W
ant to Count
10.Make P2.0 input port i.e. set P2.0 for switch input
11.Set Timer-0 as counter in mode 2(set TMOD=00000110B)
12.Make P3.4 as input port for counter input from sensor
13.Scan the switch until it is pressed (low to high pulse at P2.0)
14.When switch is pressed, start counter (Timer 0), make LED1 on & LED2 off.
15.Display MSG3: Counting RPM
16.Wait for 1 sec.
17.Get contents of TL0 copied in Accumulator
18.Stop counter, make LED2 on & LED1 off.
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FLOWCHART
No
Yes
Start
Define interrupt vector
If timer over flows call subroutine OUT
Start Main Pro ram
Make LED1 off & LED2 on
Initialize LCD
Dis la Messa es from MSG0 to MSG2
Make P2.0 & P3.4 as in ut ort
Set Timer-0 as counter in Mode-2
Scan the switch at ort P2.1
Is switch
pressed ?
Start Counter Timer0 A
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Make LED1 on & LED2 off
Wait for 1sec
Co contents of TL0 counter to A
Is A=0?
Make LED1 off & LED2 on
Call subroutine OUT
Convert contents in A in BCD & save.
Multi l each di it b 6
Convert each di it in ASCII format & save.
Dis la MSG5 on LCD line 1
Dis la results saved on LCD line 2
Sto
A
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ASM CODE FOR COUNTING & DISPLAYING RPM
DB0 BIT P1.0 ;Equate DB0 By P1.0
DB1 BIT P1.1 ;Equate DB1 By P1.1DB2 BIT P1.2 ;Equate DB2 By P1.2
DB3 BIT P1.3 ;Equate DB3 By P1.3
DB4 BIT P1.4 ;Equate DB4 By P1.4DB5 BIT P1.5 ;Equate DB5 By P1.5
DB6 BIT P1.6 ;Equate DB6 By P1.6
DB7 BIT P1.7 ;Equate DB7 By P1.7
EN BIT P3.1 ;Equate P3.1By Enable of LCD
RS BIT P3.7 ;Equate RS By P3.7
RW BIT P3.6 ;EquateWrite of LCD By P3.6
DAT EQU P1 ;Equate Port-1 By data I/p of LCD
SW BIT P2.0 ;Equate P2.0 by start button
LED1 BIT P2.1 ;Equate P2.1 by LED1LED2 BIT P2.6 ;Equate P2.6 by LED2
TIM0 BIT P3.4 ;Equate P3.4 by T0(counter input)
ORG0000H ;Start Execution
LJMP MAIN ;Jump to MAIN
ORG000BH ;Timer 0 interrupt vector table
LJMP OUT ;Jump to OUT
RETI
ORG0030H ;Main Program
MAIN:
SETB LED2 ;Make LED2 onCLR LED1 ;Make LED1 off
;Initialize LCDMOV DPTR,#MYCOM
C1: CLRA
MOVC A,@A+DPTR
JZNEXT0
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LCALL COMMAND ;Call command subroutine
INC DPTR
SJMP C1
NEXT0:NOP
MOV DPTR,#MSG0 ;Point DPTR to MSG0
LCALL LCD_MSG ;Write MSG0 to LCD
LCALL DELAY1
LCALL CLEAR_LCD ;Clear LCD
MOV DPTR,#MSG1 ;Point DPTR to MSG1
LCALL LCD_MSG ;Write MSG1 to LCD
LCALL DELAY1
LCALL CLEAR_LCD ;Clear LCD
MOV DPTR,#MSG2 ;Point DPTR to MSG2
LCALL LCD_MSG ;Write MSG2 to LCD
LCALL DELAY1SETB SW ;Make P2.0 as input bit(Switch)
MOV TMOD,#00000110B ;Set Timer 0 as counter in mode 2
SETB TIM0 ;Make TIM0 (P3.4) input port
MOV TH0,#00H
MOV TL0,#00H
SETB EA ;Enable interrupt control
SETB ET0 ;Enable Timer 0 overflow interrupt
START:JB SW,START ;Stay in loop, until switch is pressed(SW=1)
SETB LED1 ;Make LED1 on
CLRLED2 ;Make LED2 off
MOV TL0,#00H ;Load TL0 with 00
SETB TR0 ;Turn on Counter
LCALL CLEAR_LCD ;Clear LCD
MOV DPTR,#MSG3 ;Point DPTR to MSG3
LCALL LCD_MSG ;Write MSG3 to LCD
LCALL DELAY1 ;Wait for 1 sec.
MOV A,TL0 ;Check counter & copy it into Acc.
JNZNEXT5
DISP: CLRLED1 ;Display MSG 6 if A=0
LCALL OUT
CLRTR0 ;Stop counter
SETB LED2 ;
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LCALL DELAY1 ;
NOP ;LCALLDELAY1 ;
NOP ;
LCALL DELAY1 ;Wait for 5 seconds
NOP ;
LCALLDELAY1 ;NOP ;
LCALL DELAY1 ;
NOP ;
LJMP MAIN ;Jump to main again
NEXT5: NOPCLRTR0 ;Stop counter
;Convert Counted result in ASCII Code
MOV B,#010DIV AB
MOV R3,B ;Save least significant digit in R3
MOV B,#010
DIV AB
MOV R2,B ;Save second digit in R2
MOV R1,A ;Save most significant digit in R1
;Multiply by 6 & Store result in R0(MSB), R1(second digit), R2(third digit),--
; --R3(LSB);Multiply LSB by 6MOV A,R3
MOV B,#06
MUL AB
MOV B,#010
DIV AB
MOV R3,B
MOV R4,A
;Multiply Second digit by 6MOV A,R2
MOV B,#06
MUL AB
MOV B,#010
DIV AB
MOV R5,A
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MOV A,B
ADD A,R4
MOV R2,A
CJNE R2,#09,NOT_EQ1
SJMPNEXT
NOT_EQ1:JCNEXT
MOV A,#01
ADD A,R5
MOV R5,A
MOV A,R2
SUBB A,#0AH
MOV R2,A
NEXT:NOP
;Multiply MSB by 6MOV A,R1
MOV B,#06
MUL AB
MOV B,#010
DIV AB
MOV R0,A
MOV A,B
ADD A,R5MOV R1,A
CJNE R1,#09,NOT_EQ2
SJMPNEXT1
NOT_EQ2: JCNEXT1
MOV A,#01
ADD A,R0
MOV R0,A
MOV A,R1
SUBB A,#0AH
MOV R1,A
NEXT1: NOP
MOV A,R3
ADD A,#30H
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COMMAND:
LCALLWAIT_LCD
MOV DAT,A
CLRRS
CLRRW
SETB EN
LCALL DELAYCLREN
RET
WAIT_LCD:
SETB DB7 ; Make P1.7 input port
CLRRS ;Its a command
SETB RW ;Its a read command
;Read Command register and check busy flag
BACK: CLREN
LCALL DELAYSETB EN
JB DB7,BACK
LCALL DELAY
CLREN
CLRRW
RET
WRITE_DATA:
LCALLWAIT_LCD
MOV DAT,A
SETB RS
CLRRW
SETB EN ;Clock out command to LCD
CLREN ;Finish command
RET
LCD_MSG:
CLRA ;Clear Index
MOVC A,@A+DPTR ;Get byte pointed by DPTRJZ LCD_MSG9 ;Return if found the zero (end of string)
LCALLWRITE_DATA ;It was data, write it to LCD
LCALL DELAY ;Give LCD some time
INC DPTR ;Point to the next byte
SJMP LCD_MSG ;Go get next byte from string
LCD_MSG9: RET ;Return to Caller
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CLEAR_LCD:
LCALLWAIT_LCD
MOV DAT,#01H
CLRRS
CLRRW
SETB EN
LCALL DELAYCLREN
RET
DELAY1: ;1 sec. delay subroutineMOV R7,#20
L1: MOV R6,#180
L2: MOV R5,#255
L3: DJNZ R5,L3
DJNZ R6,L2
DJNZ R7,L1
RET
DELAY:MOV R6,#10
D1: MOV R7,#255
D2: DJNZ R7,D2
DJNZ R6,D1
RET
ORG400H
MYCOM: DB 38H, 0EH, 01, 06, 84H, 0 ;Commands & Null
MSG0: DB "RPM Counter", 0 ; data and null
MSG1: DB "TE Electronics", 0 ; data and null
MSG2: DB "Want To Count ", 0 ; data and null
MSG3: DB "Counting RPM", 0 ; data and null
MSG4: DB "Counting Finished", 0 ; data and null
MSG5: DB "RPM of Machine is", 0 ; data and null
MSG6: DB "RPM out of range", 0 ; data and null
END
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APPLICATIONS:
1.In automobiles, trucks, tractors and aircraft:
Tachometers or rev counters on automobiles, aircraft, and other vehicles show
the rate of rotation of the engine's crankshaft, and typically have markings
indicating a safe range of rotation speeds. This can assist the driver in selectingappropriate throttle and gear settings for the driving conditions. Prolonged use at
high speeds may cause inadequate lubrication, overheating (exceeding capability
of the cooling system), exceeding speed capability of sub-parts of the engine (for
example spring retracted valves) thus causing excessive wear or permanent
damage or failure of engines. This is more applicable to manual transmissions than
to automatics. On analogue tachometers, speeds above maximum safe operating
speed are typically indicated by an area of the gauge marked in red, giving rise to
the expression of "redlining" an engine revving the engine up to the maximum
safe limit.2.Hours meters:When used in stationary engines or vehicles where an odometerwould not give
an accurate reading of the vehicle's use (such as in aircraft,boats ortractors),
tachometers frequently incorporate a display showing the total number of hours the
engine has run. Service intervals are given and measured in hours.
3.Traffic Engineering:Tachometers are used to estimate traffic speed and volume (flow). A vehicle
is equipped with the sensor and conducts "tach runs" which record the traffic data.These data are a substitute or complement to loop detectordata. To get statistically
significant results usually requires a fairly high number of runs, and bias is
introduced by the time of day, day of week, and the season. However, because of
the expense, spacing (a lower density of loop detectors diminishes data accuracy),
and relatively low reliability of loop detectors (often 30% or more are out of
service at any give time), tach runs remain a common practice.
4.In trains and light rail vehicles:Speed sensing devices, termed variously "wheel impulse generators" (WIG),
speed probes, or tachometers are used extensively in rail vehicles. Common typesinclude opto-isolatorslotted disk sensors[1]
and Hall effect sensors.
5.In analogue audio recording:In analogue audio recording, a tachometer is a device that measures the speed
ofaudiotape as it passes across the head. On most audio tape recorders the
tachometer (or simply "tach") is a relatively large spindle near the ERP head stack,
isolated from the feed and take-up spindles by tension idlers.
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RESULTSAND CONCLUSION
Thus we successfully implemented CONTACT
LESS DIGITAL TACHOMETER using
microcontrollerP89C51RD2Hxx.
As far as hardware testing is concerned, PCB is
working properly. Each IC is performing the functions
properly.
The assembly language program written for the project is working without errors. RPM are counted
properly & are displayed on the display within the range
given for each as per the specification. The RPM are
counted precisely with resolution of60/1 RPM. The most
accurate measurements are taken when the sensor is
placed at proper distance from the motor shaft.
During actual implementation of the project on the
motor, proper mounting of sensors on the bike is very
important without causing damage to the circuit.
In our testing we discovered how hard it is to design
a tachometer that would be effective for a wide range of
machines with wide range of RPMs.
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Bill OFMaterials
Sr no. Name of Component Quantity Cost PerUnit (Rs)
Total Cost
(Rs)
1. Microcontroller P89C51RD2 1 450 450
2. 16 by 2 LCD 1 120 120
3. IR Receiver 1 25 25
4. IR Transmitter 1 12 12
5. Crystal-11.0592 MHz 1 6 6
6. Push Button 3 5 15
7. IC Regulator-7806, 7805 2 7 148. NE555 1 10
9. Transistor-2N2222 1 3 3
10. LEDs 3 3 9
11. Battery 9Volt 1 25 25
12. Resistors -150 , 220 ,470, 820, 1k,10k.
10 0.20 2
13. 1K Resistor Bank 1 5 514. Capacitors 33pF, 0.1uF,
1uF, 100uF
10 2 20
15. Connectors & wires 1m 4 4
16. IC ZIP 1 45 45
17. PCBs 2 75 150
TOTAL COST 932
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REFRENCES
1.8051 microcontroller - Kenneth Ayala
2.89C51 data book - ATMEL manual
3.8051 microcontroller - Mazidi
4.Magazines - Electronics For You
- Nut & Volts
5.Datasheets - Atmel ,Fairchild
6.Internet
a.www.electronicsforyou.com
b.www.alldatasheets.comc.www.ustr.net
d.www.iplogic.com
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