Classical Conditioning ReviewClassical Conditioning Review

A young child who reaches out to pet a A young child who reaches out to pet a barking dog is bitten by the dog & cries. barking dog is bitten by the dog & cries. Every time she hears a dog bark, she Every time she hears a dog bark, she whimpers.whimpers.

UCS-UCS-

UCR-UCR-

CS-CS-

CR-CR-

Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

Learning where a behavior Learning where a behavior is followed by a is followed by a

consequence (reward or consequence (reward or punishment)punishment)

Thorndike’sThorndike’s Cats in a Puzzle Box Cats in a Puzzle BoxLaw of effectLaw of effect-- behaviors followed by a behaviors followed by a positive consequence strengthens positive consequence strengthens behavior & negative consequence behavior & negative consequence weakens behaviorweakens behavior

Skinner’s ExperimentsSkinner’s ExperimentsOperant Chamber/Skinner BoxOperant Chamber/Skinner Box

ShapingShaping – reinforce any behavior leading – reinforce any behavior leading up to the desired behaviorup to the desired behavior

Pigeon Ping PongPigeon Ping Pong

Skinner’s ExperimentsSkinner’s ExperimentsOperant Chamber/Skinner BoxOperant Chamber/Skinner Box

ShapingShaping (Acquisition Stage) – reinforce (Acquisition Stage) – reinforce any behavior leading up to the desired any behavior leading up to the desired behaviorbehavior

Pigeon Ping PongPigeon Ping Pong

ConsequencesConsequencesReinforcement (R)Reinforcement (R)- increases chance - increases chance behavior will occur againbehavior will occur again Primary -Primary - necessary for survival, such as necessary for survival, such as

foodfood

Secondary-Secondary- anything else, such as money, anything else, such as money, praise, a stickerpraise, a sticker

Punishment (P)-Punishment (P)- decreases chance decreases chance behavior will occur againbehavior will occur again

Big Bang Theory ExampleBig Bang Theory Example

RR PP

PositivePositive

++

•Add pleasant stimulus Add pleasant stimulus to increase behaviorto increase behavior

•Add unpleasant Add unpleasant stimulus to stimulus to decrease behaviordecrease behavior

NegativeNegative

--

•Remove unpleasant Remove unpleasant stimulus to increase stimulus to increase behaviorbehavior

•Remove pleasant Remove pleasant stimulus to stimulus to decrease behaviordecrease behavior

Using Punishment to Discipline:Using Punishment to Discipline:Can have unwanted effects (anger, Can have unwanted effects (anger, hostility, anxiety)hostility, anxiety)

Physical punishment leads to aggressionPhysical punishment leads to aggression

Better to reinforce desirable behaviorBetter to reinforce desirable behavior

Guidelines to Effective PunishmentGuidelines to Effective Punishment

Don’t delayDon’t delay

Explain the punishment Explain the punishment

Use least severe punishment (minimize Use least severe punishment (minimize physical punishment)physical punishment)

Follow throughFollow through

Examples:Examples:

1.1. A rat presses a bar and receives a food A rat presses a bar and receives a food pellet.pellet.

2.2. A teenager can’t use the car for a week A teenager can’t use the car for a week because she stayed out past curfew.because she stayed out past curfew.

3.3. You party all night and get an F.You party all night and get an F.4.4. You are caught speeding and are given a You are caught speeding and are given a

ticket by a police officer.ticket by a police officer.5.5. Every time the 2 year old uses the toilet Every time the 2 year old uses the toilet

his parents praise him.his parents praise him.

Schedules of ReinforcementSchedules of Reinforcement

Continuous ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcement- behavior is - behavior is always reinforcedalways reinforced

Intermittent/Partial ReinforcementIntermittent/Partial Reinforcement- - behavior is sometimes reinforcedbehavior is sometimes reinforced

Skinner clip of schedules of reinforcementSkinner clip of schedules of reinforcement

FixedFixed- set amount- set amount VariableVariable- random - random amountamount

RatioRatio--

Based on Based on certain # of certain # of responsesresponses

FRFR•FR-15 (reinforcer FR-15 (reinforcer every 15every 15thth response)response)•Paid by the jobPaid by the job

VRVR• VR-15 (reinforcer over an VR-15 (reinforcer over an average of 15 responses, average of 15 responses, not every 15not every 15•GamblingGambling•Hardest to extinguishHardest to extinguish

IntervalInterval

Based on Based on timetime

FIFI• FI-15 (reinforcer FI-15 (reinforcer after every 15 after every 15 seconds if 1 correct seconds if 1 correct response is made)response is made)•Paid by the hourPaid by the hour

VIVI• VI- 15 (reinforcer over VI- 15 (reinforcer over an average interval of an average interval of 15 seconds)15 seconds)•Pop quizPop quiz