Classical Greece

CHAPTER 5

Cultures of the Mountains and the SeaChapter 5:1

Vocabulary

Mycenaean: Indo-Europeans who settled in the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.

Trojan War: 10 year war between Mycenaean and City-State of Troy.

Epic: Narrative poems that celebrate heroic deeds

Geography Shapes Life

Mountainous Peninsula 2,000 islands

Water Aegean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Ionian Sea Water served as Transportation System Linked City States together

Skilled SailorsGreece lacks Natural Resources!!!

Must trade for Timber, metals and farmland/food!

Greece: The Land and Climate

¾ of Greece is Rugged, Rocky Mountains Mountains divided Greece up into specific regions Developed small individual communities/governments

Little fertile land and water (Small Population)

Varied Climate: 48 Degrees in the Winter 80 degrees in the Summer

Active lifestyle Sports/Olympics

Mycenaean Civilization Develops

Mycenaeans Indo-Europeans from the

Eurasian SteppesLeading City:

MycenaeContact with the

Minoans Adopted the Minoan

Writing system, Art,

The Trojan War

Mycenaean’s 10 year battle against Troy Troy: An Independent trading city located in Anatolia

Greek army attacked because Trojan Prince kidnapped Helen “the beautiful wife of a Greek King” English Class!!

The Trojan War: Video

Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians

Dorians took over the Mycenaeans weakened from battles

Lack history No Writings

Homer: Blind Story Teller, Narrative Poems, The Iliad Achilles Hector of Troy

Greek Myths Love, hate, jealousy

Greek Gods

Zeus Ruler of the Gods (Lived on Mount Olympus

Hera Zeus’s Wife, Jealous all the time

Athena Goddess of Wisdom: Zeus’s daughter and favorite child

Hades Ruler of the Underworld

Name some other Gods?

Main Idea Questions: PG 126

What impact did nearness to the sea have on the development of Greece?

What aspects of culture did the Mycenaean's adopt from the Minoans?

Why were the epics of importance to the Greeks of the Dorian period?

Classical Greece

THE WARRING STATESCHAPTER 5 :2

Vocabulary

Polis: City stateAcropolis: Fortified hilltop, gathering for

politicsAristocracy: Government ruled by small

group of noble landowning families (rich families)

Democracy: Rule by the people (direct democracy)

Helot: Peasants force to stay on the land they worked

Phalanx: Military formation (shield to shield)Persian Wars: Wars between Greece and the

Persian Empire

Rule and Order in Greek City-States

Polis City State “Fundamental political unit in ancient Greece” Fewer than 10,000 People

Acropolis: Fortified hilltop, downtown area, trade area, meeting area for politics

Greek Political Styles: Monarchy: Single person, King Aristocracy: Government ruled by a small group of noble

landowning families Oligarchy: Government ruled by a few powerful people

Athens Builds a Limited Democracy

Idea of Representative GovernmentDemocracy

Rule by the People. In Athens, citizens participated directly in political

decision making.Draco

Developed Legal Code No Citizen should own another citizen Only free adult male property owners born in

Athens were considered citizens. Women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from

citizenship and had few rights

Athenian Education

Wealthy families sent children to schools Reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, gym

Boys Military Schools

Girls Educated at home by mothers, Child-rearing, home

skills.

This is….SPARTA

Sparta Located

Southern part of Greece

Military State

Spartan Daily Life Sparta Government and Society

• Most Powerful Military in Greece

• No Individualism• Valued

• Strength, duty, discipline• Served in Military till 60

• Men 7-30 years• “Come back with your

shield or on it!”

Branches: Assembly Included everyone

The Council of Elders (5)

Sparta Builds a Military State

Spartan Childhood

The Persian Wars

Sparta and Athens Unites against the Persians Shifted from Bronze

weapons to IronCreated The Phalanx

Most Powerful fighting force in the Ancient World

Persian Wars

The Persian Wars: Battles between Greece and the Persian Empire

Ionian Greeks were invaded by PersiansBattle of Marathon

25,000 Persians 10,000 Athenians (Phalanxes) 6,000 Persians vs. 200 Greeks died

Battle of Thermopylae

Battle of Thermopylae (The Real 300) 300 Spartans 7,000 Greeks vs. Xerxes Army Greeks stopped the Persian Advance for 3 days

Traitor informed the Persians of the “Secret Pass” 300 Spartans stayed the rest fled

Xerxes’s Army/Navy defeated in Aegean Sea Delian League (City States/ Greek Alliance)

Consequences of the Persian War

Athens became the leader of the Delian League Moved the Delian League capital to Athens

Golden Age of Athens Athens became the Center Piece for the Greek

Civilization

Main Ideas

How does an aristocracy differ from an oligarchy

What contributions did Solon and Cleisthenes make to development of Athenian democracy

How did Athens benefit from victory in the Persian War

Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age

CHAPTER 5:3ROOTS OF ANCIENT GREECE

VocabularyDirect Democracy: A form of government in which citizens

rule directly not through representatives Peloponnesian War: War between Athens and Sparta. Athens

had a stronger Navy and Sparta had a stronger Army. Sparta wins.

Classical Art: Art that shows ideal beauty. (Harmony, order, balance, proportion)

Philosophers: Means “Lover of Wisdom” (Education)Socrates: Father of Philosophy, absolute standards for truth

and justice. Examine themselves. Socratic Method (Question/Answer)

Plato: Person with the greatest intelligence should be king. Found the Academy (oldest school). The Republic

Aristotle: Developed the scientific method. Taught Alexander the Great

Pericles’ Plan for Athens

Golden Age of Athens (50 Years) 477-431 B.C.Arts

Drama, Sculpture, Poetry, Philosophy, Architecture, and SciencePericles

Leader of Athens Politician, General, Inspiring Speaker

Three Goals1. Strengthen Athenian Democracy2. Strengthen Empire3. Glorify Athens

Stronger Democracy

Paid Public Officials Why is this important?

More citizens engaged in politics

Direct Democracy A form of Gov. in which

citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

How is this different from the United States?

Greece vs. United States (Pg. 134)United States

Citizens: born in U.S. or complete citizenship process

Reps. Elected to propose and vote on laws

Elected president Executive branch made up of

elected and appointed officials Juries composed of 12 jurors Defendants and plaintiffs have

attorney; long appeals processBoth

Political power exercised by citizens Three branches of Gov.

Legislative Branch passes laws Executive branch carries out laws

Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors

Athens Citizens: male 18 yrs. Born of

citizen parents Laws voted on and proposed

directly by assembly of all citizens

Leader chosen by lot Executive branch composed

of a council of 500 men Juries varied in size No attorney; no appeals, one-

day trails

Athens

Citizens Male 18 yrs. Born of citizen parents

Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens

Leader chosen by majorityExecutive branch composed of a council of

500 menJuries varied in sizeNo attorney

No appeals, one-day trails

United StatesCitizens:

Born in U.S. or complete citizenship processReps. Elected to propose and vote on lawsElected presidentExecutive branch made up of elected and

appointed officialsJuries composed of 12 jurorsDefendants and plaintiffs have attorney

Long appeals process

Both

Political power exercised by citizens Three branches of Gov. Legislative Branch passes laws Executive branch carries out laws

Athenian Empire

Defeated Persians in The Persian Wars

Organized the Delian League

Athens's Navy the Strongest in the World!!! (Makes Sense)

At odds with Sparta Similar to United States and

Soviet Union after World War II

Glorifying Athens

Used money form the Delian League to Beautify Athens Bought Gold Ivory

and Marble These resources went

to “Beautifying” Athens

Glorious Art and Architecture

The Parthenon The Parthenon The Parthenon II

23,000 square feetBuilt to Honor Athena (Goddess of Wisdom and

Protector of Athens)Sculptor PhidiasGiant Statue of Athena (Gold, Ivory)30 Feet TallFaces showed no expression, Portray ideal BeautyClassical Art: Harmony, order, balance and

proportion

The Parthenon

Drama and HistoryFirst Theaters

Civic duty for wealthy to pay for TheatersTragedy: Serious drama about common

themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal Hero’s tragic flaw

Comedy: A performance filled with slapstick situations and crude humor Politics, People and Ideas

History: Thucydides First real historianMust understand the past to know the

future!!

Athenians and Spartans Go to War

“Cold War” Differences in ways of lifePeloponnesian War:

War between Athens and Sparta 431 B.C.- 404 B.C.Athens had a stronger NavySparta Stronger Army

Spartans burned the Athenian food supplySparta Wins

Plague swept through Athens Syracuse is attacked (Sparta’s Friend)

Athens surrendered in 404 B.C.

Philosophers Search for Truth

War left Athenians lacking confidence in Democratic Government and they began to question their values

Philosophers Lovers of Wisdom

Two Constant Ideas!!1. The universe (Land, sky, and sea) is put together in an

orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws2. People can understand these laws through logic and

reason

Sophists Questioned ideas about justice and traditional values Questioned Reality of “Gods”

Socrates

Question yourself and Moral Character• Marjory of citizens

could not understand his ideas

• 70 yrs• Corrupting Athens

youth • Not worshiping the

Gods• Died by drinking

Hemlock

Plato

Student of Socrates• The Republic• vision of a perfectly

governed society• Not a democracy• 3 groups of citizens• Farmers/ artisans,

warriors and Ruling Class

• Dominated European thinking for 1,500 yrs.

Aristotle

• Question human beliefs, knowledge• Argued rules of logic• Psychology, Physics,

Astronomy and Biology

• Scientific Method• Famous Pupil• Alexander The Great• 3 years as his teacher

Main Idea Questions

What were the battle strategies of Athens and Sparta in the Peloponnesian War?

What steps did Pericles take to strengthen democracy in Athens?

Why do you think some Athenians found the ideas of Socrates so disturbing?

Alexander’s Empire

CHAPTER 5:4

Vocabulary

Philip II: King of Macedonia, Alexander the Great’s Father

Macedonia: Area located directly above Greece. Rough terrain and a cold climate. Mountain villages.

Alexander the Great: Macedonian King who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus. Hellenistic Culture.

Darius III: Persian King who fled Alexander the Great’s Army in Anatolia. Lost his empire to Alexander the Great

Big Idea: Alexander’s Empire

Alexander the Great Conquers Persia and Egypt

Extends his empire to the Indus River Valley (Northwest India)

Unites 4 RegionsIndiaGreecePersiaEgypt

Alexander The Great Empire

Philip Builds Macedonian Power

Macedonia

Macedonia Kingdom of Mountain

Villages North of GreeceKing Philip II:

Ruler, brilliant general; dreams of controlling Greece

Macedonians: Call themselves Greek Rest of Greece does not

Philip’s Army

Philip Creates well-trained professional army; plans to invade Greece

Philip Builds Macedonian Power

Conquest of Greece

338 B.C. Macedonians defeat Greece Macedonian Phalanx

336 B.C. King Philip Murdered

His son named King of Macedonia

Alexander the Great

Alexander Defeats Persia

Alexander’s Early Life

Tutored by Aristotle Inspired by the IliadTrained by the

MilitaryBecomes King at 20

years old Destroys city of Thebes

to Curb Rebellion

Invasion of Persia

334 B.C. Alexander invades Persia Quick victory at Granicus

River Darius III (King of Persia)

Assembles army of 50-70,000 Alexander defeats Persians

again Persians forced to flee

Alexander Defeats Persia:Conquering the Persian Empire

Alexander marches to Egypt Crowned Pharaoh in 332 B.C.

Defeats Persians at again (Gaugamela in Mesopotamia)

Battle of Gaugamela Video Alexander captures cities of Babylon, Susa and Persepolis Persepolis, the Persian capital is Burned to the Ground

Ashes of Persepolis signal total destruction of Persian Empire

Alexander’s Other ConquestsAlexander Video (9 mins)

Alexander in India

Fights his way across Central Asia to India

Alexander conquers the Indus River Valley in 326 B.C.

Reluctantly stops fighting (Soldiers wanted to go home!!)

11 years of fighting Dies in Babylon, 323

B.C.

Alexander’s Legacy

Alexander melts together Greek, Persian, Egyptian Cultures

Married a Persian women Empire becomes three

kingdoms after his death1. Macedonia, Old Greek City

States2. Egypt3. Persia: (aka Seleucid

Kingdom)

Main Ideas

How was Philip II able to Conquer Greece?

Philip II’s goal was to conquer Persia. Why did Alexander continue his campaign of conquest after this goal have been achieved?

What happened to Alexander’s empire after his death?

CHAPTER 5 :5

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture5:5

Vocabulary

Hellenistic: Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture

Alexandria: Egyptian city which became the most important city in Alexander’s empire. Greatest city/Library

Archimedes: Hellenistic scientist, estimated the value of Pi, explained the law of the Lever

Colossus of Rhodes: Island of Rhodes. Bronze statue that stood 100 feet. 1-7 wonders of the ancient world

Hellenistic Culture in AlexandriaAlexander actively tried to blend cultures

togetherSpread Greek ideals throughout empireAlexandria: Most important city

Trade from all of Mediterranean Sea International Community due to trade Diverse population ½ million people Beautiful city (statues lined the streets) Enormous lighthouse (Pharos) Museum: Filled with arts/culture/paintings Library: ½ million papyrus scrolls. 1st research library

(scholars moved to study there)

Science and Technology

Alexandria’s Scholars Scholars preserve Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciences

Astronomy Astronomer Aristarchus proves the sun is larger than the Earth Proposes planets revolve around the sun (14 Centuries before

anyone else) Eratosthenes uses geometry to calculate the Earth’s

circumferenceMath and Physics

Euclid: Mathematician: Elements the basis for courses in geometry

Archimedes: scientist; ideas helped build force pump and steam engine

Pythagorean Theorem????

Philosophy and Art

Stoicism and Epicureanism Zeno founds Stoic School: promoted virtuous simple

lives Epicurus believes people should focus on what sense

perceives

Realism in Sculpture Colossus of Rhodes Hellenistic bronze sculpture over 100 feet tall Sculptures move to non-classical, natural forms; real

people

Main Ideas

How did trade contribute to the cultural diversity in Alexandria?