classification of biochemical operations
TRANSCRIPT
Classification of Biochemical Operationstreatment system
illustrating the role of the biochemical
operations. SOM = Soluble Organic Matter; IOM =
Insoluble Organic Matter; SIM = Soluble Inorganic
Matter; IIM = Insoluble Inorganic Matter.
SOM = soluble organic matter IOM = insoluble organic matter SIM= soluble inorganic matter IIM = insoluble inorganic matter
1. Biochemical Transformations
oxidations
reductions
ti o
ti o
Energy source
sunlight photo-
Obligately Aerobic
Facultatively Anaerobic
Obligately Anaerobic
Classification by shape
Foaming due to filamentous bacteria
Classifying bacteria based on function
Classifying bacteria based on temperature
• Sulfate-reducer • Iron-oxidizer • Perchlorate-reducer • Manganese-oxidizer
• Psychrophilic • Mesophilic • Thermophilic • Hyperthermophilic
Aggregation and Bioflocculation
SRT range (days) Character of solids
0.25-2 Predominantly dispersed growth (planktonic cells)
2-9 Well formed average size floc of low to medium density
9-12 Pinpoint floc and irregularly shaped floc particles of low density that looked as though they had broken loose from larger floc particles (deflocculated)
SRT and Cell Aggregation
Anaerobic/Anoxic/ Aerobic
Anaerobic Food Web
Acetate H2 + CO2
CH4 + CO2 (Biogas)
The Redox Tower
F = Faraday’s constant = 96.48 kJ/V
Eo ' = redox potential difference
(Eo ' e- accepting - Eo
Y = True growth yield Yobs = Observed growth yield
Yobs < Y
ti o
ti o
substrate
a n d
Rittmann and McCarty, 2001
Electron Acceptor fe
0 e- eq
Active Biomass fs
0 e- eq
Electron Flow in Bacterial Metabolism Case A: Metabolism without maintenance
fe 0 + fs
provide C, N, P, S etc.)
Common intermediates
(pyruvate CH3COCOO-)
peptides, nucleic acids, etc)
GP Energy to synthesize
pyruvate from C source
GP = Go’ pyr - Go’
See Table 2.3
GPC is based on empirically derived number of 3.33 kJ/g cells, C5H7O2N for cells, and 20 e-
transferred per mole cells yields 18.8 kJ/e- eq when ammonia is N source.
Energy needed to convert pyruvate into cellular carbon with different N sources
N SOURCE GPC
Overall Energy Balance
Energy losses are taken into account using an energy transfer efficiency, , which ranges from 0.4 to 0.8, but is typically around 0.6
ε
ΔG
ε
P S
N = +1 for GP >0 N = -1 for GP < 0 (energy produced when making pyruvate from C source)
rR εΔGΔG
A < 1 more e- eq to cells than acceptor (lots of biomass) A > 1 more e- eq to acceptor than cells (little biomass)
Estimate through use of reaction energetics the yield coefficient, Y, in g cells per g substrate for ethanol when used as an electron donor and when oxygen is the electron acceptor. Assume ammonia is present for cell synthesis and that the energy transfer efficiency is 60%.
Electron Donor (1 e- equivalent)
Electron Acceptor fe e- eq = fe
o + fm
o - fm
Electron Flow in Bacterial Metabolism Case B: Metabolism with maintenance
fm = fraction of electrons transferred to e- acceptor because of maintenance requirements
HobsY
1 b
In Chapter 5, we will see equation 5.28 that shows how true growth yield (equal to fs
o for case when NH4
operations. SOM = Soluble Organic Matter; IOM =
Insoluble Organic Matter; SIM = Soluble Inorganic
Matter; IIM = Insoluble Inorganic Matter.
SOM = soluble organic matter IOM = insoluble organic matter SIM= soluble inorganic matter IIM = insoluble inorganic matter
1. Biochemical Transformations
oxidations
reductions
ti o
ti o
Energy source
sunlight photo-
Obligately Aerobic
Facultatively Anaerobic
Obligately Anaerobic
Classification by shape
Foaming due to filamentous bacteria
Classifying bacteria based on function
Classifying bacteria based on temperature
• Sulfate-reducer • Iron-oxidizer • Perchlorate-reducer • Manganese-oxidizer
• Psychrophilic • Mesophilic • Thermophilic • Hyperthermophilic
Aggregation and Bioflocculation
SRT range (days) Character of solids
0.25-2 Predominantly dispersed growth (planktonic cells)
2-9 Well formed average size floc of low to medium density
9-12 Pinpoint floc and irregularly shaped floc particles of low density that looked as though they had broken loose from larger floc particles (deflocculated)
SRT and Cell Aggregation
Anaerobic/Anoxic/ Aerobic
Anaerobic Food Web
Acetate H2 + CO2
CH4 + CO2 (Biogas)
The Redox Tower
F = Faraday’s constant = 96.48 kJ/V
Eo ' = redox potential difference
(Eo ' e- accepting - Eo
Y = True growth yield Yobs = Observed growth yield
Yobs < Y
ti o
ti o
substrate
a n d
Rittmann and McCarty, 2001
Electron Acceptor fe
0 e- eq
Active Biomass fs
0 e- eq
Electron Flow in Bacterial Metabolism Case A: Metabolism without maintenance
fe 0 + fs
provide C, N, P, S etc.)
Common intermediates
(pyruvate CH3COCOO-)
peptides, nucleic acids, etc)
GP Energy to synthesize
pyruvate from C source
GP = Go’ pyr - Go’
See Table 2.3
GPC is based on empirically derived number of 3.33 kJ/g cells, C5H7O2N for cells, and 20 e-
transferred per mole cells yields 18.8 kJ/e- eq when ammonia is N source.
Energy needed to convert pyruvate into cellular carbon with different N sources
N SOURCE GPC
Overall Energy Balance
Energy losses are taken into account using an energy transfer efficiency, , which ranges from 0.4 to 0.8, but is typically around 0.6
ε
ΔG
ε
P S
N = +1 for GP >0 N = -1 for GP < 0 (energy produced when making pyruvate from C source)
rR εΔGΔG
A < 1 more e- eq to cells than acceptor (lots of biomass) A > 1 more e- eq to acceptor than cells (little biomass)
Estimate through use of reaction energetics the yield coefficient, Y, in g cells per g substrate for ethanol when used as an electron donor and when oxygen is the electron acceptor. Assume ammonia is present for cell synthesis and that the energy transfer efficiency is 60%.
Electron Donor (1 e- equivalent)
Electron Acceptor fe e- eq = fe
o + fm
o - fm
Electron Flow in Bacterial Metabolism Case B: Metabolism with maintenance
fm = fraction of electrons transferred to e- acceptor because of maintenance requirements
HobsY
1 b
In Chapter 5, we will see equation 5.28 that shows how true growth yield (equal to fs
o for case when NH4