classification · classification vocabulary taxonomy – the science of naming and classifying...
TRANSCRIPT
CLASSIFICATION
Who am I most closely related to????
WHAT IS CLASSIFICATION?
The word “classify” means to arrange or group
things based on shared characteristics or
qualities.
What are some things that are classified in
everyday life?
WHY DO WE CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS?
For order and organization:
There are close to 2 million known species on Earth.
The estimated number of species on Earth is
between 5 million and 30 million.
Classifying helps us understand the
evolutionary relationships among living things.
Classification improves communication
between scientists.
CLASSIFICATION VOCABULARY
Taxonomy – the science of naming and
classifying living things based on criteria, such
as appearance.
Systematics – the science of naming and
grouping organisms by their evolutionary
relationships.
Phylogeny – the study of evolutionary
relationships among organisms.
ARISTOTLE – EARLY CLASSIFICATION
Greek philosopher made the first groupings
Often referred to as the “Father of Biology”
2 main groups
Plants
Animals
ARISTOTLE’S PLANTS
Plants were grouped by
stem type.
Tree
Shrub
Herb
This was okay to a
degree because it was
based on structure.
ARISTOTLE’S ANIMALS
Animals were grouped by where they lived
Land
Water
Air
This was a problem because unrelated animals
were placed in the same group.
Ultimately, Aristotle’s system was inconsistent!
Is Closely Related To
?????
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – MODERN CLASSIFICATION
Swedish botanist who developed our current
naming system in the 1730’s.
Known as the “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
Binomial Nomenclature!
Two-part naming system
“bi” – two
“nomo” – name
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Each organism has a 2-part name, written in Latin, known as their scientific name.
Latin was used because it was the language of scholars at the time of Linnaeus. First part
Genus name
Always Capitalized
Second part Species name
Always lower case
Scientific names need to be underlined or italicized
Homo sapiens
Homo Sapiens
homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
SCIENTIFIC NAMES
Ursus martimus
GENUS: IDENTIFIES A GROUP
OF CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES
THE SECOND PART IS SPECIFIC TO THE
SPECIES AND OFTEN DESCRIBES THE
ORGANISMS HABITAT OR OTHER
IMPORTANT TRAIT
(martimus MEANS SEA)
QUESTION????
Which of these three are most similar/related?
Mentha rotundifolia
Bacopa rotundifolia
Mentha alopecuroides
*rotundifolia just refers to round leaves
• unrelated species could both have
round leaves
• you need to look at the genus
COMMON VS SCIENTIFIC
Common names are used in everyday
conversation about organisms.
There can be many common names, but only
one scientific name!
What is this?
Puma concolor
Note: concolor means “with one color”
MAJOR GROUPS
Devised by Linnaeus, but have since been modified.
Linnaeus arranged groups by structural similarities.
Now we look at genetic (biochemical) similarities as well.
MAJOR GROUPS
Eight Levels - Largest to Smallest Each level is called a taxon (plural – taxa)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Dirty Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools
MAJOR GROUP INFO…
“Domain” is the most general
“Species” is the most specific, but needs to be used with the genus part of their name to have any real meaning.
A “species” of organism is identified by its full scientific name (genus and species).
Species: organisms that reproduce in nature and produce fertile offspring by mating with another of the same species.
Horse + Donkey = Mule (infertile) so horses and donkeys can NOT belong to the same species
RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN GROUPS
Organisms in the same group share certain characteristics.
The more specific the group, the more the organisms in that group will have in common.
Phylum Chordata
RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN GROUPS
Class Aves
Order Passeriformes