UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS

Y DE LA EDUCACIÓN

CARRERA DE IDIOMAS

MODULE: GRAMMAR III

ELEMENT 2

Define concepts of the studied

phrases by different essays.

RESULT: List the studied clauses

and use them in role plays

and conversations.

PRODUCT: Write a composition

about your life applying the

five studied clauses.

CONTENTWhat are clauses?

Independent clauses

Dependent or subordinate

clauses

Adjective clauses

Adverb clauses

Noun clauses

What is a clause?

and a verb CLAUSE

A group of words with both a

subject & verb

What’s the difference

between

a phrase & a clause?

PHRASE

a group of words that does not

have both a subject and a verb

CLAUSE

A group of words with both a

subject & verb

The Basics

Phrase : Group of words that does

not have a subject and a verb

Example: My neighbor’s dog

Clause. A Subject + verb …it may or

may not be a sentence

Example: My neighbor’s dog left me

a present.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Independent Clause

Expresses a complete

thought. It can stand alone

as a sentence..

Independent Clause

Expresses a complete thought. It

can stand alone as a sentence.

Doesn’t need anything else to make

sense.

Independent Clauses

Have a subject, predicate (verb),

and makes sense all by itself.

Independent Clause Examples:

1.The doorbell rang.

2. She smiled down on the children.

3.The turkey was hot and juicy.

Independent Clauses can come at

the end or at the beginning of a

sentence.

The girl ran to her room when the

boy called her.

After mother got home, she went to

bed.

Independent Clauses

1.Since the hurricane hit, many people have been

suffering.

2.The clouds gathered quickly, as if it were going

to rain.

3.Although the deer was dead, we picked it up

anyway.

4.Father asked us to sit down, once the speaker

was done.

5.Please be quiet, until Mrs. Slagle is finished.

6.Whether you finish or not, you should always

try your best!

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Dependent Clause

Doesn’t express a complete thought.

It can’t stand alone as a sentence. It

sounds like something else should

follow in order to make sense.**Must have a subject and predicate(verb) otherwise it’s a phrase*

Dependent Clause

Examples:

because the door was open,

when it started raining,

Until your father gets home,

Dependent Clauses can come at

the end or at the beginning of a

sentence.

The girl ran to her room when

the boy called her.

After mother got home, she

went to bed.

Dependent Clauses begin with

Subordinating Conjunctions

After, although, as, as if,

Because, before,

For, if, once,

Since, so, so that, than, that, though, till,

Unless, until,

When, whenever, where, whereas, wherever,

whether, while

Dependent Clauses

Usually have a comma when they are

found in the first part of a sentence.

If found at the end of the sentence, there

will not be any comma.

Dependent Clauses

1.After the car went off the road, it was totaled.

2.She sang a song when it was her turn.

3.Though the weather man said rain, it was sunny.

4.He hugged her although she was wet.

5.Before the dance, she went home.

6.The boys help out if they get to listen to music.

Independent/Dependent Clauses

1.She drove the car so that her brother could walk.

2.Whenever it rains, we get a ride from father.

3.Unless the game is over, we always stay to help.

4.The coach gives us advice so we can win the game.

5.Cole helps his mother whereas James just bugs

her.

6.He closed the window because it was windy.

Independent/Dependent Clauses

1.Sugar water is a solution whereas gravel isn’t.

2.Once the ice melted, the grass turned green.

3.He will sleep till his mother comes home.

4.Wherever there is chocolate, there is candy.

5.Since the melt-down, the skaters haven’t been the

same.

6.His room was clean before his friend came over.

Independent/Dependent Clauses

1.If the dance ends at 11:00, come home after it.

2.Naps are great although teenagers don’t think so.

3.As the moon came out, the sun went down.

4.Reports come out whenever 9 weeks end.

5.She parked the car before he got out.

6.While he danced the waltz, she did the Monkey.

Independent/Dependent Clauses

1.When dad comes home, the house becomes quiet.

Mrs. Bigbee smiles whenever her kids follow the

rules.

3.After the accident, the cattle were wild.

4.The water fountain was broken because of the

handle.

5.Whenever you see a quarter, pick it up.

6.Help one another because it’s the right thing to

do.

Independent/Dependent Clauses

1.They will walk home unless she has detention.

2.The books were late since they were overdue.

3.There’s no way unless your brother goes.

4.While you’re there, pick up another gallon of

milk.

5.So there isn’t any fighting, please buy two.

6.The ground will freeze if it gets cold enough.

Independent/Dependent Clauses

1.If the dance ends at 11:00, come home after it.

2.Naps are great although teenagers don’t think so.

3.As the moon came out, the sun went down.

4.Reports come out whenever 9 weeks end.

5.She parked the car before he got out.

6.While he danced the waltz, she did the Monkey.

The Fearless Princess

A FAIRYTALE

Once upon a time,

there was a prince.

He decided to take a

walk in a dark and

scary forest.

All of a

sudden, a

terrible storm

moved in…

…and the prince got

completely lost.

In the morning, a

terrifying dragon found

the prince. The prince

became very, very

scared.

Suddenly a knight in

armor appeared from

behind a tree and

attacked the dragon.

Now, the terrible

dragon was

afraid and ran

away.

When the prince

walked up to the

knight, the knight

took off his armor

…

… and a

beautiful

princess stood

in front of him.

She was strong

and smart and

sweet …

… and she took

him to her

castle where

they lived

happily ever

after.

An adjective clause is a dependent clause

that describes a noun or pronoun in a main clause.

Adjective clause pronouns (or relative pronouns)

are who, whom, which, and that.

Can you complete these definitions?

An adjective clause is a …

Adjective clause pronouns (or relative

pronouns) are …

An adjective describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. An adjective describes …

Definitions

This is the prince

who got lost.

Here is the knight that

the prince respects.

This is the princess who

saved the prince.

Use who and that to refer to people.

Relative Pronouns 1

The knight holds the sword

which scared the dragon.

The dragon that scared the

prince spits fire.

Use which and that to refer to things.

Relative Pronouns 2

This is the princess that

saved the prince’s life.

The knight holds the sword

that scared the dragon.

That is less formal than who and which.

Relative Pronouns 3

Here is the knight.

He attacked the dragon.

nounadjective clause

describes the noun

subject

Adjective Clauses 1

Here is the knight who attacked the dragon.

Do you see the dragon that scared the prince?

It scared the prince.

noun

adjective clause

describes the noun

subject

Do you see the dragon?

Adjective Clauses 2

The dragon was dangerous.

nounadjective clause

describes the noun

subjectobject

Adjective Clauses 3

The dragon that the knight attacked was very dangerous.

The knight attacked the dragon.

The prince was scared.

The princess saved him.

noun

adjective clause

describes the noun

subjectobject

Adjective Clauses 4

The prince whom the princess saved was scared.

Who and

what

are these

fairytale

figures and

items?

Form sentences with

adjective clauses.

1

2 3

4

5

Practice 1

The princess whose castle they lived in was powerful.

The princess was powerful.

They lived in her castle.

noun

Use whose to replace a possessive adjective.

An adjective clause with whose can modify

people.

Using Whose 1

Its appearance terrified the prince.

The dragon whose appearance terrified the prince ran away.

The dragon ran away.

noun

An adjective clause with whose can also

modify things.

Using Whose 2

1. The dragon is dangerous. His fire

and smoke scare everyone.

2. The storm is frightening. The prince is

walking through the storm.

3. The princess is fearless. The prince

escapes with her.

The storm, through which the prince is

walking, is frightening.

The princess, with whom the prince

escapes, is fearless.

The dragon, whose fire and smoke

scare everyone, is dangerous.

Combine the sentences below.

Change the second sentence to

an adjective clause.

Practice 2

The Adverb Clause

How?

Where?

When?

Why?

•To what

extent?

•Under what

condition?

Where can you find an

adverb?

Adverbs modify:

VERBS, ADJECTIVES, and

other ADVERBS

Therefore you can find

them: Nearly anywhere in the sentence…

However, they are usually near the verb, adjective or adverb they modify (but not always)

Examples:

He can run fast. (tells: how he can run)

She really likes soccer. (tells: to what extent, she likes…)

More Examples:

They can swim really quickly. (modifies the adverb quickly. It answers – How quickly?)

He is not enjoying this activity. (Just remember the word not is always an adverb.)

She is always late for class. (The words always, never, sometimes, rarely, etc.

are also adverbs)

Adverbs answer where…

Your book is here.

Your pencil is there.

The birds are flying high.

The plane is flying by.

Adverbs answer when…

He came home late.

She woke early.

They are performing now.

She will do her homework later.

Unlike an adverb or an adverb

phrase, an adverb clause has a

subject and a verb

ADVERB: They will leave soon.

ADVERB PHRASE: They will leave (in a few minutes).

ADVERB CLAUSE: They will leave when they are

ready.S V

Definition…An adverb clause is a

subordinate (dependent clause) that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

Like an adverb an adverb clausetells where, when, how, why, to what extent or under what condition.

Adverb Clauses can also be found nearly anywhere in the

sentence……beginning, middle or end…

EXAMPLES:

You may sit wherever you wish.

(modifies the verb sit and tells where)

When spring sets in, many students go crazy.

(modifies the verb go and tells when)

Sammy and Alexandra look as though they have some exciting news for us.

(modifies the verb look, telling how S. and A. look)

More examples…

Happy because she made an A, Maia hurried to phone her mom.

(modifies the adjective Happy, telling why Maia was happy.)

Will can climb higher than I can.(modifies the adverb higher, telling to what extent or

how much higher Will can climb)

If it does not rain tomorrow, we will go to the beach for class.(modifies the verb will go, telling under what condition

we will go to the beach.)

COMMA RULES…When an adverb clause begins a

sentence, it is followed by a

comma.

Subordinating Conjunctions:

An adverb clause is introduced by a subordinating conjunction—a word that shows the relationshipbetween the adverb clauseand the word or words that the clause modifies.

Common Subordinating

Conjunctions:

after as though since when

although because so that whenever

as before than where

as if how though wherever

as long as if unless whether

as soon as in order that until while

NOTE!

The words after, as, before, since, and until are also commonly used as prepositions.

Example:PREPOSITION:(After lunch) we’ll finish building the

rocket.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:After you wash the dishes, you can

make the bed.

SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT)

CLAUSES:

Adjective Clause Adverb Clause Noun

Clause

Relative Subordinating

Pronoun Conjunction

Noun Clause

A noun clause has a subject and verb. It is used as

the subject or object in a sentence.

A noun clause is a dependent clause that works like

a noun. You can find it as a subject or object.

I read what she wrote.

What she wrote is interesting.

noun clause

noun clause

Noun Clauses Beginning with Question WordsWh- clauses begin with words like who, what, how, whenever,

which, etc.

I need to explain what a noun clause is.

I don't know where Mary lives.

Tell me how old she is.

First, you need to explain what a noun clause is.

What is a noun clause?

Where does Mary live?

How old is she?

noun clause

questions

Questions

What do you do in class?

Where does he work?

What should I do?

Who are they?

What happened?

Noun Clauses

What we do in class is easy.

Where he works is a secret.

I don’t know what you should do.

Mary knows who they are.

She knows what happened.

Noun Clauses Beginning with

Whether or If

When a Yes/No question is changed to a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the noun clause.

I don't know whether you have studied noun clauses before.

I don't know if you have studied noun clauses before.

I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.

I wonder if it will rain tomorrow or not.

I wonder whether or not Mary went to work yesterday.

I wonder whether Mary went to work yesterday or not.

Whether he invites her or not is important.

Question Words Followed by Infinitive

Question words (when, where, how, who, whom, whose, what, which) and whether may be followed by an infinitive.

My mother told me where to go.

My mother told me where I should go.

He can’t decide whether to accept the offer or not.

He can’t decide whether he should accept the offer or not.

Please tell me how to operate this machine.

Please tell me how I could operate this machine.

Noun Clauses Beginning with That

I think that the war will end soon. object of the verb

think

I think the war will end soon.

I know (that) he will be successful.

Teachers claim that grammar is fun.

That Mary studied very hard was obvious to John.

(That Mary studied very hard) is the subject of the sentence.

That pollution affects the quality of our lives is obvious.

It is obvious that pollution affects the quality of our lives.

That he is still alive is a miracle.

It is a miracle that he is still alive.

Noun Clauses Beginning with That I think that the war will end soon. object of the verb think

I think the war will end soon.

I know (that) he will be successful.

Teachers claim that grammar is fun.

That Mary studied very hard was obvious to John.

(That Mary studied very hard) is the subject of the sentence.

That smoking is an unhealthy habit is a known fact.

It is a known fact that smoking is an unhealthy habit.

It is a miracle that he is still alive.