Classifying Sentences by Type

Types of SentencesTypes of Sentences and Their PunctuationDeclarative: a statement. “Aged Irish white cheddar just might be my favorite kind of cheese.”Interrogative: a question. “What is the stinkiest cheese you’ve ever tasted?”Imperative: a command. “Don’t eat the Limburger.” (or !)Exclamatory: a strong statement or exclamation. “It’s too strong to stomach!”

PunctuationWhen to usePeriods:

● Declarative sentences● Imperative sentences (often)● Indirect questions

o I asked her how her day went.

Question Marks:● Interrogative sentences

Exclamation points:● Exclamatory sentences● Strong interjections

o Huzzah!; Wowzers!● (Don’t overuse the exclamation point.)

Exercise # 19, pg. 64 - Holt Handbook

Commas

Commas in Series:● Series of three or more items

“Please get bread, eggs, and kitty litter from the grocery store.”● After the words first, second, etc. when introducing items in a series

“When eating with chopsticks, first, break apart the sticks; second, put down the sticks; and third, pick up your fork and eat.”

● Between adjectives of equal rank that modify the same noun“It was a tall, big-headed humanoid.” (use the “and” test)

Commas with Introductory Elements:● After introductory word or mild interjection

“Uh, how many fingers am I holding up?”● After introductory phrases or clauses

“To win at chess, be smart.”“While doing the dishes, my mother turned into a vampire.”

Write down the following sentences, adding commas where necessary.

1. I have seen his picture in magazines on television and in movies.2. Running in place doing sit-ups and lifting weights are healthy

activities.3. When she noticed the time Marie realized she would be late.4. Before you leave give us your address and telephone number.5. Did you read about Macomber's short happy life?

Commas with Interrupters:● Set off words that interrupt the flow of thought in a sentence

“He, nevertheless, ate my pie when he thought I wasn’t looking.”● Set off nouns of direct address

“What are you doing for dinner, Mr. Tickle?”● Set off nonessential appositives and clauses

“Sherlock Holmes, the greatest detective in the world, is handling my case.”

“Her story, which was a blatant fabrication, made me boil.”

Commas to Avoid Confusion:● Use a comma whenever readers might misinterpret a sentence without it.

“Let’s eat grandma!”“Let's eat, grandma!”

Write down the following sentences, adding commas where necessary.

1. Javier who served the salad did not notice the caterpillar nibbling a

lettuce leaf.

2. My essay to be perfectly honest flew out of the bus window while I was riding to school.

3. Please take those smelly socks to the garage Kris and put them in the washing machine.

Commas in Letters, Place Names, Dates:● After the salutation of a personal letter

Dear Mother,● Set off a year number following a date

“On April 28, 2017, it will be Arbor Day.”● Set off the name of state/country following the name of city/town

Los Angeles, CA Rexburg, ID● After each part of an address (NOT before the zip code)

Madison Jr. High School, 123 Madison Ave., Rexburg, ID 83440● After the closing of a letter

Sincerely,

Commas with Quotations:● Use a comma to separate direct quotations from narrative elements. Commas

come after narration and before closing quotation marks.

The teacher said, “Please write this down because it will be on the test.”“Yay! We love notes,” remarked the students sarcastically.

Commas in Compound Sentences: ● Use a comma to separate independent clauses joined by a conjunction in

a compound sentence. (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)●

“My grandmother refuses to go to bed early,and I'm afraid she's going to catch a bad cold.”

Complete Exercise Review A pg. 291 #1-8 in the Holt Handbook

Exercise Review A pg. 291 #1-8 in the Holt Handbook

1. She says tae kwon do a Korean martial art improves concentration

2. Well that’s the last time that I’ll ever ride in one of those taxies

3. Is the car addressed to Robert Danieli, Jr., or Robert Danieli

4. The batter hoping to advance the runners laid down a perfect bunt

5. Use light colors by the way to make a small room seem larger

6. We used to live in Lansing but now we live at 457 Cleveland Road

Huntsville Alabama

7. Did you ask Joe to bring the forks plates and cups to the picnic

8. What an interesting enjoyable book that is

Semicolons

Semicolons:● To join parts of a compound sentence if no coordinating conjunction

(FANBOYS) is used and sentences are similar in nature. “Let me go see the crash site; I will only be gone a minute.”

● Use a semicolon before such words and terms as namely, however, therefore, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., for instance, etc., when they introduce a complete sentence.

“I came to the place it touched down and found the scorched crater; however, nothing lay within the earth.”

● To separate parts of a series that already use commas“The conference has people who have come from Moscow, Idaho;

Springfield, California; Alamo, Tennessee; and other places as well.”

DIRECTIONS: Write down the following sentences, adding semicolons where necessary.

1. Dad is going bald his hair is getting thinner and thinner.

2. I had a huge meal however, I am already hungry again.

3. I really like beef, with mushroom sauce pasta, with Alfredo sauce and salad, with French dressing.

4. Michelle drives a Jaguar Sonya drives a Porsche.

5. We had students from Lima, Peru Santiago, Chile and Caracas, Venezuela.

DIRECTIONS: Write down the following sentences, adding semicolons where necessary.

1. The artist preferred to paint in oils he did not like watercolors.

2. The house was clean, the table set, and the porch light on everything

was ready for the guests' arrival.

3. I had to complete the assignment by Friday otherwise, I would have

failed the course.

4. The air was beautifully clear it was a lovely day.

5. He's taking algebra, which he's good at biology, his least favorite

subject and drama for fun.

Colons

1. To introduce a list of items. (Never use a colon after a verb or preposition.)

o I sent them the following information: dimensions of the crater, temperature readings, and time of arrival.

2. Between two independent clauses when the second explains or summarizes the first

o All of a sudden I got a sinking feeling in my gut: It felt as though a menacing presence was in the room with me.

3. To introduce a long or formal quotationo A raspy voice eked out a greeting and a warning: “Insert long quote here.”

4.For times of dayo 3:30 A.M.

5. References to some holy bookso On the way I studied Ezekiel 1:4-21.

Complete Exercise 3 on pg.

305 # 1-10

Quotation Marks

● At the beginning and end of a direct quotationo Vader said, “No, I am your father.”

● Single quotation marks around a quotation within a quotationo “The Great Jabba said, ‘You will be thrown into the Pit of Carkoon,’” C3PO

translated.● Around quotations, but not around narrative elements that divide the

quotationo “Once you start down the dark path,” Yoda warned, “forever will it dominate

your destiny.”● If the second part of a divided quotation is a new sentence, use a capital

letter.o “Look at me,” Yoda commanded. “Judge me by my size, do you?”

After question marks or exclamation points IF the punctuation is part of the quotation

o “I’ll never join you!”o Are you familiar with the piece “The Imperial March”?

Before colons or semicolonso One of the most commonly misquoted movie lines is “Luke, I am your

father”: The real line is “No, I am your father.”

Complete the assignment given to you and keep it in your journal. (Review A, pg. 319 # 1-4)

1. Race car driver Janet Guthrie, said Chet, reading from his notes, is a trained physicist who has spent many years working at an aircraft corporation.

2. Who shot that ball, Coach Larsen wanted to know.

I did, came the reply from the small, frail-looking player.

Good shot, said the coach, but always remember to follow your shot to the basket.

I tried, but I was screened, the player explained.

3. The Brownsville Beacon, the editorial began, will never support a candidate who tells the taxpayers, Vote for me, and I will cut taxes. The reason is simple. Taxes, just like everything else in this inflationary society, must increase. Any candidate who thinks otherwise is either a fool or a liar.

4. In the interview, the candidate said, I am a very hospitable person.

Yes, her husband agreed, Ralph Waldo Emerson must have been thinking of you when he said, Happy is the house that shelters a friend.

Hyphens

1. Generally, hyphenate two or more words when they come before a noun they modify and act as a single idea. This is called a compound adjective.

“I was so lucky because I got to live in an off-campus apartment.”

“They had a long-term relationship.”

Exception: The adverb “very” and adverbs ending in “ly” are not hyphenated.

“He owns a very elegant watch.”

“He owns a finely tuned watch.”

2. Hyphenate all compound numbers from twenty-one through ninety-nine.

“My brother turned thirty-nine yesterday.”

Complete Ex. 2 # 1-10 on page

346.

Apostrophes

● To form the possessive forms of nouns and indefinite pronouns

▪ writer’s block, Moses’ staff, anyone’s game, boys’ room● With an ‘s’ to form the plural of a letter, a numeral, or a

word referred to as a word▪ ABC’s, five 6’s, your p’s and q’s

● To show omission of numerals in a date or letters in a contraction

▪ “I wasn’t working in the summer of ’85.”

1. Whos the partys candidate for vice president this year?2. The fox had its right foreleg caught securely in the traps jaws.3. Our neighbors car is an old Chrysler, and its just about to fall apart.4. The dogs bark was far worse than its bite.5. The moons rays shone feebly on the path, and I heard the insects

chirpings and whistlings.6. Theyre not afraid to go ahead with the plans, though the choice is not

theirs.7. The man whose face was tan said that he had spent his two weeks

vacation in the mountains.8. I found myself constantly putting two cs in the word process.9. Johns 69 Ford is his proudest possession.

10. She did not hear her childrens cries

1. Its such a beautiful day that Ive decided to take a sun bath.2. The mens department is on the second floor of the mall.3. Many 80s and 90s were scored on the test. 4. Im always happy when the students I tutor make As. 5. The plants leaves were all yellow and brown. 6. The students paper used many &s instead of the actual word and.7. I wish Johns grades were better. 8. My typewriter key always sticks. It wont type any gs9. Lisas and Eddies cat was very shy.

10. My first car was a 94 Pontiac Grand Am.

Major and Minor Works

MAJOR WORKS: a work that stands on it’s own. (Italicized or Underlined)

Book or Novel: The Scarlet Letter Academic Journal: Shakespeare QuarterlyNewspaper: New York Times Magazine: PeopleMovie: Star Wars TV show: Star Trek

MINOR WORKS: A short piece or a title found inside a publication. (Quotation Marks)

Short Story: “The Necklace”Book Chapter: “The Potions Master” from Ch. 8 of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s StoneNewspaper Article: “Rise in Aid to Education Is Proposed”Essay: “The Fiction of Langston Hughes”Regular Poem: “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”TV Show Episode: “Band Geeks” from Episode 15 of Season 2 of Spongebob Squarepants

Major or Minor Work -Write down whether the work is minor or major and give the correct punctuation.

1. The Gift of the Magi (a short story)2. The Most Dangerous Game3. The Call of the Wild4. Paper Airplane (an episode from the t.v. show The Office)5. National Geographic6. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone7. The Scarlet Ibis8. The Road Not Taken (a poem by Robert Frost)9. The Standard Journal

10. Romeo and Juliet

Stem Words and Their Meanings

Below is a list of 10 stem words that you need to know. Please write them down and their meanings.

re- again sur- over

ex- out crat- rule

in- in/not demo- people

de- down loco- place

photo- light cred- believe