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Classification of Living Things

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Entrance question List at least five thing humans classify.

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What if no one knew who or what you were? What if you did not have a name?

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What are some ways you are classified? Gender Age Social security number Income State/ are of residence Profession

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Connection to the past In early ancient Greece a philosopher started the thinking of classifying organisms based on characteristics. It was once thought that there were only two kingdoms: Plants and animals.

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Lets watch brain pop. http://www.brai npop.com/scie nce/diversityofl ife/classificatio n/ http://www.brai npop.com/scie nce/diversityofl ife/classificatio n/

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Linnaeus His two prime contributions were: A. Establish conventions for the naming of living organisms using binomial nomenclature (the genus name followed by the species name) B. Developing an hierarchical system for classification of organisms. Linnaeus' conventions would become universally accepted in the scientific world.

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Carolus Linnaeus A Swedish scientist that founded the science of taxonomy.

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Taxonomy Is the science of naming and classifying organisms.

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Why do scientists classify living things?

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To make it easier to organize, find, and share information and eliminate confusion. Without this naming system if I told you to pet Felis domesticus, if you picked the wrong one you could be injured.

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Classification The division of organisms into groups, or classes, based on their characteristics.

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Classifying The more levels shared, the more organisms have in common. As you move down, there are fewer kinds of organisms in each group, but organism look similar and have more in common with one another.

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Scientists around the world use the system of binomial nomenclature to identify all living organism. This system assigns the Latin words as the scientific name.

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Scientific name The system that assigns the Latin words genus (capitalized) and species (lowercase)

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Cont The first part of an organisms scientific name is Genus and the second part is Species. Together these two names identify one kinds of organism. House Cat genus: Felis Species: domesticus

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HumanHomo sapien African ElephantLoxdonta africana Mountain lionFelis concolor

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Binomial nomenclature the system of assigning two- part Latin or Latinized scientific names to plants, animals, and microorganisms, with the first word denoting the genus and the second the species.

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Kingdom classification

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http://www.brainpop.com/science/ diversityoflife/sixkingdoms/

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For a long time, all life on Earth was divided into five kingdoms. Now many scientists say there are six kingdoms. They have divided the first kingdom into two separate groups.

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Each kingdom is divided into many phyla. Phyla are divided into classes. Classes are divided into orders. Orders are divided in families. Families are divided into genera Genera are divided into species. These divisions are based on characteristics. Lets look at these groups.

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Levels of Classification( know this in order) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

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Make a sentence to help you remember the groups in order. K-king P-Phillip C-came O-over F-for G-great S-spaghetti

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Kingdom Largest group or level of classification Organized according to certain traits

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The Six Kingdoms

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Archaebacteria( ancient ) Has one cell/prokaryotic Has no nucleus Makes its own food/autotroph They do not have cell walls The term archae means ancient Some move from place to place Lives in extreme environments (hot, cold, salty and acidic)

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Autotroph able to manufacture nutrients: describes organisms, especially green plants, that are capable of making nutrients from inorganic materials.

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Types of archeabacteria Methanogens- Produce methane and die if exposed to oxygen. Halophiles- live in very salty lakes and ponds. Thermophiles- live in extreme heat or cold.

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A boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. The orange-red coloration is caused by dense colonies of photosynthetic cyanobacteria Halophiles/thermophiles

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Eubacteria (true) Has one cell/prokaryotic Has no nucleus Makes or obtains own food(can be considered heterotrophic or autotrophic) Live in neutral conditions Some move from place to place Contains all prokaryotic cells except archaebacteria Known as decomposers They may be helpful or harmful

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Heterotroph getting nutrients through food digestion: obtaining nourishment by digesting plant or animal matter, as animals do, as opposed to photosynthesizing food, as plants do

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E. coli

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Exit question How do scientists classify organisms?

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Entrance question What do scientist use to name organisms?

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Protista Kingdom Mostly one-celled eukaryotic organisms Makes or obtains own food Classified by the way they obtain energy Some move from place to place

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Protozoa

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Paramecium/uses cilia for movement

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Cilia microscopic hairlike process extending from the surface of a cell or unicellular organism.

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Contractile vacuole membrane-bound organelle found in certain protists that periodically expands, filling with water, and then contracts, expelling its contents to the cell exterior.

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Euglena/uses flagella for movement

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Flagella A long, threadlike appendage, especially a whip-like extension of certain cells or unicellular organisms that functions as an organ of locomotion.

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Amoeba/uses pseudopods for movement

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Pseudopods A temporary foot-like extension of a one-celled organism used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food.

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Protists The three groups of protists are: Fungus like Plant-like Animal-like

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Algae

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Fungi They are eukaryotic heterotrophs that can act as decomposers. The kingdom includes mushrooms, mold, and yeasts. All fungi except yeast are multicellular. Fungi obtain energy by absorbing materials. Fungi have no chloroplasts, but do have cell walls.

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Fungus Kingdom Has one or many cells Has a nucleus/eukaryotic Absorbs food/heterotroph Cannot move from place to place sessile Do not have chloroplasts or cell walls Reproduce by spores

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Spore asexual reproductive structure: a small, usually one- celled reproductive structure produced by seedless plants, algae, fungi, and some protozoans that is capable of developing into a new organism.

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Spores

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Examples of fungi are mushrooms, molds and yeast.

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It is used in Hindu rituals this mushroom could cause hallucinations. Liberty cap grown in the UK

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Slime mold

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Mold Molds

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Yeast small single-celled fungus: a small single-celled fungus that ferments sugars and other carbohydrates and reproduces by budding. Genus Saccharomyces.

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Plant Kingdom Has many cells/multicellular Has a nucleus/eukaryotic Makes its own food using chloroplasts /autotrophic Has a cell wall made of cellulose Cannot move from place to place/sessile

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Cellulose A stringy, fibrous substance that forms the main material in the cell walls of plants.cell walls

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Plant kingdom Plants are multicellular eukaryotic organisms that primarily produce their own food through photosynthesis. Lets look at how they obtain their food and energy.

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Autotroph able to manufacture nutrients: describes organisms, especially green plants, that are capable of making nutrients from inorganic materials.

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Photosynthesis carbohydrate production using light and chlorophyll: a process by which green plants and other organisms turn carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen, using light energy trapped by chlorophyll.

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Producers organism that makes its food: an organism that manufactures its own food from simple inorganic substances, e.g. a green plant They are plants.

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Animal Kingdom Has many cells/multicellular Has a nucleus/eukaryotic Does not make own food/heterotrophic Moves from place to place/highly mobile Has a advance nervous system to respond to the environment Reproduce sexually or asexually Interdependent on other organisms/consumers

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Consumers organism that feeds on others: include herbivorous and carnivorous animals, which feed on plants and other animals respectively, and also organisms such as worms, fungi, and bacteria, which feed on nonliving organic material.

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Heterotroph getting nutrients through food digestion: obtaining nourishment by digesting plant or animal matter, as animals do, as opposed to photosynthesizing food, as plants do

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Summary Classifying organisms helps in three ways. 1. Allows scientists to keep track of organisms 2. Helps people communicate by using one naming system 3. helps to organize information for further study.

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Exit question Name the 6 kingdoms.