CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATIONOF LIVING THINGS OF LIVING THINGS

CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2

Bell Ringer Bell Ringer 9/4/149/4/14

Think about different ways you Think about different ways you classify things. List four groups classify things. List four groups of things that humans classify, of things that humans classify, such as library books. What such as library books. What happens when you put happens when you put something in the wrong group? something in the wrong group? Can objects or ideas belong in Can objects or ideas belong in more than one group? more than one group?

Objectives:Objectives:SPI 0807.5.1SPI 0807.5.1

Explain why and how organisms Explain why and how organisms are classified.are classified.

List the eight levels of List the eight levels of classification.classification.

Explain scientific names.Explain scientific names.

Describe how dichotomous keys Describe how dichotomous keys help in identifying organisms. help in identifying organisms.

Classification

means organizing means organizing living things into living things into groups based on groups based on their similarities. their similarities.

Why Classify? Why Classify?

ThThe classification of living things e classification of living things makes it easier for biologist to makes it easier for biologist to answer important questions such as:answer important questions such as:

1. How many known species there 1. How many known species there are?are?

2. What are the defining 2. What are the defining characteristics?characteristics?

3. What are the relationships 3. What are the relationships between these species? between these species?

Early Classification Early Classification systemssystems

• Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved

Scientists Scientists classifyclassify

livingliving and and extinctextinct organisms to make organisms to make

them easier to them easier to study. study.

Organisms are Organisms are classified byclassified by

shared shared characteristicscharacteristics and and their relationships their relationships between one another. between one another.

The The levelslevels of of classification go classification go from very from very generalgeneral to very to very specific.specific.

TheThe 88 levels: levels: (pneumonic (pneumonic device)device)

Domain..................................DidDomain..................................Did

Kingdom...............................KingKingdom...............................King

Phylum..................................PhilipPhylum..................................Philip

Class.......................................Come Class.......................................Come

Order......................................OverOrder......................................Over

Family.....................................ForFamily.....................................For

Genus.....................................GrapeGenus.....................................Grape

Species....................................SodaSpecies....................................Soda

The science of The science of classifying classifying organisms is organisms is called called taxonomy.taxonomy.

Taxonomy was founded Taxonomy was founded by by LinnaeusLinnaeus in the in the

1700s.1700s.

He classified things He classified things only by their only by their sharedshared

characteristics. characteristics.

Modern Modern Taxonomists& Taxonomists& ResearchersResearchers

Recently found, buried Antarctic lake teems with new life. Microbes living a lake deep under ice. Biologists found these new living cells that have been living in the lake’s pitch-black water at a frigid temperature of 0.49 degrees Celsius (31.1 degree Fahrenheit).

Look at evolutionary relationships between animals

AA branching branching diagramdiagram cancan show relationships show relationships between organisms. between organisms.

Organisms that are more Organisms that are more closely closely relatedrelated are closer are closer together on the branching together on the branching diagram. diagram.

Branching diagramsBranching diagrams

Listen carefully. You will be practicing this in groups next.

When living things are When living things are classified, they get a classified, they get a scientificscientific namename. .

The scientific name is the The scientific name is the same anywhere in the same anywhere in the world. world.

The 4 Rules to The 4 Rules to writing a Scientific writing a Scientific

Name: Name: 1. Scientific names are usually1. Scientific names are usually Latin Latin or or GreekGreek..

2. The scientific name is always the 2. The scientific name is always the genusgenus and and speciesspecies name together. name together.

3. The 3. The genusgenus is always written first and is always written first and capitalized. The capitalized. The speciesspecies is second and is always is second and is always lower case.lower case.

4. The scientific name is always 4. The scientific name is always italicizeditalicized or or underlinedunderlined. .

Example: Felis domesticusExample: Felis domesticus

LionLion TigerTigerKingdomKingdomAnimaliaAnimalia Animalia Animalia

PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata Chordata Chordata

ClassClass MammaliaMammalia Mammalia Mammalia

OrderOrder CarnivoraCarnivora Carnivora Carnivora

FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae Felidae Felidae

GenusGenus PantheraPanthera Panthera Panthera

SpeciesSpecies leoleo tigris tigris

With your elbow partner decide what is the same about the lion and tiger? What is different?

Domains and Domains and KingdomsKingdoms

Bacteria are Bacteria are prokaryoticprokaryotic, , meaning they do NOT meaning they do NOT have a nuclei. have a nuclei.

All other living things are All other living things are eukaryoticeukaryotic and have and have nuclei. nuclei.

Scientists use Scientists use 33 Domains:Domains:

ArchaeaArchaea

BacteriaBacteria

EukaryaEukarya

Prokaryotes (no nucleus, single-celled organism)

Eukaryotes (have nucleus)

Scientists use Scientists use 66 Kingdoms:Kingdoms:

1. Archaebacteria1. Archaebacteria

2. Eubacteria2. Eubacteria

3. Protista3. Protista

4. Plantae4. Plantae

5. Fungi5. Fungi

6. Animalia6. Animalia

Domain: ArchaeaDomain: ArchaeaKingdom: Kingdom:

Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Live in extreme environments (very hot Live in extreme environments (very hot

or cold). They have been on earth for or cold). They have been on earth for about 3 billion years. about 3 billion years.

Domain: BacteriaDomain: BacteriaKingdom: EubacteriaKingdom: Eubacteria

Most bacteria live in Kingdom Most bacteria live in Kingdom Eubacteria. They live in many Eubacteria. They live in many place all over earth and even place all over earth and even inside other organisms. inside other organisms.

E. Coli lives in the intestines of animals and decomposeundigested food.

Domain: EukaryaDomain: EukaryaKingdom: ProtistaKingdom: Protista

Consists of unicellular and simple Consists of unicellular and simple multicellular organisms. Protista multicellular organisms. Protista includes organisms that are not plants, includes organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi.animals, or fungi.

ParameciumZooflagellates

Domain: EukaryaDomain: EukaryaKingdom: PlantaeKingdom: Plantae

Plants are usually green and make Plants are usually green and make food by photosynthesis. They are food by photosynthesis. They are complex, multicellular organisms.complex, multicellular organisms.

In this kingdom, live the oldest In this kingdom, live the oldest unitary organisms in the world... unitary organisms in the world...

BRISTLECONE PINEBRISTLECONE PINE

Known to surpass 5,000 years in age.

GIANTGIANTSEQUOIASEQUOIA

This tree is no longer This tree is no longer considered the considered the

longest living tree, longest living tree, but may someday but may someday because they live because they live

forever. Only dying forever. Only dying when an external when an external

physical event kills physical event kills the, e.g. fire or the, e.g. fire or

erosionerosion..Oldest sequoia tree today 3,300 years of age and it’s the largest memberof Plantae

Domain: Eukarya Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: FungiKingdom: Fungi

They absorb food They absorb food from their from their surroundings. Fungi surroundings. Fungi are usually are usually multicellular (except multicellular (except yeast). yeast).

Domain: EukaryaDomain: EukaryaKingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia

Most move around and have nervous Most move around and have nervous systems. Animals are complex & systems. Animals are complex & multicellular.multicellular.

Talking Turtles!Talking Turtles!

Scientists study Scientists study “talking” turtles in “talking” turtles in Brazilian Amazon. Brazilian Amazon.

""These distinctive sounds made by These distinctive sounds made by turtles give us unique insights into turtles give us unique insights into their behavior, although we don't their behavior, although we don't know what the sounds mean," said know what the sounds mean," said Dr. Camila Ferrara, Aquatic Turtle Dr. Camila Ferrara, Aquatic Turtle Specialist for the WCS Brazil Specialist for the WCS Brazil Program. "The social behaviors of Program. "The social behaviors of these reptiles are much more these reptiles are much more complex than previously thought.”complex than previously thought.”

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-08/wcs-ss081414.php08/wcs-ss081414.php

Giant South American river turtle. The turtle is the largest member of the side-necked turtle family and grows up to nearly three feet in length.

EXIT TICKETEXIT TICKET

Which domain has Which domain has prokaryotic organisms? prokaryotic organisms?

Which domain has Which domain has eukaryotic organisms? eukaryotic organisms?