CLASS –X ECO-CH 1 1. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? [1] Ans: Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitation of this criterion are: → It doesn't show distribution of income.→ It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc. 2. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? [1] Ans: World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality, healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive. 3. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development. [5] Ans: We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. This does not show distribution of thing between people. For an example, if a country has very high per capita income then we can't say that citizen living in that country are very rich because we are not knowing about the distribution of wealth in that country. Some people might be richer while other people are very poorer in that country. 4. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss. [5] Ans: No, I do not agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab because, human development ranking is determined using a combination of factors such as health, education, and income. So, this does not imply that per capita income is not useful. Rather, per capita income is one of the development factors and can not be neglected. The World Bank uses per capita income as the criterion for measuring development and comparing states. But this criterion has certain limitations because of which determination of Human Development Index (HDI) is done using this criterion along with some other development factors like health, education etc. 5. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now? [1] Ans: The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cow dung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out. 6. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Mention two points. [1]

Ans: The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress. Page No: 17 Q. "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss. [3] Ans: "The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough resources- renewable and non-renewable to satisfy everyone's needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keep the environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and use is maintained, and shortages are avoided. Q. List four examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you. [1] Ans: Few examples of environmental degradation: → Deforestation→ Soil erosion→ Falling levels of ground water → Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution→ Water Pollution Q. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.[5] (i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh. (ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words. Ans: (i) The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh. (ii) There is enough food in the country, even then 40% of the people in the country are undernourished because:→ A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food. → In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items.→ There is lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many people remain backward and poor. As such, they are unable to get nutritious food. Q.1: Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why? [1] (a) Because people are different. (b) Because life situations of persons are different. Solution: (b) Because life situations of persons are different. The requirements vary according to the living conditions of people. Therefore, people seek those things that are most important to them, i.e. the things which can fulfill their aspirations and desires.

Q.2: Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer: (a) People have different developmental goals. [1] (b) People have conflicting developmental goals. Solution: No, the above two statements do not have the same meaning. This can be justified by the following example -A boy from a rich urban family desires to get quality education and capital to invest. On the other hand, an Adivasi from Narmada valley wants rehabilitation and regular work. These developmental goals are different but not conflicting. Q.3: Give three examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives. [3] Solution: There are factors other than income which are also important aspects in our lives. For example,(1) In the case of rural woman, gender equality is more important factor than income.(2) For scheduled castes and tribes social equality, self-confidence and self-esteem are more important factor than income. (3) Similarly in the case of child labour, proper education and freedom are more important factor than income.(4) Job security is more important than more income for a casual labour. Q.4: Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:A vessel dumped 500 tons of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea, etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning.A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals contracted a local company of Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.(i) Who are the people who benefitted and who did not?(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country? Solution: (i) The local company owner and the multinational company benefitted while a large number of innocent local people of Abidjan in Ivory Coast suffered from this act.(ii) The developmental goals for this country should be to frame and have proper, strict rules and laws regarding the pollution and safer-environment etc. People or any organization violating these laws, causing environmental hazards should be punished by the government according to these laws. Also, the country should create arrangements for proper disposal of industrial wastes and better healthcare for the Q.5: Based on data given in Table 1.2 (COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES, textbook page 9), calculate the average income for both the countries. [1] (i) Will you be equally happy to live in both these countries? (ii) Are both equally developed? Solution: (i) No, we shall not be equally happy to live in both these countries. This is because; country B does not have equitable distribution of income.(ii) No, both countries are not equally developed. Country A has equitable distribution of income. On the other hand in country B, 4 out of 5 citizens are poor. Q.1. On the basis of the given table answer the following questions: [2010 (T-1)] [3] (a) Calculate the average income of country A and B. (b) Are both the countries equally developed? (c) Which country is better and why?

Comparison of Two Countries Monthly income of citizens in 2007 (in Rupees)

I II

III IV V

COUNTRY A

Rs. 9500 Rs. 10500 Rs. 9800 Rs. 10000 Rs. 10200

COUNTRY B

Rs. 500 Rs. 500 Rs. 500 Rs. 500 Rs. 48000

Ans: (a) Average income of country A is – Rs. 10,000 Average income of country B is – Rs. 10,000 (b) No – Both the countries are not equally developed (c) Country ‘A’ is better because distribution of income is more or less equal. Q.2. In what respect is the criterion used by UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank? [2010, 2011 (T-1)] [3] Ans. The World Bank uses ‘‘Per capita’’ income as the sole criterion for measuring development of countries which is not fully accurate. For example, in India suppose two people live; one is Mukesh Ambani and other is a rickshaw puller. Income of Mukesh Ambani is Rs. 50 crore annually while that of rickshaw puller is only Rs. 12000. But when per capita income is calculated then both will be showing having 25 crore and 6 thousand each, which is not true. So UNDP uses a much more realistic method to measure the development. It includes, educational status, health status, and per capita income as well. It provides real development status of the country. Q.3. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country? Explain any four public facilities. [2010 (T-1)] [5] Ans. Public facilities are essential for the social and economic development. Economic development and social development are both dependent on public facilities such as education, health etc. Without these people cannot achieve their full potential. Some important public facilities are :– (i) Construction of roads, railways, generating electricity, developing ports etc. These are used by people so they have to be developed. (ii) Providing essential goods at cheap rates or below their cost price so that even poor people can afford them. Such activities have to be undertaken by the government. (iii) Providing adequate health and education facilities to each and every citizen is a primary duty of any government. Such services are essential because a healthy and educated citizen is an asset for the country. (iv) Providing safe drinking water, housing and nutritious food to children etc., are other such public facilities which are essential. Q.4. What are the two basic criteria used for comparing an underdeveloped country with developed one? [2010 (T-1)] [3] Ans. The two criteria’s are:- (i) On the basis of per capita income:- In World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used for classifying countries. Countries with per capita income of

Rs. 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs. 37,000 or less are called low-income countries. (ii) On the basis of Human Development Index:- According to this criteria the countries are ranked on the basis of life expectancy, literacy rate and health status etc. Q.5. What do you mean by Human Development Index? What are its three components? [2010 (T-1)] [1] Ans. Human Development Index means the criteria developed by the UNDP to compare the country’s development out of 177 countries. The main components of Human Development Index are:- (i) Educational levels of the people. (ii) Health status of the people. (iii) Per capita income. Q.6. Why is sustainability important for development? Give suggestions to achieve the sustainability of development. [2010, 2011 (T-1)] [3] Ans. Sustainability is very important for development because if all development activities are carried out without paying attention to environment and other natural factors then development itself will become a danger for mankind. For example, if forests are cut relentlessly then global warming will destroy everything on the Earth. In that scenario what would be the use of development. To achieve sustainability (a) we must be less dependent on non-renewable resources. (b) we must live according to natural conditions and use natural produce as far as possible. Q. How does World Bank classify different countries? Is it an adequate indicator? [2010 (T-1)][1] Ans. World Bank classifies different countries on the basis of per capita income. They are — (a) Rich countries:- Whose average per capita income is Rs 4,53,000 or more. (b) Poor Countries:- Whose average per capita income is less than Rs 37000. This indicator is inadequate as it does not provide full picture of development. This gives poor people a notional amount of money which actually does not belong to them. Q.8. What is development? What are the two aspects of development? [2010, 2011 (T-1)] [1] Ans. Development is a positive growth/change in economy, social and political aspects of the country. Two aspects of development are:- (a) Economic development or rise in income of the people. (b) Social development which include education, health and public services. Q.9. Why are countries of the Middle East not called ‘developed’ in spite of high per capita income? [2011 (T-1)] [1] Ans. Although countries of Middle East are very rich countries due to oil reserves and production, money alone is not an indicator of development. Along with money there are other aspects too like education and other social aspects like individual freedom, democracy, gender equality which are not available in those countries.

Q.10. Explain the concepts of Human Development Index (HDI) and that of the per capita income. [2011 (T-1)] [3] Ans. In Human Development Index and Per Capita Income, the status of countries’ development is measured but both are quite different. (i) Human Development Index:- Prepared by the U.N.D.P. It consists of health status, educational status and per capita income to determine the development of the country. (ii) Per Capita:- This criterion is used by the World Bank to determine development. It divides countries into rich and poor countries. The countries whose per capita income is more than Rs. 453,000 is called rich and those whose income is below Rs. 37000 are called poor. Q.11. Answer the following questions on the basis of the table given below: [2010, 2011 (T-1)] State & Infant Mortality Rate (2003) Literacy (%) (2001) STATE

INFANT MORTALITY RATE (2003)

LITERACY (%) (2001)

Punjab

49 76

Kerala

11 91

Bihar

60 47

(a) Which state has the largest literacy rate? (b) Which state has the lowest Infant Mortality Rate? (c) Identify the state which has the greatest Human Development Index (HDI) ? Ans. (i) Kerala (ii) Kerala (iii) Kerala Q.12. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? Write the limitations of this criterion. [2010 (T-1)] [5] Ans. The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is per capita income. Per capita income :- When total income of a country is divided by the total population, then per capita income is arrived at. Those countries whose per capita income is more than Rs. 4,53000 per year are called rich countries and those whose income is less than Rs. 37000 are called poor countries. Limitations:- Although this method is used widely it does not give accurate picture of development. For example, in calculating income, everyone is supposed to have that amount but actually large number of poor people do not have that amount. Q.13. Study the table given below and answer the following questions. [2010 (T-1)] [3] Country Per Capita income In US $ (2004) HDI Rank in the World

COUNTRIES

PER CAPITA INCOME IN IS $ (2004)

HDI RANK IN THE WORLD

Sri Lanka 4390 93 India 3139 126 Pakistan 2225 134

(a) Name anyone country whose Per Capita Income is more than that of India and by how much?[1] (b) What is the HDI Rank of India in the World? Ans. (a) Srilanka, its per capita income is Rs 1251 more than that of India. (b) India’s H.D.I. rank is 126th in the world. Q.14. Study the table given below and answer the following questions. [2010, 2011 (T-1)] [3]

State Per capita income for 2002- 2003 (in Rs)

Punjab 26000 Kerala 22800 Bihar 5700

(a) Which state has the lowest per capita income and why? (b) Which state has the highest per capita income and why? Ans. (i) Bihar has the lowest per capita income as there is no industrialisation and less human development. (ii) Punjab has the highest per capita income because agricultural and industrial development is the main aspect of Punjab Economy. Q.15. Why can more jobs be created in the field of education? Give any three reasons. [2011 (T-1)] [3] Ans. More jobs can be created in the field of education:-— (i) In India only 65% people are literate. It means to provide every Indian good education, there would be more requirement of schools. (ii) More school means more number of teachers required. This means more jobs. (iii) More schools will necessitate thousands of supporting staff (like office staff). This will lead to more jobs. In that way more jobs will be created. Q.16. Mention any three characteristics of development. [2011 (T-1)] [3] Ans. (i) Different persons can have different developmental goals. (ii) What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It may be even destructive for the other. (iii) For development people look at a mix of goals. Q.17. ‘For development people look at a mix of goals.’ Support the statement with suitable examples. [2011 (T-1)] Ans. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity in the household and society increases. However, it is also the case that if there is respect for women there would be more sharing of household work and a greater acceptance of women working outside. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. Q.18. Why Kerala has a better human development ranking than Punjab in spite of lower per capita income? [2011 (T-1)]

Ans. Kerala has lower per capita income but better human development ranking than Punjab because of many factors. Kerala has the highest literacy rate in the country. The Infant Mortality Rate of Kerala (11) is much less than Punjab (49). Net Attendance Ratio of Kerala (91) is higher than that of Punjab (81). Kerala has better health and educational infrastructure than Punjab. Kerala also has better public facilities. ECO-CH2 1. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how. [3] Ans: The classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary and secondary is useful on account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a country are employed. Also, this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income. If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this. The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to. Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these three sectors for smooth economic administration and development. 7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss. [5] Ans: For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, one should focus on employment and GDP because these determine the size of a country's economy. A focus on employment and GDP helps determine two important things- per capita income and productivity. Hence, in each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us understand how that particular sector is functioning and what needs to be done to initiate further growth in it. Yes, the other issues which should be examined are - → Balanced regional development → Equality in income and wealth among the people of the country. → How to eradicate poverty → Modernization of technology → Self-reliance of the country → How to achieve surplus food production in the country. 9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples. [3] Ans: The tertiary sector different from other two sectors. This is because other two sectors produce goods but, this sector does not produce goods by itself. But the activities under this sector help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or support for the production process. For example, transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities etc. For these reason this sector is also known as service sector. 10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas. [5]

Ans: Disguised Unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required. For example: → In rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector like - in a family of 9 people all are engaged in the same agricultural plot. But if 4 people are with drawn from it there will be no reduction in output. So, these 4 people are actually disguisedly employed. → In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sectors such as in a family all members are engaged in one petty shop or a small business which can be managed by less number of persons. 11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment. [5] Ans: Open Unemployment When a country’s labour force do not get opportunities for adequate employment, this situation is called open unemployment. This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas Disguised unemployment This is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but actually they don’t have full employment. In such a situation, more people are engaged in a work than required. This type of unemployment is generally found in unorganized sector where either work is not constantly available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not require so many hands. Q. "Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy." Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer. [3] Ans: No, I do not agree with the statement that tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy. The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades. In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003. 13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these? [3] Ans: The service sector in India employs the following two different kinds of people. They are: → The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, people involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance etc. → The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods e.g. teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers lawyers etc. They may be termed as ancillary workers means those who give services to the primary service providers. 14. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer. [5] Ans: Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. This would be clear from the following points:

→ There is no fixed number of working hours. The workers normally work 10 - 12 hours without paid overtime. → They do not get other allowances apart from the daily wages. → Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed there. → There is no job security. → Jobs are low paid the workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and unorganized. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages. → Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept lower wages. 15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions? [3] Ans: On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into organized and unorganized sectors. → Organized Sector This sector covers those enterprises which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., GAIL etc. → Unorganized Sector It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed here. For example, casual workers in construction, shops etc. In this sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are also very tough. 16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors. [3] Ans: The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are vastly different. The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work. On the other hand, the unorganised sector is a host of opposites. There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of safe work environment. 17. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005. Ans: The objective of implementing the NREGA 2005 are: → To increase the income and employment of people. → Every state/region can develop tourism, regional craft, IT etc. for additional employment. → The central government made a law implementing the right to work in 200 districts. → NREGA aims to provide employment of 100 days. If it fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to the people. 19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area. Ans: Well-managed organization Badly-managed organization Public sector: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Air India Private sector: Reliance Mobile Satyam 20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up. [3]

Ans: A few examples of public sector activities are provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are needed by everyone. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates. 21. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation. [5] Ans: In the following ways Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation: → It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure. → It creates employment opportunities. → It generates financial resources for development. → It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development. → It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries. → It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates. → Contributes to community development i.e. to the Human Development Index (HDI) via health and educational services. 22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples. [3] Ans: The workers in the unorganised sector need protection: → Wages: Labourers who are employed as repair person, vendor etc. do not have fixed income. They nearly manage to earn their living. They are not employed all through the year. → Safety: Workers in unorganized sector are not provided with safe drinking water or clean environment. Eg., Working in mining, chemical industries is hazardous. → Health: Leave not granted in case of sickness. Medical facilities are not offered, Eg., Construction workers. ECO- CH 3 1. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain. [3] Ans: In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. This is also known as a debt-trap. Taking credit involves an interest rate on the loan and if this is not paid back, then the borrower is forced to give up his collateral or asset used as the guarantee, to the lender. If a farmer takes a loan for crop production and the crop fails, loan payment becomes impossible. To repay the loan the farmer may sell a part of his land making the situation worse than before. Thus, in situations with high risks, if the risks affect a borrower badly, then he ends up losing more than he would have without the loan. 2. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own. [3] Ans: In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. By serving as a medium of exchanges, money removes the need for double coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system. For example, it is no longer necessary for the farmer to look for a book publisher who will buy his cereals at the same time sell him books. All he has to do is find a buyer for his cereals. If he has

exchanged his cereals for money, he can purchase any goods or service which he needs. This is because money acts as a medium of exchange. 3. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?[1] Ans: Banks keep small portion deposits as cash (15%) for themselves (to pay the depositors on demand). They use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those who need money. In this way banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money. 4. Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement? Ans: “Reserve Bank of India” and “Guaranteed by the Government” are written on top. In India, Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. The statement means that the currency is authorized or guaranteed by the Central Government. That is, Indian law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that can not be refused in setting transaction in India. 5. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India? [3] Ans: We need to expand formal sources of credit in India due to: → To reduce dependence on informal sources of credit because the latter charge high interest rates and do not benefit the borrower much. → Cheap and affordable credit is essential for country’s development. → Banks and co-operatives should increase their lending particularly in rural areas. 6. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain. [5] Ans: The basic behind the SHGs is to provide a financial resource for the poor through organizing the rural poor especially women, into small Self Help Groups. They also provide timely loans at a responsible interest rate without collateral. Thus, the main objectives of the SHGs are: → To organize rural poor especially women into small Self Help Groups. → To collect savings of their members. → To provide loans without collateral. → To provide timely loans for a variety of purposes. → To provide loans at responsible rate of interest and easy terms. → Provide platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such education, health, nutrition, domestic violence etc. 7. What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers? Ans: The banks might not be willing to lend certain borrowers due to the following reasons: → Banks require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. Some persons fail to meet these requirements. → The borrowers who have not repaid previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further. → The banks might not be willing to lend those entrepreneurs who are going to invest in the business with high risks. → One of the principle objectives of a bank is to earn more profits after meeting a number of expenses. For this purpose it has to adopt judicious loan and investment policies which ensure fair and stable return on the funds.

8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functions of Banks? Why is this necessary? [5] Ans: The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functions of banks in a number of ways: → The commercial banks are required to hold part of their cash reserves with their RBI. RBI ensures that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. → RBI observes that the banks give loans not just to profit making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, small borrowers etc. → The commercial banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate etc. This is necessary to ensure equality in the economy of the country and protect especially small depositors, farmers, small scale industries, small borrowers etc. In this process RBI also acts as the lender of the last resort to the banks. 9. Analyse the role of credit for development. [3] Ans; Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial role for the country’s development. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities. The credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production and thereby develop their business. Many people could then borrow for a variety of different needs. They could grow crops, do business, set up industries etc. In this way credit plays a vital role in the development of a country. 10. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss. [3] Ans: Manav will decide whether to borrow from the bank or the money lender on the basis of the following terms of credit: → Rate of interest → Requirements availability of collateral and documentation required by banker. → Mode of repayment. Depending on these factors and of course, easier terms of repayment, Manav has to decide whether he has to borrow from the bank or the moneylender. 11. In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation. (a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers? (b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow? (c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmer. (d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit. Ans: (a) Bank loans require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. But most of the times the small farmers lack in providing such documents and collateral. Besides, at times they even fail to repay the loan in time because of the uncertainty of the crop. So, banks might be unwilling to lend to small farmers. (b) Apart from bank, the small farmers can borrow from local money lenders, agricultural traders, big landlords, cooperatives, SHGs etc. (c) The terms of credit can be unfavorable for the small farmer which can be explained by the following -

Ramu, a small farmer borrows from a local moneylender at a high rate of interest i.e. 3 per cent to grow rice. But the crop is hit by drought and it fails. As a result, Ramu has to sell a part of land to repay the loan. Now his condition becomes worse than before. (d) The small farmers can get cheap credit from the different sources like – Banks, Agricultural Cooperatives, and SHGs.

Money and Credit Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. How do the deposits with the banks become their source of income? A: Banks use a major portion of deposits to extend loans. They charge a higher rateof interest on loans than what they offer on deposits. The difference between what is charged from borrowers and what is paid to the depositors is the main source of income for the banks. Q2. Why can one not refuse a payment made in rupees in India? A: One cannot refuse a payment made in rupees in India because it is authorisedby the government of India. It is accepted as a medium of exchange all over the country. Q3. Compare formal sector loans with informal sector loans regarding interest only. A: In formal sector, the rate of interest is low. It is fixed by the Reserve Bank of India, who supervises the functioning of formal sources of loan.In informal sector, the rate of interest is very high as there is no organisation to supervise the functioning of informal sources of loan. Q4. Why is the supervision of the functioning of formal sources of loans necessary? A: It is necessary to supervise the functioning of formal sources of loans because the banks have to maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. They should also provide loans to small cultivators, mall scale industries etc. Q5. Prove with an argument that there is a great need to expand formal sources of credit in rural India. A: There is a great need to expand the formal sources of credit in rural India because: There is no organisation to supervise credit activities of the informal sector. It could lead to increasing debt among the borrowers.The rate of interest is very high in informal sector. Q6. Why are most of the poor households deprived from the formal sector of loans? A: Most of the poor households are deprived from the formal sector of loans because they do not have the collateral to keep with the banks. Q7. How does money eliminate the need for double coincidence of wants? A: Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q8. How can money be easily exchange for goods or services? Give an example to explain. A: Transactions are made in money because a person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or a service. It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange.For example, a shoe manufacturer wants to sell shoes in the market and wants to buy rice. Under barter system, both parties selling shoes and rice have to agree to buy and sell each other’s commodities and this creates a problem which is referred to as double coincidence of wants. This problem is overcome by the introduction of money. Now, the shoe manufacturer will sell the shoes for money and with that money he can buy rice. Q9. “The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged.” Support the statement with arguments. A:The credit activities of the informal sector should be discouraged because: There is no organisation to supervise the credit activities of the lenders in informal sector.The informal sector lends at a very high rate of interest and use unfair means to get the money back.Higher cost of borrowing means a large part of the earnings of the borrowers is used to repay the loan. Hence, the borrowers have less income left for themselves.Sometimes, due to higher rate of interest, the amount to be repaid becomes higher than the income of the borrower due to that there is always a risk for borrowers to fall in debt-trap. Q10. “Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development.” Assess the statement. A: Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for a country’s development because: More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to invest in agriculture, engage in business and set up small industries.Cheap credit will enable more investment. This leads to acceleration of economic activity.Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to access formal sector of lending and get rid of from informal moneylenders. Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap. Cheap and easy terms of credit would inspire better investment in technology and thus increase competition. Q11. “Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to the nation.”Examine the statement. A:Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to the nation in various ways. Some of them are: They provide safe and secure deposits to a person’s money. They provide excellent saving and investment options and also help in the growth of the nation. They provide interests on the deposited money to the depositors.

Money can be easily withdrawn from the banks as and when required by the depositors.They provide easy loans on nominal rates that make it possible for the common man to build their own assets. Q12. ‘Credit has its own unique role for development.’ Justify the statement with arguments. A: Credit has a unique role in the economic development of the country. It is needed by all the three sectors of the economy. In urban sector, big businessmen and small manufacturers need loans either to expand their enterprises, bring new technology or diversifying their businesses. In rural sector, the main demand for credit is for crop production. Crop production involves cost of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, water, electricity, repair of equipments. Cheap credit would thus lead to increase in production.Even tertiary sector needs loans to buy the latest equipments and technology. Thus, we can say that credit has a unique role in the development of a country. Q13. How is money transferred from one bank account to another bank account? Explain with an example. A: For payment through cheque, the payer who has an account in the bank, draws out a cheque for a specific amount. The cheque is a statement asking the bank to pay a specific amount from the person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.For example, Aman has to pay a specific amount of money to Shruti, say? 60,000. Aman will write a cheque in the name of Shurti. It means Aman instructs his bank to pay the money to Shurti. Shurti will deposit the cheque in her bank. After two or three days, the money will be transferred from Aman’s account to Shurti’s account. Q14. “Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit.” Support the statement with examples. A:Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit because: Bank loans require proper documentation and collateral which is rarely available with poor households.Informal sources of credit such as moneylenders know the borrowers personally and are often willing to give a loan without a collateral. Sometimes, if the borrowers are unable to return the loan, they can get additional loans from moneylenders.

Long Answer Type Questions Q15. Describe the vital and positive role of credit with examples. A: Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways: It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and provide support to their family needs.

It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get relief from monthly rent.People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles, A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living. It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource.For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income. Q16. How can the formal sector loans be made beneficial for poor farmers andworkers? Suggest any five measures.

A:The formal sector loans can be made beneficial to poor farmers and workers in following ways: The process of providing loans should be made easier and accessible to them.Large number of banks and cooperatives should be opened in the rural areas.Banks and cooperatives should expand their facility of providing loans so as to decrease dependence on informal sector. Special focus should be paid on poor and small farmers along with small scale industries. Loan processing should be simple, faster and timely.

2015Very Short Answer Type Questions Q17. What is the meaning of barter system? A: A system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money is called barter system. Q18. What is meant by double coincidence of wants? A: Double coincidence of wants means owner of good X, say shoes, to find someone else with good Y, say wheat, and both being in need of each other’s good Q19. How does money act as a medium of exchange? A: Money acts as an intermediary in the process of exchange, thus it is called a medium of exchange. Q20. What is a cheque? A: A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from a person’s account to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued. Q21. Who supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans? A: Reserve Bank of India Q22. What are the two forms of modern currency? A: Paper notes and Coins

Short Answer Type Questions Q23. Why is it necessary for the banks and cooperative societies to increase their lending facilities in rural areas? Explain. A: Banks and cooperatives should extend their lending activities in rural areas because: Rural poor and farmers have to borrow money from moneylenders at a very high rate of interest. Therefore, the cost to the borrowing is very high.A large part of the earnings of borrower is used to repay the loans. Hence, they have less income. Sometimes, a higher rate of lending means that the amount to be repaid is more than the earnings of the borrower.To save the people from the clutches and exploitation by the moneylenders, it is necessary for the banks and co-operatives to extend their lending activies. It would lead to higher incomes and improve the condition of the rural poor. People can also start a business or set up a small scale industry Q24. Why is modern currency accepted as a medium of exchange without any use of its own? Find out the reason.

A:Modern money has been accepted as a medium of exchange because: It is authorised by the government of a India.It is issued by the apex bank on behalf of the government. No other individual is allowed to issue currency. The law of the country legalises its use as a medium of payment and setting transactions. No one in a country can refuse payment made in the currency of that country. Q25. “Money has made transactions easy.” Justify. A: Money has made transactions easy because: It can be easily exchanged with any commodity or service. It solves the problem of double coincidence of wants. It is the perfect store of value. It makes economic activities quite independent from each other.

Long Answer Type Questions Q26. How are deposits with the banks beneficial for individual as well as for the nation? Explain with examples.Answer:Deposits with the banks are beneficial to the depositors as well as to the nation in various ways. Some of them are: They provide safe and secure deposits to a person’s money.They provide excellent saving and investment options and also help in the growth of the nation. They provide interests on the deposited money to the depositors.Money can be easily withdrawn from the banks as and when required by the depositors.hey provide easy loans on nominal rates that make it possible for the common man to build their own assets.

Q27. What are Self-Help Groups? How do they work? Explain. A: Self-Help Groups are financial support groups that are formed at the village levelparticularly by women. These consist of around 15-20 members who meet and save their money regularly.The following points sum up the functioning of Self-Help Groups: These groups help in pooling the savings of the members, especially who are poor women. All decisions regarding savings and loans are taken by the members of the group. These groups provide timely loans for a variety of purposes and at a reasonable rate of interest to its members. These groups help the borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral. These groups provide a platform to discuss a variety of social issues of rural people. These groups are collectively responsible for the repayment of loan. Q28. How do banks play an important role in the economy of India? Explain A: Banks play an important role in developing the economy of India by taking the following steps: Banks keep money of the people in safe custody to be used by the depositors in future. Banks also increase the savings of the depositors by paying interest on the money deposited. Banks mediate between people who have surplus and those who need money. This is done through granting loans. People avail themselves of these loan facilities to increase production and income. Banks, being the formal source of credit, give loans at a very low rate of interest at flexible terms and conditions.Special provisions are made through banks for the upliftment of agriculture and industry like waiving of loans of the farmers. Q29. What is credit? How does credit play a vital and positive role? Explain with an example. A: Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods on services in return for the promise of future payment.Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways: It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and provide support to their family needs.It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get relief from monthly rent. People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles, A. Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living. It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource.For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income.

2014Short Answer Type Questions Q30. How does money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example.

A: In barter system, where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants (i.e. a person desires to sell exactly what the other person wishes to buy) is an essential feature. But it, indeed, is a very cumbersome process.By serving as a medium of exchange, money removes the situation of double coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system. For example, it is no longer necessary for a shoe manufacturer to look for a farmer who will buy his shoes and at the same time sell him wheat. AH he has to do is to find a buyer for his shoes, who will exchange his money for shoes. Now, he can purchase wheat or any other good in the market with the help of the money earned. Thus, the problem of double coincidence of wants gets solved with the use of money. Q31. How is money used in everyday life? Explain with examples. A: In everyday life, money is used in following ways: It is used as a medium of exchange and facilitates the buying and selling of goods like car, house, food, clothes etc.It is used as deposits with the banks or to keep it at home like fixed deposits, bonds etc. It is used for borrowing and lending like loan. Q32. Explain with examples, how people are involved with the banks. A: People are involved with the banks in the following ways: Depositors Borrowers The people with excess money deposit it in the banks for safety. In turn they earn interest on the amount deposited.At the same time, there are people who need money for various activities. They approach the banks for credit. The bank charges interest from the borrowers. Q33. Explain with an example how credit plays a vital and positive role for development. A: Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways: It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and provide support to their family needs.It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get relief from monthly rent. People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles, A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living. It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource. For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income. Q34. Why do lenders ask for a collateral while lending? Give any three reasons. A: The lenders ask for a collateral before lending because:

It is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to the lender – until the loan is repaid. Collateral with the lender acts as a proof that the borrower will return the money.By keeping a collateral with the lender, the borrower is bound to be regular in paying the interest because the borrower does not want to lose the collateral. Q35. Why is it necessary for banks and cooperatives to extend their lending activities in rural areas? Explain. A: Banks and cooperatives should extend their lending activities in rural areas because: Rural poor and farmers have to borrow money from moneylenders at a very high rate of interest. Therefore, the cost to the borrowing is very high.A large part of the earnings of borrower is used to repay the loans. Hence, they have less income. Sometimes, a higher rate of lending means that the amount to be repaid is more than the earnings of the borrower.To save the people from the clutches and exploitation by the moneylenders, it is necessary for the banks and co-operatives to extend their lending activies.It would lead to higher incomes and improve the condition of the rural poor.People can also start a business or set up a small scale industry

2013Short Answer Type Questions Q36. How is money used as a medium of exchange? Explain with examples A: Money is used as a medium of exchange because it serves as a common mediumthrough which people can carry out buying and selling. Use of money makeseconomic activities independent of each other. At the same time, it removes the inconvenience caused by the barter system.For example, a person wants to sell sugar and buy wheat. He has to look for a person who wants sugar and has wheat to sell. In contrast, if in an economy, where money is used, the person who wants to sell sugar only has to look for a buyer for his sugar. The money which he will get can be used to purchase the wheat or any other commodity in the market. Since, money is used in the exchange process it is called a medium of exchange. Q37. What are the modern forms of money? Why is rupee widely accepted as a medium of exchange? Explain two reasons. A: Modern forms of money include paper notes and coins. Rupee is widely accepted as a medium of exchange because: It is authorised by the government of India. The law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment and settling the transactions. Thus, no one can refuse a payment made in rupees. Q38. What is a collateral? Why do lenders ask for collateral while lending? Explain

A: A collateral is an asset such as land, building, livestock, vehicle or deposits with the banks that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid.The lenders ask for a collateral before lending because: It is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee to the lender – until the loan is repaid. Collateral with the lender acts as a proof that the borrower will return the money.By keeping a collateral with the lender, the borrower is bound to be regular in paying the interest because the borrower does not want to lose the collateral. Q39. ‘Cheap and affordable credit is essential for poor households both in rural and urban areas.’ In the light of the above statement, explain the social and economic values attached to it.A:The social value attached to cheap and affordable credit is that it helps in reducing the dependence of poor on informal sources of credit. The economic value attached to cheap and affordable credit is that it helps the poor in rural and urban households to start self-employment ventures. This helps in increasing their income earning capacity and standard of living. Q40. What are demand deposits? How is money safe in the banks? Explain. A: Deposits in the bank account which are payable on demand are called demand deposits.Banks accept deposits from number of people. Some part of that money is given out as loan and the other part is kept with the banks for making payments. So, the money is safe with the banks. The depositors can withdraw their money whenever they want.

Long Answer Type Questions Q41. What are the two categories of sources of credit? Mention four features of each. A: The two categories of sources of credit are: Formal sources of credit Informal sources of credit The features of formal sources of credit are: They charge low rate of interest and the mode of repayment is easy. They keep a collateral from the borrowers for granting loans. Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of credit, (id) Urban households are largely depend on formal sources of credit. They include banks and cooperatives. The features of informal sources of credit are: They charge higher rate of interest and the mode of repayment is very harsh. There is no need to keep a collateral in informal sources of credit. There is no organisation to supervise the functioning of informal sources of credit. Poor households are largely depend on informal sources of credit.They include moneylenders, relatives, friends etc.

Q42. What are Self-Help Groups? How are they emerging as an important source of credit? Explain. A: Self-Help Groups are a group of 15 to 20 poor villagers, especially women, who regularly pool money at regular intervals. When a member of the group is in need of money, he/she can get the loan from the group at a low rate of interest.Self-Help Groups are emerging as an important source of credit because: They charge less interest on the loans than what the moneylenders charge.All decisions regarding savings and loans are taken by the members of the group.The members can take loans from the groups to meet their daily needs.If the group is regular in its savings, they can also take loan from the bank. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group. The group is responsible for the repayment of loan.They help borrowers to overcome the problem of collateral.They have freed borrowers from the clutches of the moneylenders.

2012Short Answer Type Questions

Q43. What is money? Why is modern money currency accepted as a medium ofexchange?A:Money is anything which has common acceptability as a means of exchange, a measure and a store of value. Modern money has been accepted as a medium of exchange because: It is authorised by the government of a India.It is issued by the apex bank on behalf of the government. No other individual is allowed to issue currency. The law of the country legalises its use as a medium of payment and setting transactions. No one in a country can refuse payment made in the currency of that country. Q44. Why is cheap and affordable credit important for the country’s development? Explain any three reasons. A: Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for a country’s development because: More lending would lead to higher incomes and encourage people to invest in agriculture, engage in business and set up small industries. Cheap credit will enable more investment. This leads to acceleration of economic activity. Cheap credit would also allow weaker sections of society to access formal sector of lending and get rid of from informal moneylenders.Affordable credit would also end the cycle of debt trap.Cheap and easy terms of credit would inspire better investment in technology and thus increase competition. Q45. “Whether credit will be useful or not, depends upon the situation.” Give two different examples in support of this statement

A:The two examples showing whether credit will be useful or not, depends upon the situation are: Chirag is a shoe manufacturer. During the festival season, he receives an order for 3,000 pair of shoes to be completed in a month. He employs two more workers for pasting and stitching. He takes an advance payment from a large trader for 1,000 pair of shoes. He asks the leather supplier to supply leather and payment would be made later. Chirag completes the order in a month, makes a good profit and repay all the money that he had borrowed. Sapna, a small farmer, grows groundnut in her three acres of land. She took a loan from the moneylender, hoping to repay the loan, once the crop is harvested. Being hit by the pest, the crop fails. Expensive pesticides did not make any difference. Sapna is unable to repay the moneylender and the other year, it becomes a bigger amount. Next year again, she took a loan for cultivation. It is not a bumber crop this year too. Sapna earns little, but it is not enough to repay the old loans. She had to sell a part of the land to repay the loan. She is caught in a debt. This situation is called debt-trap.Hence, we can say that it depends on situation whether credit will be useful or not. Q46. “Most of the poor households still depend on the informal sector for loans,both in rural and urban areas of India.” Support the statement with three examples. A:Poor households still depend on informal sources of credit because: Bank loans require proper documentation and collateral which is rarely available with poor households. Informal sources of credit such as moneylenders know the borrowers personally and are often willing to give a loan without a collateral.Sometimes, if the borrowers are unable to return the loan, they can get additional loans from moneylenders. Q47. How do SHGs help borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral? Explain with an example. A: SHGs help borrowers to overcome the problem of lack of collateral in the following ways: It is the group that is responsible for the repayment of loan.Any case of non-payment of loan by any member is followed up seriously by other members.The formal sector is willing to lend to the members of SHGs because of their good track record of managing the credit. Q48. Why is there a great need to expand formal sector of credit in India? Explain any three reasons. A: There is a great need to expand formal sector of credit in India because: There is no organisation to supervise the credit activities of lenders in informal sector.The rate of interest charged by the informal sector is very high as compared to formal sector. People who might wish to start a business by borrowing may not do so because of high cost of borrowing in informal sector.

The higher interest rate of borrowing can mean that the amount to be repaid is greater than the income of the borrower in informal sector.

Long Answer Type Question Question 49. Which government body supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans in India? Explain its functioning.A:Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of formal sources of loans in India. It issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.It issues guidelines for fixing rate of interest on deposits and lending by banks. ,, It ensures that banks should maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. It ensures that the banks should give loans not only to profit making businesses but also to poor people and small traders. Periodically, the banks have to submit a report to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom and at what interest rate.

2011Long Answer Type Questions Q. Describe any four advantages of Self-Help Groups for the poor. A: The advantages of Self-Help Groups for the poor are: They help the poor to become self-reliant in terms of savings and generating income as the decisions regarding savings are taken by the group members. They avail the facilities of loans from formal sources like banks at low rate of interest. They create self-employment opportunities by discussion within their group.They make it possible for the poor to avail timely finance without any collateral. Q51. Explain any four terms of credit with examples. A: The four terms of credit are: Interest rate. The borrower has to pay a sum of money as interest along with the principal amount. Collateral. It is an asset that the borrower owns and uses this as a guarantee – to the lender untill the loan is repaid.Documentation. Proper documents of borrowing with all the terms and conditions must be submitted. Mode of repayment. The mode through which the borrower will repay the loan must be clearly mentioned. Long-term loans can be repaid in annual, half yearly or monthly instalments. Q: What is collateral? A: Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns such as land, building, vehicle,livestock, deposits with the banks and uses these as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid. Q54. Define credit.

A: Credit refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payments with interest. Q55. Which are the two major sources of formal loan for rural households? A: Banks and Cooperatives Q56. How does the use of money make exchange of things easier? Explain with examples. A: Money is used as a medium of exchange because it serves as a common mediumthrough which people can carry out buying and selling. Use of money makeseconomic activities independent of each other. At the same time, it removes the inconvenience caused by the barter system.For example, a person wants to sell sugar and buy wheat. He has to look for a person who wants sugar and has wheat to sell. In contrast, if in an economy, where money is used, the person who wants to sell sugar only has to look for a buyer for his sugar. The money which he will get can be used to purchase the wheat or any other commodity in the market. Since, money is used in the exchange process it is called a medium of exchange.Let us take an example of a farmer who wants to sell wheat and wants to buy goat in lieu of that. If he opts for barter system, he will have to search a person who may be interested in giving off his goat and in taking wheat. But finding such a person can be difficult and time-consuming. On the other hand, if the farmer sells wheat and takes money for that, he can easily go and purchase goat with that money. Q58. Why are the deposits in the banks called ‘demand deposits’? What are the benifits of deposits with the banks?A:People deposit the surplus or extra money in the banks. The banks keep the money safe and provide interest on it. The deposits can be drawn at any time on demand by the depositors. That is why they are called demand deposits. The benifits of deposits with the banks are: They can be encashed by issuing cheques in the name of the person to whom the payment is to be made.They make it possible to directly settle payments without the use of cash.Since demand drafts/cheques are widely accepted as a means of payment along with currency, they constitute money in the modern economy. Q59. How does credit plays a vital and positive role? Explain with suitable example. A: Credit plays a vital and positive role in the following ways: It helps people from all walks of life in setting up their business, increase their income and provide support to their family needs. It makes it possible for the people to own or construct their own house and get relief from monthly rent. People often avail themselves of credit to purchase luxury items like vehicles, A.Cs, etc., which further raises their standard of living.

It enables us to invest in human resource. People take credit for education, training, etc. which allows enrichment of human resource. For example, Salim availed credit facility to meet the working capital needs of production. It helped him to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time, thereby, increasing his income. Q60. When does credit push the borrower into a debt-trap? Explain with the help of an example. A: In situation with high risks, credit might create problems and pushes the borrower into a debt-trap. He is much worse off than before. For example, crop production involves high costs on inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, water etc. Farmers generally take loans at the beginning of the season and repay the loan after harvest. But the failure of the crop makes loan repayment impossible. They have to sell part of the land to repay the loan or a fresh loan may be required to repay the previous loan, and the borrower may find himself caught in a vicious circle and recovery from such a situation is very painful. GEOGRAPHY CH 1 Q-1Write a short note on classification of resources. [3] Solution: The resources can be classified in the following ways – (a) On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic (b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable (c) On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international (d) On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves. Q-2 Give the difference between renewable resources and non-renewable resources with examples. [1] Solution: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. While Non-renewable resources are resources that take millions of years in their formation. Q-3 Give the two factors that determine soil fertility. [1] Solution:1) Soil fertility depends on is composition. Sandy soil is not suitable for agriculture as they do not retain water which the plant roots need for survival. The ideal soils contain a mixture of sand and clay. 2) The humus content determines soil fertility. Organic farm yard manures improve the humus content. Q-4 What is the classification of alluvial soil on the basis of their age? Mention their characteristics. [1] Solution: Apart from the size of their grains or components, soils are also classified on the basis of their age. According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as old alluvial (Bangar) and

new alluvial (Khadar). The bangar soil has higher concentration of kanker nodules than the Khadar. It has more .ne particles and is more fertile than the bangar. Q-5 Give a short note on reserves. [3] Solution: Reserves are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know- how’ but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. River water can be used for generating hydroelectric power but presently, it is being utilized only to a limited extent. Thus, the water in the dams, forests etc. is a reserve which can be used in the future. Q-6 Major problem faced due to the indiscriminate use of resources by Man- Discuss. [3] Solution: Human beings used the resources indiscriminately and this has led to the following problems. 1) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. 2) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two, segments i.e. haves and have-nots or rich and poor. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises. Q-7 Write a paragraph on resource planning. [3] Solution: Resource planning is a complex process, which involves: (i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. (ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. (iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. Q-8 What was the views of Gandhiji on resource conservation? [3] Solution: Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in the following words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He placed the greedy and sel.sh individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. Q-9 Name the five types of land resource. [5] Solution: Land resources are made up of: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation: (a) Barren and waste land (b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc. 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land): (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land, (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area), (c) Cultivable wasteland (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years). 4. Fallow lands (a) Current fallow (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year), (b) Other than current fallow- (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).

5. Net sown area-Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area. Q-10 Give four factors that determine the use of land? [1] Solution: The use of land is determined both by physical factors such as topography, climate, and soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc. Q-11 What has significantly contributed to land degradation? [5] Solution: Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial eluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country. Q-12 How can the problem of deforestation be solved? [3] Solution: There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation. 1. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent. 2. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes 3. In industrial and suburban areas, proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial ecuents and wastes after treatment. Q-13 Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. Explain. [5] Solution: It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in depth. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes, which take place in the soil, are equally important. Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials. Q-14 Give a brief note on the productivity of alluvial soil. [3] Solution: Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. Due to its high fertility, regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. Soils in the drier areas are more alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.

Q-15 Is black soil easy to work, in hot climate? Explain. Solution: The black soils are made up of extremely .ne i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents. They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the .rst shower or during the pre-monsoon period. Q-16 Give a brief note on arid soil. [3] Solution: Arid soils range from red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature. In some areas the salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water. Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture. The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards. The Kankar layer formations in the bottom horizons restrict the infiltration of water. After proper irrigation, these soils become cultivable as has been in the case of western Rajasthan. Q-17 Mention any two methods for reducing fallow land. Solution: The two methods for reducing fallow Land are : 1. Use fertilizers 2. Crop rotation or multiple cropping. Q-18 What are the two disturbing features of land – use pattern? Solution: The two distributing features of land-use pattern are: 1.Forests 2.Barren wastelands. Q-19 Give two characteristics of alluvial soil. Solution: Two main characteristics of alluvial soil are: 1. Alluvial soil is the most widespread soil in India. 2. It is made by deposits brought down by the rivers year after year and are very fertile, They are very suitable for cultivation. Q-20 What was the root cause for resources depletion at the global level, according to Gandhiji? Solution: (i) Greedy and selfish nature of the individual. (ii) Exploitation nature of modern technology. Q-21 What are the problems faced due to mismanagement of resources? Solution: (i) Over utilization of resources leads to their depletion. (ii) Over utilization of the resources leads to environment degradation. Q-22 What is conservation of resources? Solution: It is defined as the management of the resources by humans. It aims at satisfying the needs of the present generations as well as the aspirations of the future generations.

Q-23 What is resource planning? Solution: It is a widely-accepted strategy for the judicious use of resources, eg Dalhousie has vast forest resources but lacks in infrastructural facilities. Hence planning is required in developing the resources. Q-24 Give the importance of human beings as an essential component of resource? Solution: Man transforms material available in our environment into resources uses them. Thus Man is considered as an important component of the Resource. eg. Wood is a material when it is utilized it become a piece of furniture, which is a resource. Q-25 Define Resource. Solution: Everything available in our environment, which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided it is technologically accessible, economically fexible and culturally acceptable, can be termed as resource. Q-26 Where is black soil found? (A) Jammu and Kashmir (B) Rajasthan (C) Gujarat (D) Jharkhand Solution: (C) Gujarat. Q-27 Where is gully erosion commonly found? (A) Kutch basin (B) Saurasthra basin (C) Chambal basin (D) Southern Plateau Solution: (C) Chambal basin. Q-28 In which of the following states, is the net sown area under irrigation lowest? (a) Haryana, Punjab (b) Bengal, Bihar, Assam (C) Himachal, Assam, Maharashtra, Karnataka (D) Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Gujarat Solution: (C) Himachal, Assam, Maharashtra, Karnataka. Q-29 Where is laterite soil found? (A) Jammu and Kashmir (B) Rajasthan (C) Kerala (D) Jharkhand Solution: (B) Rajasthan. Q-30 Where is land is degraded caused due to excessive cultivation? (A) Madhya Pradesh (B) Rajasthan (C) Punjab (D) Gujarat Solution: (C) Punjab. Q-31 Which is not a factor, in process of transformation of resources in the given environment? (A) Technology (B) Institutions (C) Wild life (D) Human Society Solution: (C) Wild life.

Question-32 (A) Assam, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh (B) Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Bihar (C) Goa, Karnataka, Kerala (D) Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa Solution: (A) Assam, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. Q-33 Choose the correct percentage of land division in India. (A) Plains – 28%, Mountains – 16%, Plateaus – 60% (B) Plains – 40%, Mountains – 33%, Plateaus – 27% (C) Plains – 43%, Mountains – 30%, Plateaus – 27% (D) Plains – 45%, Mountains – 28%, Plateaus – 27% Solution: (C) Plains – 43%, Mountains – 30%, Plateaus – 27%. Q-34 Which one is a renewable resource? (A) Iron-ore (B) Petroleum products (C) Coal (D) Solar energy Solution: (D) Solar energy. Q-35 Which place is related to the Earth Summit of 1992? (A) Dhaka in Bangladesh (B) New Delhi in India (C) Tehran in Iran (D) Rio de Janeiro in Brazil Solution: (D) Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Q-36 Which one is an example of private ownership of a resource? (A) Community Hall (B) Police Station (C) Farm Land (D) Post Office Solution: (C) Farm land. Q-37 What is India’s national territorial water limit extension? (A) 10 nautical mile (B) 12 nautical mile (C) 11 nautical mile (D) 15nautical mile Solution: (B) 12 nautical mile. Q-38 Which is example for potential resource? (A) Thermal energy in Jharkhand (B) Hydel power in Himalayan region (C) Electricity in Northern Grid of India (D) Nuclear energy in Maharashtra region Solution:(B) Hydel power in Himalayan region. Q-39 (C) Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala (D) Bihar, Bengal, Assam Solution: (B) Haryana, Punjab, Bihar . Q-40 In which place is land degradation excess due to land mining?

(A) Punjab (B) Haryana (C) Uttar Pradesh (D) Jharkhand Solution: (D) Jharkhand. Q-41Which factor cannot be classified, as one of the factors of soil formation? (A) Parent rock (B) Running water (C) Humus (D) Industrialisation Solution:(D) Industrialisation. Q-42 Which type of resources is iron-ore? (A) Renewable (B) Flow (C) Biotic (D) Non-renewable Solution: (D) Non-renewable. Q-43 What caused land degradation in Punjab? (A) Intensive cultivation (B) Over irrigation (C) Deforestation (D) Overgrazing Solution: (A) Intensive cultivation. Q-44 Where is terrace cultivation practiced? (A) Punjab (B) Haryana (C) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (D) Uttaranchal Solution: (D) Uttaranchal. Q-45 Where is Sukhomaijri located? (A) Uttaranchal (B) Uttar Pradesh (C) Haryana (D) Andhra Pradesh Solution: (C) Haryana. Q-46 Where has shelter belts stabilised sand dunes? (A) Gujarat (B) Haryana (C) Rajasthan (D) Punjab Solution: (C) Rajasthan. Q-47 India has a wide variety of relief features, which are the most important resources. Justify the statement. [3] Solution: India has a wide variety of relief features which includes mountains plains plateaus. (i) plain land area is about 43% of the land area which provide facilities for agriculture industry. (ii) Mountains account for 30% of the land area which provides facilities for tourism ecological aspects. It also ensures perennial flow of some rivers. (iii) About 27% of the plateau region is considered as a storehouse for minerals. Q-48 Give the differences between resource rich countries and resource poor countries. [3] Solution: Resource Rich Countries

1.Resource rich countries are basically those which are rich in natural resources such as forest, water etc. 2. Eg: India has rich resource base but due to lack of technology most of it is potential Resources Poor Countries 1. Resource poor countries are those, which have a poor resource base. 2. Eg. Japan with no resource base but they are rich in technological skills talents. Q-49 What are the various stages of resources planning? Solution: (i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country which involves surveying mapping measurement of resources. (ii) Evolving a planning structure with appropriate technology skills and institutions to set for implementing the resources development plans. (iii) Matching the resources development plans with the overall nation development plans. Q-50 What are the uses of resource planning? Solution: (i) It reduces resource exploitation. (ii) It keeps the environment pollution free. (iii) Resources are limited, and thus it is required to conserve them for the future use. (iv) It is essential for rapid economic development. Q-51 What is sustainable economic development? Solution: Sustainable economic development means development should take place without damaging the environment development in the present, should not compromise with the needs of the future generation. Q-52 List the importance of natural resources. Solution: (i) They are the main source of our agricultural activities. (ii) They provide the raw material for the industries. (iii) All our commercial activities directly or indirectly depend upon them. (iv) They are useful in maintaining the ecological balance. Q-53 Give the resources on the basis of exhaustibility. Solution: The classification of resources on the basis of exhaustibility is: (i) Renewable Resources – The resources that can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical mechanical processes. (ii) Non – Renewable Resources – They occur over a very long geological time taking millions of years in their formation get exhausted with their use. For eg. minerals. Q-54 Classify resources on the basis of origin. [1] Solution: On the basis of origin resources are classified as: (i) Biotic – They are obtained from Biosphere and have life such as fora fauna. (ii) Abiotic – All those things which are composed of non-living things such as rocks metals etc. Q-55 What is the inter-relationship between nature, technology institutions? [1] Solution:

Human beings interact with nature to fulfill his needs using the resources that are available. He also by transforms the natural stuff in to resources through technology also create institutions to accelerate their economic development. Q-56 What are the methods adopted to solve the problems of land degradation? [5] Solution:1. Afforestation. 2. Proper management grazing land. 3. Planting of shelter belts in desert areas. 4. Control of overgrazing. 5. Stabilization of sand dunes by growing theory bushes. 6. Proper management of waste lands. 7. Control on mining activities. 8. Proper discharge disposal of eluents waster after treatment can reduce land degradation. Q-57 Give a few activities which results in land – degradation. [5] Solution: 1. Deforestation in states like M.P. Orissa. 2. Overgrazing in the states of Punjab Haryana have cause land-degradation. 3. Mining quarrying have contributed a lot in land degradation as mining sites are abundant after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars. 4. Over irrigation in areas such as Punjab Haryana also leads to land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity alkalinity in soil. 5. Mineral processing like grinding of lime stone for cement industry generates huge quantity of dust in atmosphere after this dust settles down on land which stops percolation of water in soil. 6. Industrial eluents as wastes are a major source of land water pollution. Q-58 List the resources on the basic of the status of development. [5] Solution: The classification of resources on the basis of status of development is as follows: (i) Potential Resources – Resources that are found in the region but have not been utilized. For eg: Western part of India has enormous potential for solar and wind energy which have not been properly utilized. (ii) Developed Resources – Resources which are surveyed their quantity is determined for utilization, its development depends on technology level of their feasibility. (iii) Stock Resources – Material in the environment which has the potential to satisfy human needs but due to lack of technology human are not able to utilize them. Eg – water is a compound of hydrogen oxygen they are the rich source of energy but due to lack of technology, we cannot use them. (iv) Reserves – They are the subset of stock which can be put into use with the help of existing technological skills but their use has to not been started. Q-59 Classify resources on the basis of ownership. [5] Solution: Classification is as follows: (i) Individual Resource – The resources that are owned privately by individuals such as a house is owned by an individual. (ii) Community Owned Resources – The resources that are accessible to all the member of the society, eg. Public park. (iii) National Resource – All the resources that belong to a nation such as forests, wildlife.

(iv) International Resource – There are international institutions which regulate some resources. For eg – the oceanic resources beyond 200kms. of exclusive economic zone belongs to open ocean no individual country can utilize these without the interference of international institutions. Q-60 How are gullies formed? Solution: Gullies are ravines formed by rain water in areas devoid of green cover. Q-61 What does resource planning stand for? Solution: Resource planning is the technique used for ensuring best use of the existing resources. Q-62 Identify three factors responsible for soil formation. Solution: Relief, climate and nature of parent rock are responsible for soil formation. Q-63 What is meant by waste land? Solution: Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas. Q-64 Write about resource planning. What were Gandhiji’s views on resource conservation? [5] Solution: Resource planning is a complex process, which involves: (i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. (ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. (iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans. Gandhiji voiced his concern about resource conservation in the following words: “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” He placed the greedy and sel.sh individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. Q-65 What has significantly contributed to land degradation? [5] Solution: Some human activities such as deforestation, over grazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land d degradation. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. In states like Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa deforestation due to mining have caused severe land degradation. In states like Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra overgrazing is one of the main reasons for land degradation. In the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh, over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. The mineral processing like grinding of limestone for cement industry and calcite and soapstone for ceramic industry generate huge quantity of dust in the atmosphere. It retards the process of infiltration of water into the soil after it settles down on the land. In recent years, industrial eluents as waste have become a major source of land and water pollution in many parts of the country. Q-66 Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. Explain. [5] Solution: It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system. It takes millions of years to form soil up to a few cm in depth.

Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil. Chemical and organic changes, which take place in the soil, are equally important. Soil also consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials. Q-67 Is black soil easy to work, in hot climate? Explain. [3] Solution: The black soils are made up of extremely .ne i.e. clayey material. They are well known for their capacity to hold moisture. In addition, they are rich in soil nutrients, such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. These soils are generally poor in phosphoric contents. They develop deep cracks during hot weather, which helps in the proper aeration of the soil. These soils are sticky when wet and difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period. Chapter 3: Water Resources-Locating and Labelling – Dams: Salal Bhakra Nangal Tehri Rana Pratap Sagar Sardar Sarovar Hirakud Nagarjuna Sagar Tungabhadra (Along with rivers) Chapter 4: Agriculture-Identification only (a) Major areas of rice and wheat. (b) Largest / Major producer states of sugarcane; tea; coffee; rubber; cotton and jute. (Location and labelling) ECONOMICS CH-1 1- MARK 1. What is development goal of a girl from a rich urban family? Ans. She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad. 12. What are the development goals of prosperous farmers from Punjab? Ans. Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad. 3. What is Infant Mortality Rate? Ans. Infant Mortality Rate indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.

4. Define Net Attendance Ratio? Ans. Net attendance ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group. 5. Name the areas where the groundwater overuse is particularly found. Ans. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India. 6. What is meant by HDI rank? Ans. The HDI rank of a country indicates the place of the country in relation to other countries in field of human development. 3-MARKS Q. Why do different people have different goals for development? Ans. Different people have different goals for development because: Different people have different aspiration and desire. Some may like to have ̀ more income and better quality of education for their children, while others may require no social discrimination and high support price for their crops. So according to the living conditions and the environment in which the person stays, he or she pursue for the goals. People seek things that are most important for them i.e., that which can fulfill their aspiration or desires. Q. Why average income is taken into consideration instead of total income while making comparison between countries? Ans. The total income of the country is the income of all the residents of the country. For comparison between countries, total income is not such a useful measure. Since countries have different population, comparing total income will not tell us what an average people is likely to earn. Hence we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. So, Average income = Total income Total population The average income is also called per capita income. 1. Write a paragraph on your nation that what should India do, to become a developed country? Ans. (i) Control the rate of increasing population. (ii) Use of latest technology, irrigation facility, chemical fertilizers, and all information should be provided to farmers. (iii) New economic policy, international trade, liberalization and globalization should be adopted sincerely and effectively. (iv) Adequate facilities related with infrastructure, education, health, electricity, water, transport etc. should be provided to all people of all regions and areas. 2. What is the main criteria used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? Ans. Per capita income is the main criteria used by World Bank. Limitations of per capita income: - It enables to show how income is distributed among the people of the country. - Cost of pollution is not considered in this average.

- Some other important aspects like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio etc. are not considered while calculating per capita income. 3. Do all persons have the same notion of development? Explain. [3] Ans. 1. No, all persons have not same notion of development. 2. All the persons have their own different development notions. 3. It differs from person to person. 4. The notion of development of one person may not be development notion of other person. 5. The development notion of a student may not be the development notion of a teacher. 4. Explain the important aspects of our lives that are important than income.[1] Ans. 1. Besides higher income, people also want to seek other important non-material things. 2. For instance people want to have equal treatment, freedom, security, respect in the society, tension-free life, affectionate behavior and they dislike discrimination. 3. All these are important non material goals. 5. Explain the goals of different persons may sometime be conflicting. [3] Ans. 1. It is possible that two different categories of people may seek things which are conflicting to each other. 2. For instance a new generation girl would like to have as much freedom as her brother and expects that her brother should also share in the households. 3. Similarly workers in a factory are interested in higher wages and more facilities. 6. Explain any three limitations of per capita income? [3] Ans. 1. Since per capita income is an average measure, it is possible that with the increase in income the rich may become richer and poor poorer. 2. It is thus possible that with the increase in per capita income greater inequality in the distribution of income may crop up. 3. Average income is undoubtedly useful comparison but it does not tell us how income is distributed among people in a country, it may hide disparities. 7. What is the main concern with regard to sustainable development?[1] Ans. 1. The main concern of the sustainable development is to save the resources from its depletion. 2. Development should take place but not at the cost of environment. 3. Resources should be reserved for future generations. 8. What is environment degradation? Give a few examples? Ans. 1. Environment degradation refers to the degradation of natural resources and pollution. 2. Global warming is the result of environment degradation. 3. Depletion of resources is also an example of environment degradation. 4. Extinction of flora and fauna is also an example of environment degradation. 5. Degradation of land resources.

9. Mention in brief the factors which are important goals in our life.[3] Ans. 1. People desire regular work, good salary structure and decent prices for crops or other products that they produce. We can say that the desired for more income. 2. People also want equal treatment in the society. 3. People want freedom, security and respect for others. 4. They don’t expect discrimination. 10. Which recent report is the basis for the classification of countries as developed and low income countries? Ans. 1. The average income called per capita income criterion is used in classifying countries. 2. In the World development report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, This criterion is used in classifying countries as developed countries and low income countries. 11. Explain the terms average income and national income.[1] Ans. 1. Average income: Average income is the total income of the country divided by its total population. It is also known as per capita income. 2. National Income: It is the sum total of value of all the final goods and services produced within the country and income from foreign factors. 12. How are countries classified by World Development Report?[1] Ans. 1. World Development Report 2006, brought out by the World Bank, this criterion is used in classifying countries. 2. Countries with per capita income of Rs 453000 per annum are called rich or developed countries. 3. Those with per capita income of Rs 37000 or less are called low income countries. 13. How do we calculate the total income of a country and what is meant by Per capita income? Ans. 1. The total income of a country is the income of all the residents of that country. 2. This gives us the total income of the country. 3. The average income called per capita income is calculated as the total income of the country that is national income, divided by its total population. 14. Which non-material factors a person consider before accepting a job to a far off place? Ans. 1. Facilities for him and his family. 2. Good working atmosphere. 3. More opportunities of learning. 4. Chances of growth. 5. Job security and Social security. 15. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family? Ans. Total income of four families =5000*4 =Rs 20000Total income of three families =4000+7000+3000 =Rs 14000 Total income of the fourth family is = 20000-14000 =Rs 6000

16. Study the data given in the table and answer the following questions. Some Comparative Data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar

1. Compare the infant mortality rate of Punjab with that of Kerala? 2. Compare the literacy rate of Bihar with that of Kerala?Compare Net Attendance ratio with Punjab. Ans. 1. Punjab has a high infant mortality rate that is 49, as comparison to Kerala. Kerala has only 11. 2. Bihar has only 47% literacy rate that is very less as comparison to Kerala. Kerala has 91% literacy rate. 3. Bihar has a very low net attendance ratio in comparison to Punjab. Bihar has 41 and Punjab as 81 net attendance ratios. 17. If the national income of a country is Rs 5, 678, 880, 00 and the per capita income is Rs 2000. Find the population of the country. Ans. We know that, Per Capita income = National Income/ population Per Capita Income= Rs 2000 National Income= Rs 5, 678, 880, 00 Population=? Suppose population = X 2000 ×= 5, 678, 880, 00 X=5,678,880,00/ 2000 POPULAION = 283944 18. ‘Human development is the essence of social development.’ Explain Ans. 1. Human development focuses on the people. 2. It is concerned with the well being of the people, their needs, choices and desires. 3. It is also about the enlarging or widening the choices for the people. It is building of human capabilities, such as to lead a long and a healthy life, to have education, information and knowledge. 4. Human development focuses on the expansion of basic choices. 19. What India should do to become a developed country? Ans. 1. India should take a effective steps to control its population. 2. Modern technology should be used in industrial as we as in agricultural sectors. 3. Effective education system should be implemented. 4. More and more person should be engaged in secondary and territory sectors. 20. Which sources of energy are used by us today? What could be possibilities fifty years from now?

State Infant Mortality rate per 1000 (2003) Literacy rate (%) 2001 Net Attendance ratio for

class I-V (1995-96) Punjab 49 70 81 Kerala 11 91 91 Bihar 60 41 41

Ans. 1. We use different types of sources of energy. 2. These include sources such as coal, natural gas, water, petroleum. 3. But by fifty years from now we may use sources such as solar, tidal and wind energy. 4. The conventional sources of energy are drying up. 21. Study the data given in the table and answer the following questions. Some Comparative Data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar

State Infant Mortality rate per 1000 (2003) Literacy rate (%) 2001

Net Attendance ratio for class I-V (1995-96)

Punjab 49 70 81 Kerala 11 91 91 Bihar 60 41 41 1. Which sate has the lowest infant mortality rate? 2. Why does this state have the lowest infant mortality rate in comparison to other state? 3. What Net Attendance ratio? Ans. 1. Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate. 2. Kerala has the lowest mortality rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities. 3. Total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a proportion of 1000 live children born in the same age group. 22. Comparison of Two countries: 1. Calculate the average income of country A and B. 2. Are both countries equally developed? If not why? 3. Which country is better and why? Ans .1. Country A- Average income- 10000 Country B- Average income-10000 2. No, Both countries are not equally developed because in country a, income distribution is equitably done while in country B, most citizens are poor except one who is extremely rich. 3. The condition of country A is better because in Country A, income distribution is equal. 23. Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of Human Development Index for 2004. Ans. 1. The Life Expectancy: The life expectancy at birth is much higher in Sri Lanka than India. The Life expectancy in Sri Lanka is 74 while in India it is 64. 2. Literacy rate: The Literacy rate in Sri Lanka is high as comparison to India. It was 91% in Sri

Country Monthly income of citizens in 2008 (in Rs) I II III IV v

Country A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200 Country B 500 500 500 500 48000

Lanka and 64% in India in 2004. 3. Gross Enrolment ratio: Gross enrolment ratio of India was 60 and it was 69 in Sri Lanka it was 69 in 2004. 24. What developmental goals encourage women to work outside their home? Ans. 1. The dignity if women in household and society increases if women do paid work. 2. When there is respect for women the members of the household are willing to share housework. 3. A person accepts that women working for outside their homes earn a livelihood. 4. A safe and secure environment may allow more women to take up a variety of jobs or run a business. 25. Explain the consequences the world face if non-renewable resources get exhausted in the world? Ans. 1. Speed of development will be slowed sown. 2. People will face a lot of problems. 3. The situation of life will become very difficult. 4. People will try to find out the alternative resources of the renewable resources. 5. It will also cause a threat to the world peace. 26. Mention the characteristics of development. Ans. 1. Different people have different development goals. 2. What may be development goal for one person may not be development goal for the other. It may be destructive. 3. Income of the most important component of development, but along with income, people also seek equal treatment, good health, peace and literacy. 4. For development people look at mix goal. 27. Study the data given in the table and answer the following questions. Some Comparative Data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar

State Infant Mortality rate per 1000 (2003) Literacy rate (%) 2001 Net Attendance ratio for

class I-V (1995-96) Punjab 49 70 81 Kerala 11 91 91 Bihar 60 41 41 1. Which state has the highest infant mortality rate? 2. Why this state has the highest infant mortality rate? 3. Define literacy rate? Ans. 1. Bihar has the highest infant mortality rate. 2. Bihar has the highest mortality rate highest infant mortality rate because it is the least developed state, out of these three. It lacks basic health facilities. People of this state fail to get proper educational facilities. 3. It measures the proportion of literate population in the seven and above age group. 28. What do you mean by public facilities? Why are they important? Give Example.

Ans. 1. Public facilities are the essential facilities for the community at large and are provided by the government. 2. They are important because there are many services like health, transportation, communication, education etc., which have become cheap and affordable for ordinary people if provided effectively. 3. Rail transportation, government school, colleges and public transport system are the examples of public facilities. 29. Why is literacy essential for the economic development of a country? Explain. Ans. 1. Literate people are the good human resource and they are the assets of a country. 2. If Japan is developed country, the whole credit goes to the good human resources of that country. 3. Through literacy we can remove the shortage of skilled labour. 30. Is it correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue? Explain the statement suitable arguments. Ans. Yes, it is correct to say that environmental degradation is not just a national issue. It is serious issue of public concern. Public also has to take an individual responsibility to save environment from its depletion. Awareness should be spread all over the world. Earth is not the property of the governments of the world and of the different nations of the world. It is property of all the living beings those who are living here. So it is the duty of public and all individuals to save it from further depletion. Sustainable development emphasizes the development that will allow all future generations to have a potential average quality of life that is at least as high as that which being enjoyed by the current generation. 31. Look at the following table for crude oil. Try to find out that, what type of estimates and indications are given by this table. CRUDE OIL RESERVES OF Region/ Country

Reserves (Billion tones) Number of years

Reserves will last

Middle East 89 93 United States of America 4 10 World 137 43

Ans. 1. The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil. 2. More important, it also tells us for how many years the stock of crude oil will last if people continue to extract it at the present rate. 3. The reserves would last only 43 years more. 32. What is meant by sustainable economic development? Give its main feature. Ans. 1. Sustainable Economic Development: It means that development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. 2. This concept stresses the role of the environment as capital that, if exhausted, cannot be replaced. 3. It requires preservation of human capital, physical capital and natural capital. 33. What is meant by sustainable economic development? Give its main features.

Ans. Sustainable development may be defined as development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising the need of ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Environment and economy are inter-dependent and complementary to each other. Hence the process of development should not ignore environmental issues. The main features of sustainable development are as follow: (i) It stresses meeting the needs of the present generation and future generation. (ii) There should be restraints on wasteful luxurious consumption pattern. (iii) Efforts should be made to invent environment friendly technology. (iv) Fast growing population should be effectively checked. 34. What is human development index? Who has prepared it? Write about basic components of human development measurement. Ans. Human development index is the cumulative measurement of the overall development of the people of a country. It was prepared by United Nation Development Organization and it is published by UNDP. The basic components of human development index are as follow: a. Life expectancy at birth- It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. It is measured in terms of life expectancy in years. b. Literacy- It is measured by gross enrolment ratio for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school. Per capita income- It is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country. 5 marks Questions: 1. What is meant by development? Tell us about the two indicators of development. Ans. 1. National Income: The level of national income indicates the level of development of a country. National income is the value of all the final goods and services produced in a country during a year and the income coming from abroad. 2. Per Capita income: Per capita income is the indicator of the income of all the citizens of a country: When national income is divided by total population of the country, we get Per Capita income. 2. What are the importance of Human development index? Ans. 1. It indicates the development of a country. 2. It indicates to a country how far it has to yet travel to achieve a higher rank and how far it as travelled. 3. It indicates the country that in which areas it is poor and in which areas it has improved. 4. Though it, one comes to know the important elements of economic welfare like life expectancy, level of education attainment and real per capita income. 5. It measures material and nonmaterial components of development. 6. Human Development Index is helpful for a country to plan its future agendas. 3. ‘Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to lie well.’ Explain. Ans. 1. Money or material things that one can buy with it are one factor on which our life depends. But the quality of life also depends upon non-material things like equal treatment, security, freedom, security.

2. Money cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines, peace. 3. There are many facilities like schools, colleges, parks, hospitals which people cannot afford. 4. Money cannot buy love affection respect for us and for others. 5. Money possessed by an individual even cannot provide us a type of government which takes decisions for the welfare of common people. 4. Distinguish between Human Development and Economic Development. [5] Ans. Human Development Human development is related to the development of human beings in all aspects. It is a broader aspect of development as it includes monetary as well as the non-monetary aspects. 3. It concerned with qualitative and quantitative growth. 4. Human development is the final goal of all the development. 5. Human Development includes development in the form of money, education, health. Security, dignity etc. Economic Development 1. Economic development is related with development of only economic aspects. 2. It is a narrow concept as it includes only the monetary aspect. 3. It is concerned with only quantitative aspects of growth. 4. It is a mean to achieve human development. 5. Economic development includes development in the form of money only. 5. Define Per Capita income? What are the limitations of the per capita income criteria of development? Ans. 1. Per capita income is income of per person. When national income is divided with the population of the country, we get per capita income. 2. Per capita income criteria take into account only the economic aspect of life and ignore the social aspect of life. 3. Per Capita income criteria ignore education, health, life expectancy, sanitation etc. 4. Per capita income criteria also ignore non material things like peace, pollution free environment, democracy etc. 5. Punjab has higher per capita income as compared to Kerala but it has been ranked lower on Human Development Index because it is far behind than Kerala in literacy rate and has higher infant mortality rate than Kerala. 6. What are the development goals of the Following: i. A maid-servant working in a household. ii. An untrained worker of a factory iii. Trader iv. A girl from a rich urban family v. A poor person from a tribal village Ans. i. A maid-servant working in a household: Higher salary, less work and equal treatment in the household, educational arrangement for her children. ii. An untrained worker of a factory: Higher income through increased wage rate, benefits of social security measures, smaller working hours and good working conditions, good and honorable treatment by the factory owners.

iii. Trader: Available of cheap laborers, no labour strikes, assured supply of raw materials and electricity on reasonable rates, higher profits. iv. A girl from a rich urban family: Equal treatment and freedom as her brother, luxurious life pattern, aspires to go abroad. v. A poor person from a tribal village: Should be able to get forest produce without interference, regular job opportunity and income, freedom from exploitation by traders. 7. Define Per Capita income? What are the limitations of the per capita income criteria of development? Ans. 1. Per capita income is income of per person. When national income is divided with the population of the country, we get per capita income. 2. Per capita income criteria take into account only the economic aspect of life and ignore the social aspect of life. 3. Per Capita income criteria ignore education, heath, life expectancy, sanitation etc. 4. Per capita income criteria also ignore non material things like peace, pollution free environment, democracy etc. 5. Punjab has higher per capita income as compared to Kerala but it has been ranked lower on Human Development Index because it is far behind than Kerala in liteacy rate and has higher infant mortality rate than Kerala. 8.What are the efforts and achievements made by the government of India after independence in the field of health? Ans. 1. Efforts have been made to overcome the nutritional problems and considerable progress has been achieved. 2. In the plan –period, the mortality rate declined to nearly 9 per thousand and infant mortality has come down to 70 per thousand live births. 3. Small pox has been completely eradicated and other disease malaria, leprosy, tuberculosis etc have been controlled. 4. A number of hospitals have been set up by Government and free ambulance service is given to people. 5. Special attention is being given to the extension of health facilities in the village. Free medical facilities are given to poor people. 9. Distinguish between developed countries and developing countries. Ans. Developed countries The standard of living of the people is very high. Countries with more per capita income and high average income. Good health facilities. The rate of saving, investment, capital information is also very high. Life expectancy is more. Example: Scandinavian Countries, USA. Developing Countries Countries with low average income and less per capita income. The standard of living of the people is not very high.

Lack of basic health facilities The rate of saving, investment, capital information is also very low. Life expectancy is very low. Example: India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh. 10. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states in the country for year 2001. Read the table and answer the following questions:

States Male % Female % Kerala 22 19 Karntaka 36 38 Madhya Pradesh 43 42 All States 37 36

1. Compare the nutritional value of people of Kerala and Madhya Pradesh? 2. Can you guess why around 40 percent of people in the country are undernourished even through it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words? 3. In which state females are among the most undernourished? 4. What is Undernourishment? Ans. 1. The condition of nutrition value of people of Kerala is in better position as comparison to Madhya Pradesh. 2. The main reason is that, assess upon the country’s resources is more of rich people as comparison to the poor. The riches 5% of Indian society consumes 25% resources than poorest. The lack of education facilities and less awareness is also a main cause of undernourishment. 3. Madhya Pradesh. 4. If a person is not taking a balanced died and he is taking fewer calories as per the requirement, it leads to serious health problems and weakness. This is undernourishment. 11. Study the given table carefully and answer the following questions: HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF INDIA AND ITS NEIBOURS-2013 COUNTRY PER CAPITA LIFE

EXPECTANCY LITERACY RATE FOR 15+ YEAR POPULATION

HDI RANK IN THE WORLD

Sri Lanka 5270 75.1 90.6 92 India 3285 65.7 62.8 136 Myanmar 1817 65.7 92.0 149 Pakistan 2566 65.7 55.5 146 Nepal 1137 69.1 59.1 157 Bangladesh 1785 69.2 55.9 146

1. What are the components of human development? 2. Why is Sri Lanka’s rank higher than India 3. What is the per capita income of India?

4. Which country has the highest per capita income? 5. What is the HDI rank of India in the world? Ans. 1. Per capita income, longevity and education. 2. Because Sri Lanka leads in all components like the per capita income, education and longevity. 3. About 32854 4. Sri Lanka, i.e., around 5170 5. 136 GEOGRAPHY CH-1 Q. What type of soil is found in river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil. [1] Ans. Alluvial Soil 1) Most important soil 2) Such a soil is the result of deposits of river. 3) Very fertile soil. Q. What do you, mean by land use pattern? Name the factors that determine the use of land. [1] Ans. Utilization of land for various purposes such as cultivation grazing of animals mining construction of roads etc. Factors1) Topography 2) Climate3) Human Factor 4) Accessibility Q. What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas? [1] Ans. 1) Terracing on hilly area 2) Buildings Dams on hilly areas 3) Afforestation Q. What is strip cropping? [1] Ans. Large fields divided into strips. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. This method is known as strip cropping. 1. What was the main contribution of the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987?[1] Ans. a. The seminal contribution with respect to resource conservation at the global level was made by the Brundtland Commission Report, 1987.b. This report introduced the concept of ‘Sustainable Development’ and advocated it as a means for resource conservation, which was substantially published in a book, entitled Our Common Future. Q. Define resources? Name some resources? [1] Ans. a. Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as Resource. b. Land, Soil, Tree and air are some examples of resources.

3. Explain the interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. Ans. a. The process of transformation of things available in our environment involves an interdependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions. b. Human beings interact with nature through technology and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. c. Resources are the functions of activities. 4. “Resources are a function of human activities”. Elaborate the statement with suitable arguments. [3] Ans. a. Natural resources are the free gifts of nature but many manmade resources are used by the humanity. b. Resources are functions of human activities. Human beings themselves are essential components of resources. c. They transform material available in our environment into resources and use them. 5. Classify resources on the basis of origin. Give examples. Ans. a. Biotic resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. b. Abiotic resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals. 6. Classify resources on the basis of exhaustibility. Write examples.[3] Ans. a. Renewable resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable resources: For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc. b. Non Renewable resources: These occur over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation. Some of the recourses like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use. 7. List the problems caused due to the indiscriminate use of resources by human being? [3] Ans. a. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. b. Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divide the society into two, segments i.e. ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’ or rich and poor. c. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation. 8. What was agenda 21? Explain. [3] Ans. a. It is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 at the united Nation’s conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). b. It focuses on attaining Global Sustainable Development. c. It’s mainly aim is to fight the environmental damage, poverty, diseases through global cooperation on common interest, mutual needs and shared responsibilities. d. An important and distinct aim of the agenda is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.

9. Write a short note on Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992. [3] Ans. a. Rio de Janeiro was the meeting ground for the first International Earth Summit. b. More than 100 heads of state met at this famous conference which was convened in June 1992 to address the urgent problems of environmental protection and socio-economic development at the global level. c. A declaration on Global Climatic change and the Biological Diversity was signed by the assembled leaders. d. They adopted Agenda 21 and endorsed the global forest Principles to achieve Sustainable Development in the 21st century. 10. What is resource planning? Why is resource planning essential? [3] Ans. a. Resource planning: Resource planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. b. Resource planning is essential for sustainable existence of all forms of life. c. Sustainable existence is a component of sustainable development. 11. Define sustainable development? What are their importance’s? [3] Ans. a. Sustainable Development: Sustainable development means development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. b. It is essential for sustained quality of life. c. If the present trend of resource depletion by a few individuals and countries continues, the future of our planet is in danger. So sustainable development is very important to save our planet and our self. 12. Explain the three steps that involved in the complex process of resource planning? [3] Ans. a. Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. b. Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans 13. How far it is correct to say that the availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region? Explain. [3] Ans. The availability of resources is a necessary condition for the development of any region, but mere availability of resources in the absence of corresponding changes in technology and institutions may hinder development. There are many regions in our country that are rich in recourses but these are included in economically backward regions. On the contrary there are some regions which have a poor resource base but they are economically developed. 14. Explain the relationship between the process of colonization and rich resources of colonies.[3] Ans. a. The History of colonization reveals that rich resources in colonies were the main attractions of the foreign traders.

b. It was primarily the higher level of technological development of colonizing countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and established their supremacy over colonies. c. There for resources can contribute to development only when they are accompanied by appropriate technological development and institutional changes. 15. What are the different factors that determine land use? [3] Ans. a. Both physical and human factors determine the land use pattern of any area. b. Physical factors include topography, climate, and soil types. c. Human factors include population density, technological capability and cultural traditions. 16. What type of relief covers most of India’s land? Explain. [3] Ans. a. India has land under a variety of relief features, namely: mountains, plateaus, plains and islands. b. About 43 per cent of land area is plain, which provides facilities for agriculture and industry. c. Mountains account for 30 per cent of the total surface area of the country and ensure perennial flow of rivers, provides facilities of tourism and ecological aspects. d. About 27 per cent of the area of the country is plateau region. It possesses rich reserves of minerals, fossil fuels and forests. 17. What is the reason behind the availability of Land use data for only 93 percent of the total geography area of India? [3] Ans. a. Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq lm land use data, however is available only for 93 per cent of the total geographical area. b. Because the land use reporting for most of the nor-east states except Assam has not been done fully. c. Moreover, some areas of Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China have also not been surveyed. 18. Why does the net sown area vary from one state to another? [3] Ans. a. There are wide variations in the pattern of net sown area from one state to another state. b. If we compare Haryana and Punjab with Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar Islands there is a great disparity. c. In Punjab and Haryana the net sown area is 80% of the total area but in other mentioned states it is less than 10% of the total area. d. The reasons for these differences are many, e.g., climate, soil, relief, irrigation facilities. 19. Distinguish between Khadar and Bhangar. [3] Ans. Khadar 1. The khadar soils are found in the low areas of valley. 2. These soils are finer in texture. 3. These soils are more fertile. 4. These soils are known as New alluvial. Bhangar 1. The Bhangar soils are found in the higher reaches.

2. These are coarser in texture. 3. These soils are less fertile. 4. These soils are known are old alluvial. 20. How is land a natural resource of utmost importance? Explain with suitable arguments.[3] Ans. a. All economic activities are performed on land. b. It supports natural vegetation and wildlife. c. It is used for transportation and communication system. d. Most of the minerals are formed in land. 21. What is soil erosion? Explain the major types of soil erosion? [3] Ans. a. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion is the removal of soil by the forces of nature like wind and water is called soil erosion. This can also be described as denudation of soil cover and subsequent washing down. Following are its two types: b. Wind Erosion: Wind blows loose soil off flat or slopping land. This is known as wind erosion. c. Water Erosion: When running water is responsible for the removal of the top most layer of the earth that is known as water erosion. 22. Explain the two types of water erosion. [3] Ans. a. Sheet Erosion: When the top layer of the soil is removed over a large area by the running water is called as sheet erosion. In such cases the top soil is washed away. b. Gully erosion: The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In Chambal basin such lands are called ravines. 23. Which type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil. [3] Ans. Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. a. The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay. b. According to their age alluvial soil can be classified as old alluvial and new alluvial to well connected developers. c. Due to its high fertility, region of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. 24. How far it is correct to say that it is possible to reverse land degradation? Explain the statement while giving the example of village Sukhomajri? [5] Ans. a. The village of Sukhomajti and the district of Jhabua have shown that it is possible to reverse land degradation. Tree density in Sukhomajari increased from 13 percent hectare in 17976 to 1,272 per hectare in 1992. b. Regeneration of the environment leads to economic well being as a result of greater resource availability improved agriculture and animal care, and consequently, increased incomes. Average annual household income in Sukhomajri ranged from 10000-15000 between 1979 and 1984. c. People’s management is essential for ecological restoration. With people being made the decision-makers by Madhya Pradesh government, 2.9 million hectares or about 1 per cent of India’s land area, are being greened across the state through watershed management.

25. Elucidate the views of Gandhiji regarding the conservation of resources. [3] Ans. a. Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about resource conservation. b. He said, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed. c. He placed the greedy and selfish individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. d. He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses. 26. Why is resource planning essential? [3] Ans. a. As the resources are limited, so their planning is quite necessary so that we can use them properly and at the same time save them for our coming generations. b. For the balanced development of the country, the planning of the resources becomes very essential. c. A resource planning is also necessary to save their exploitation or unlawful exploitation by the unscrupulous elements of the society. 27. Explain any three human activities which are mainly responsible for land degradation in India. Ans. a. Some human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, mining and quarrying too have contributed significantly in land degradation. b. Mining sites are abandoned after excavation work is complete leaving deep scars and traces of over-burdening. c. Deforestation due to mining has caused severe land degradation. d. Over irrigation is responsible for land degradation due to water logging leading to increase in salinity and alkalinity in the soil. 28. Suggest some ways to solve the problems of land degradation. [3] Ans. a. Afforestation and proper management of grazing can help to some extent to solve the problem of land degradation. b. Planting of shelter belts of plants, control on over grazing, stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes is some of the methods to check land degradation. c. Proper management of waste lands, control of mining activities, proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment can reduce land and water degradation in industrial and suburban areas. 29. How do rocks plays an important role in the formation of soil? [3] Ans. a. Parent rock and bed rock are main factors in the formation of soil. b. Climatic conditions with the parent rock material are the important factors for the formation of black soil. The Deccan trap region is made up of lava flows. c. Red soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall. 30. What is meant by two types of natural resources? Give one example of each. [3] Ans. a. All gifts of nature which are useful in making the life of human beings comfortable and worth living are known as natural resources. b. Their two main types are biotic and abiotic resources. c. Forests and animals are biotic resources while land water and soil are abiotic natural resources.

31. Long Answer type questionsClassify resources on the basis of ownership into four categories. Mention the main feature of each. Ans. (1) Individual resources: Owned privately by individual. Example houses pasture etc. (2) Community Owned resources: accessible to all the members of the Community. Example: Play ground park etc. (3) National resources : within the political boundaries of the country. Example : Minerals, forests etc. (4) International resources : The oceanic resources beyond 200 Km. of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to international institutions. 32. What is resource planning? Write any three utility of resources. And. Resource Planning: Resource Planning is a technique of skill of proper utilization of resources.1. They are beneficial to human being 2. Different types of things are made by them. 3. Resources are limited. Do not waste the great gifts of the nature. 33. Distinguish between the Renewable and Non- Renewable Resources. Ans. Renewable Resources 1) These Resources are those which once mined and used can be regenerated. 2) These Resources which may be obtained continuously. Example: Land, water plants etc. Non-Renewable Resources. 1) These Resources are those which once mined and used cannot be regenerated. 2) All mineral Resources are limited. Example : Coal, Mineral-oil etc. 34. Describe briefly the distribution of soils found in India. Ans. (1) Alluvial Soil(2) Black Soil(3) Red and Yellow Soil (4) Laterite Soil(5) Mountain Soil(6) Desert Soil (Explain it) 35. What is regur soil? Write its two features. Mention any two regions where regur soil is found. Ans. Regur soil – Black Soil Features 1) made up extremely fine 2) have good capacity to hold moisture. 3) develop deep cracks during hot weather. 4) rich in calcium carbonate, potash and lime Regions 1) Maharashtra – Malva Plateau2) Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh Plateau 1. Classify resources on the basis of ownership with example. [5] Ans. a. Individual resources: These are owned privately by individuals. Many farmers own land which allotted to them by government against the payment of revenue. People own plots, houses and other property.

b. Community owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. Village commons, public parks, burial ground, playgrounds in urban areas are de facto accessible to all the people living there. c. National resources: All the resources belong to the nation. The country has legal power to acquire even private property for public good. We have seen roads, canals, railways being constructed on fields owned by some individuals. Urban Development Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land. d. International Resources: There are international institutions which regulate some resources. The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilize these without the concurrence of international institutions. 2. Classify resources on the basis of state of development with example. [5] Ans. a. Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilized due to the lack of capital. For example, the western parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but so far these have not been developed properly. b. Developed resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilization. The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility. c. Stock: material in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human being do not have the appropriate technology to access these, are included among stock. For example water is a compound of two inflammable gases: Hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the required technology to use them for this purpose. Hence it can be considered as stock. d. Reserves: Reserves are the subset of stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technology but their use has not been started. These can be used for meeting future requirements. 3. Why is resource planning important in the context of a country like India? [5] Ans. a. India has enormous diversity in the availability of recourses. b. There are regions which are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources. c. There are some regions which can be considered self sufficient in terms of availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. d. For example the states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh are rich in Minerals and coal deposits. Arunachal Pradesh abundance of water resources but lake of infrastructural development. e. The state of Rajasthan is very well endowed with solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources. f. The cold desert of Ladhakh is entirely isolated from the rest of the country. 4. How has technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources? [5] Ans. a. Human beings interacted with nature through technological and create institutions to accelerate their economic development. b. As more technological development occurs there is increased need for inputs and utilization of resources.

c. Technical and technological development is closely linked to economic development. d. For example more factories providing employment to more people are a necessity. For the factory land and labour is used. For this mining of minerals and metals increases. 5. Explain the land use pattern in India? [5] Ans. a. The net sown area in India has decreased from 45.26% to 43.41%. This means that more and more agricultural land is being shifted to other activities. b. The pattern of the net sown area varies gently from one state to another. In Punjab and Haryana the net sown area is 80% of the total area but Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, it is less than 10% of the total area. c. The area under forests has been increased from 18.11% in 1960-61 to 22.57% in 2000-2003 and to 23% in 2005-06 yet it is far below than the scientific norms. d. The land under permanent pastures is very low, i.e., only 3.45%. e. Area under fallow land has also decreased which shows, that subsistence agriculture is being replaced by commercial agriculture. 6. Explain any five proper farming techniques which can be used for soil conservation. [5] Ans. a. Strip Cropping: To counter the effect of wind the practice of strip cropping is followed to stop wind erosion. Large fields are divided in strips. Grass in strips is left to grow between the crops. b. Contour Ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines does not let water run down the slopes. This technique involved ploughing along contours, so that the furrows follow lines linking points of the same height. Such furrows halt the downward flow of water and reduce erosion. c. Terrace Farming: Since ancient times farmers have built terraces or steps up a hillside creating several levels of farms. Hill slopes are cut into a number of terraces having horizontal top and steep slopes on the back and front. d. Crop rotation: If the same crop is sown in the same field, year after year, this consumes particular nutrients from the soil making it infertile. Crop rotation can check the type of erosion. e. Shelter Belts: Planting trees to create shelter also works in a similar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. These shelter belts have contributed significantly to the stabilization of sand dunes and in establishing the desert in western India. 7. How is red soil formed? Mention its features. Ans. a. Formation: most of the red soils have come into existence due to weathering of ancient crystalline igneous rocks. b. Soils are loamy in deep depressions and in upload. They consist of loose gravels and highly coarse materials. c. These soils develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. d. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form. e. This soil is found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. 8. Which is most widely spread and important soil of India? State the characteristics of this type of soil?

Ans. Alluvial soil is most widely spread and important soil of India. In fact the entire northern plains are made of alluvial soils. a. These soils have been deposited by three important Himalayan river systems-the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. b. The alluvial soil consists of various proportions of sand, silt and clay.c. According to their age alluvial soil can be classified as old alluvial and new alluvial. d. Alluvial soils as a whole are very fertile. Mostly these soils contain adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops. e. Due to its high fertility, region of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated. 9. Which type of soil is ideal for growth of cotton? What are the main characteristics of this type of soil? Name some areas where they found. [5] Ans. Black soil is ideal for the growth of cotton soil. Following are its characteristics: a. Black soils are also known as ‘regur’ soil or black cotton soils. b. Such a soil is ideal for growing cotton and hence the name. c. They have extremely good moisture retention capacity but become sticky when wet. d. These soils are difficult work upon unless tilled during pre-monsoon periods or just after the first shower. e. Black soils are rich in soil nutrients such as calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime but poor in phosphoric contents. f. This soil is found in Deccan trap areas. This includes Maharashtra, Western Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh, some parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. 10. What is soil? Analyze the four main factors which help in the formation of soil. Ans. Soil: Soil is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. The soil is a living system. It takes million of years to form soil up to a few cm in depth. a. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil. b. Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposition etc, contribute to the formation of soil. c. Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important. d. Soils also consist of organic (humus) or inorganic materials. GEOGRAPHY: WATER RESOURCES: 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words. (i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource. [1] Ans: (i) Water is a renewable resource as it is renewed by water cycle itself, where three processes take place as evaporation, condensation and precipitation. This process of water cycle is never ending and hence, water is a renewable resource. (ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes? [1] A: (ii) Water scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match the

demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population, growing demand for water, and unequal access to it. (iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects [1] A: (iii) Multipurpose river projects help in irrigation, electricity production, flood control, inland navigation and fish breeding. However, the reservoirs destroy local flora and fauna. Many native villages are submerged, and people lose their livelihood, with little or no hope of rehabilitation. (i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out. [5] Ans: (i) Houses in the semi arid regions of Rajasthan have traditionally constructed tanks for storing drinking water. They are big and are a part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system. The tanks are constructed inside the main house or the courtyard, and are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. The rain falling on the rooftop travels down and is stored in the tanks. The first spell of rain is not collected as this water cleans the roof and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent spells is collected. This water is used till the next rainy season, and is a reliable source of water even after other sources have dried up. The tanks also help in cooling the houses as rooms built around them have generally low temperatures due to conduction. (ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water. (ii) Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting like 'the rooftop method' are becoming popular in India. In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have adopted the rooftop rainwater harvesting method, thereby making the village rich in rainwater. The state of Tamil Nadu has made it compulsory for all the houses to have rooftop rainwater harvesting structures. Defaulters are severely punished. CH-4- AGRICULTURE (i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth. Ans: (i) Tea is an important beverage crop. This plant grows well in tropical or sub tropical climates, and deep and fertile well- drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter. (ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced. A: (ii) Rice is a staple food crop of India. It grows in the plains of north and north-east India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. (iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers. [3] A: (iii) The various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers are: → Crop insurance against drought, flood, fire etc. → Minimum Support Price policy. → Subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers. → Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme. (iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences? A: (iv) A declining area of land under cultivation coupled with increasing population have many

consequences. These are: → Food shortage for the rising population. → Rise in price of food grains. → Unemployment and loss of livelihood for farmers. → Shortage of supply of raw material for agro-industries. → Adverse affect on export trade as agricultural products comprise a major section of international trade. (i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production. Ans: Various initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production are:→ Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence. → Land Reform was the main focus of our ‘First Five Year Plan’. → The Green Revolution was based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture. → Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilizers, Grameen Banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are also some of the reforms bought by Indian Government. (ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture. A: (ii) The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of food grains, in order to supply dye to Britain's flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture. Post liberalisation, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidised agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. (iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice. A: (iii) The geographical conditions required for growth of rice are as follows: → It is a kharif crop and requires hot and humid climate for cultivation. Temperature above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm are favourable for growth of rice. → Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed every years are ideal for rice cultivation. → Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and flooded fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July. → Plenty of cheap labour as most of the farming involves manual labour. 2. On an outline map of India show wheat producing areas.

Q-1 What is the situation regarding water scarcity in post independent India? Solution: Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation, creating vast opportunities for us. Today, large industrial houses are as common place as the industrial units of many MNCs (Multinational Corporations). The ever-increasing number of industries has made

matters worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power. Today, in India hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22 per cent of the total electricity produced. Moreover, multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem. If you look into the housing societies or colonies in the cities, you would find that most of these have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. Q-2: What are the causes of water scarcity in available areas? [1] Solution: This scarcity may be due to bad quality of water. Lately, there has been a growing concern that even if there is ample water to meet the needs of the people, much of it may be polluted by domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture, thus, making it hazardous for human use. Q-3: Give a short note on Multi-purpose projects In India. [1] Solution: Multi-purpose projects, launched after Independence with their integrated water resources management approach, were thought of as the vehicle that would lead the nation to development and progress, overcoming the handicap of its colonial past. Jawaharlal Nehru proudly proclaimed the dams as the ‘temples of modern India’; the reason being that it would integrate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy. Q-4: What were the different methods of traditional rain-water harvesting? Solution: There existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. ‘Rooftop rain water harvesting’was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid an semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. Q-5: Give a short note on Rooftop rainwater harvesting. Solution: Rooftop harvesting was common across the towns and villages of the Thar. Rainwater that falls on the sloping roofs of houses is taken through a pipe into an underground tanka (circular holes in the ground).It is built in the main house or in the courtyard. Water can be taken from a neighbour’s roof through a long pipe. A hole is made through which rainwater flows down into an underground tanka. Q-6: State two objectives of rainwater harvesting? [1] Solution: 1. It reduces run-off of potable water back into the sea. 2. It prevents water –logging in roads during rainy season.

Q-7: What are two measures of conservation of water resources? Solution: Rainwater harvesting. Transfer of water from flood prone basins to drought prone basins. Q-8: Give four major uses of water. [1] Solution: Drinking and domestic consumption like washing clothes. 2. Irrigation of farm lands. 3. Generation of Hydro-electricity. 4. Cooling at home and in industrial establishments. Q-9: What do you understand by underground water? Mention two areas where underground water is abundant. Solution: Water resources that lie beneath the surface of the earth is called underground water resources. These come into existence due to the seepage of ground water during rainy spells. Northern plains and coastal regions have abundant underground water. This is because the plains are flat and the rock strata are permeable. Q-10: Name any Multi-purpose projects In India and give three contributions of that project. [1] Solution: The Damodar Valley Project offers the following advantages: 1) Power station under that project provides 104 MW of Hydro electricity. 2. The project provides 136 km of inland waterways through reservoirs and canals. Its canals irrigate 4,50,000 hectares of agricultural land. Q-11: What is a Multi-purpose project? State two purposes, which are fulfilled by multi-purpose projects. [1] Solution: Multi-purpose projects comprises of one or more dams erected to contain the free flow of water, storage of water in artificially created reservoirs, power house for generation of Hydro-electricity and feeder canals for irrigation. 1) They are designed to generate Hydro-electricity. 2) Store water for feeding irrigation channels. Q-12: Give two reasons why precipitation is called primary source of water on earth. [1] Solution: Precipitation causes rains. The rainwater flow into rivers that are one of the primary sources of water. Rainwater made available by precipitation seeps into ground creating ground water reserves. Q-: Give 2 examples of over-exploitation of water resources and How much of the world’s water exist as fresh water? Solution: Mineral water bottling plants and deep bore wells are two examples of over-exploitation of water resources. 2.5 % of the world’s water exists as fresh water. Q-: Identify the sources of fresh water supply? Solution: Precipitation, surface run-off and ground water are sources of fresh water supply.

Q-: How has industrialisation affected the quality of river waters? Solution: Discharges of untreated effluents in the river by industrial units have polluted river water. Q-: What are the social consequences of building big dams? [3] Solution: Big dam projects cause large scale displacement of people. The displaced people have to give up their homes and their lands. The displaced people do not get the compensation they are promised by the government and are put to a lot of hardship. The advantages of the dam, such as better irrigation facilities, electricity and industrialisation are enjoyed by others, were as the displaced people are left defenceless. The dams have caused conflict between people who have been displaced and those who have benefited. Tribal people and farmers are involved in the Narmada Bachao Andolan and Tehri Dam Andolan seeking justice for displacement. Q-What is the situation regarding water scarcity in post independent India? [5] Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation, creating vast opportunities for us. Today, large industrial houses are as common placeas the industrial units of many MNCs (Multinational Corporations). The ever-increasing number of industries has made matters worse by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources. Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power. Today, in India hydroelectric power contributes approximately 22 per cent of the total electricity produced. Moreover, multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem. If you look into the housing societies or colonies in the cities, you would find that most of these have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. Q- What were the different methods of traditional rain-water harvesting? S: There existed an extraordinary tradition of water-harvesting system. People had in-depth knowledge of rainfall regimes and soil types and developed wide ranging techniques to harvest rainwater, groundwater, river water and flood water in keeping with the local ecological conditions and their water needs. In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’or ‘kuls’ of the Western Himalayas for agriculture. ‘Rooftop rain water harvesting’ was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In arid an semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed storage structures that allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other parts of Rajasthan. Q-20: What is a multi-purpose project? Name any one and give 3 contributions of that project. Solution: The Damodar Valley Project offers the following advantages: 1) Power station under that project provides 104 MW of Hydro electricity.

2. The project provides 136 km of inland waterways through reservoirs and canals. Its canals irrigate 4,50,000 hectares of agricultural land. Multi-purpose projects comprises of one or more dams erected to contain the free flow of water, storage of water in artificially created reservoirs, power house for generation of Hydro-electricity and feeder canals for irrigation. 1) They are designed to generate Hydro-electricity. 2) Store water for feeding irrigation channels. Agriculture NCERT Class 10 SST Geography Extra Questions Q-1: What is the importance of agriculture in Indian economy? [3] Solution: a. India is an agricultural country. b. Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood. c. Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy. d. It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product. e. It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw materials for industries. f. Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity. Q-2: Name three features of Indian agriculture. [1] Solution: a. Farmers own small piece of land and grow crops primarily for their own consumption. b. Animals play a significant role in the various kinds of agricultural activities. c. Farmers depend mainly upon monsoon rains. Q-3: What is plantation agriculture? [5] Solution: a. Plantation farming is bush or tree farming b. The British introduced it in the nineteenth century. c. It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and fruits like apples, grapes, oranges etc. d. It is capital intensive and demands good managerial ability, technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilizers, irrigation and transport facilities. e. Some of the plantations like tea, coffee, rubber have a processing factory within the farm itself or close to it. f. This type of agriculture has developed in hilly areas of north- eastern India, sub-Himalayan, West Bengal and in Nilgiri, Anamalai and Cardamom hills in peninsular India. Q-4: Name three important wheat-producing states of India. Solution: The main wheat producing states are U.P, Haryana, Bihar and Punjab. Q-5: Name three sugarcane-producing states of the country. Solution: The major sugarcane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Q-6: Mention three spice-producing states of India. Solution: Spice producing areas in India are Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.

Q-7: Name three tobacco-producing states of India. Solution: Tobacco producing states are Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Q-8: Distinguish between: Rabi and Kharif Crops. [5] Solution: Rabi and Kharif crops Kharif: 1. Cultivation begins with the on set of monsoons in May. 2. Sowing of seeds is done in June or early July. 3. Crops are harvested in September- October. 4. Crops depend on the monsoons. 5. Types: Rice, millets, maize, groundnuts, jute, cotton and various pulses. Rabi 1 Cultivation begins with the withdrawal of monsoons in October. 2. Sowing of seeds is done in October- November. 3. Crops are harvested in April-May. 4. Crops depend on the sub-soil moisture. 5. Types : Wheat, gram and oil-seeds like mustard and rape- seeds Q-9: Distinguish Between Dry and Wet Agriculture. [3] Solution: Dry and Wet Agriculture Dry Agriculture: Dry farming is a type of farming in which moisture is maintained by raising special type of crops. Crops such as gram and peas are grown. There is vast dependence on irrigation. This is practiced in dry areas of the country Wet Agriculture: Wet farming is a type of farming, which depends mainly upon rains. In this type of farming rice, jute and maize are grown. There is no irrigation required. This type of farming is done in Northeastern parts of India. Q-10: Distinguish between Tea and Coffee Cultivation. [3] Solution: Tea and Coffee Cultivation Tea It requires warm and moist-free climate The British introduced it. It requires 200C to 300C temperatures. It requires 300 cm rainfall. It is grown in Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Coffee It requires hot and humid climate The Arabic variety was brought from Yemen. It requires 150C to 280C temperature.

It requires 200 cm rainfall. It is grown on hills around Nilgiris, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Q-11: Describe various technological and institutional reforms, which led to Green and White revolutions in India. [3] Solution: The various technological and institutional reforms consist of various measures taken by the Central and State governments from time to time. Flooding of fields with water is now being replaced by drip irrigation and the use of sprinklers. Chemical fertilizers are being used on a large scale, to increase the farm yields. Bio- fertilisers are now supplementing them. High yielding and early maturing quality seeds have been developed. Most of these technology inputs gave birth to Green Revolution in sixties and seventies of twentieth century. White Revolution followed the Green Revolution. Q-12: What is the importance of animal husbandry in India? [1] Solution: Farm animals form an important ecosystem in an agriculture country like India. Farm animals are the partners of the farmers. Ox, he- buffalo and camel are used as drought animals in performing activities like ploughing, sowing, thrashing and transporting farm products. Cows and she- buffalo provide them milk. Q-13: Describe the distribution of rice cultivation in India. [3] Solution: Rice is one of the major food crop in India. India is second largest producer of rice in the world after China. It is grown on about one fourth of the total cropped area and provides food to about half of the country’s population. Rice is a tropical plant. It requires high temperature of about 240C with minor variation during sowing and harvesting. It requires 100cm of rain. It is grown in Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, western and eastern coastal strips, Brahmaputra valley and Jammu and Kashmir. Q-14: How is it possible to grow rice in areas of less rain, like Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan? Solution: Development of canal irrigation and tube wells have made possible to grow rice in Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Q-15: Mention some industries based on agricultural raw materials. Solution: Tea, coffee, sugar and cotton industries. Q-16: What is the PDS programme of the government of India? Solution: It is a programme that, provides food grains and other essential commodities at subsidized process in rural and urban areas. Q-17: Mention one reason for big zamindars to offer Bhvadonar Goarrdan. Solution: Many offered due to the fear of land ceiling act. Q-18: Name the movements started by Vinoba Bhave, known as Blood-less revolution? Solution: The Bhoodan – Gramdan movements started by Vinoba Bhave are known as Blood – less revolution.

Q-19: What are the 2 important beverage crops of India? Solution: They are coffee and tea. Q-20 What is gross cultivated area? Solution: The total area on which crops are grown. It includes the area on which crops are not raised for 1 to 2 seasons. Q-21: Define dry land farming? Solution: Farming without irrigation, using techniques, which conserve water for the crops. Q-22: Define agricultural resources? Solution: Gifts of nature that include fertile soils, water for irrigation favorable climatic conditions for the growth of plants. Q-23: Which are the states in India which are famous for commercial farming? (A) Punjab and Haryana (B) Orissa and West Bengal (C) Rajasthan (D) Himachal Pradesh Solution: (A) Punjab and Haryana. Q-24: Which is helpful in inventing new hybrid varieties of seeds? (A) Green Revolution (B) White Revolution (C) Genetic Engineering (D) Scientific Research Solution: (C) Genetic Engineering Q-29: Which industry is based on agricultural raw material? (A) Food-processing Industry (B) Marine Industry (C) Sericulture (D) Pissiculture Solution: (A) Food-processing Industry. Q-30: Which is not associated with primitive subsistence farming? (A) Natural fertility of soil (B) Monsoon (C) High yield crops or seeds (D) Involvement of family members Solution: (C) High yield crops or seeds. Q-31: Match the following conditions with the different crops growth:Crop Ideal condition A. Rice (i) Temperature- 25°C, Rainfall- 100 cm-200 cm. B. Wheat (ii) Temperature- 20-25°C, Rainfall- 50 cm-75 cm C. Maize (iii) Temperature- 21-27°C, Rainfall- 50 cm-75 cm D. Pulses (iv) Temperature- 20-25°C, Rainfall- 50 cm-75 cm (A) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(ii) (B) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i) (C) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (D) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(iii) Solution: (C) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv)

Question-32: Which is a leguminous crop? (A) Pulses (B) Millets (C) Jowar (D) Sesamum Solution: (A) Pulses. Question-33: Which is major pulse producing state in India? (A) Kerala (B) Goa (C) Uttar Pradesh (D) Punjab Solution: (C) Uttar Pradesh. Question-34: Choose the correct answer (A) A, C and D are correct (B) C and D are correct (C) B, C, and D are correct (D) All are correct Solution: (A) A, C and D are correct. Question-35: Which country produces more sugarcane than the India? (A) Australia (B) Cuba (C) Brazil (D) France Solution: (C) Brazil. Question-36: Match the following crops with states in India: Crops States (A) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv) (B) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii) (C) A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iv), D-(iii) (D) A-(ii), B-(i), C-(iv), D-(iii) Solution: (B) A-(i), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(ii). Question-37: Which crop is grown in shifting cultivation? (A) Maize (B) Rice (C) Wheat (D) Millet Solution: (B) Rice. Question-38: Which crop is grown in Zaid season? (A) Rice (B) Wheat (C) Millets (D) Cucumber Solution: (D) Cucumber. Question-39: In which state is intensive subsistence farming largely practiced? (A) Rajasthan (B) Gujarat (C) West Bengal (D) Punjab Question-40: What is a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area called? (A) Shifting Agriculture (B) Plantation Agriculture (C) Horticulture (D) Sericulture Solution: (B) Plantation Agriculture. Question-41: Which are the states which have abundance of rice production? (A) Punjab, Haryana (B) Karnataka, Tamil Nadu (C) Bengal, Bihar (D) Gujarat, Maharashtra Solution: (C) Bengal, Bihar. Question-42: Which is major producer of the maize in India? (A) Bihar (B) Punjab (C) Haryana (D) Himachal Pradesh

Solution: (A) Bihar. Q-43:Which one of the following institutions established by Government of India, helped in modernization of Agriculture? (A) Krishidarshan (B) Doordarshan (C) Indian council of Agriculture (D) Indian Institute of Agronomy Solution: (C) Indian council of Agriculture. Q-44: Which system launched by government of India ensure subsidised prices for food grains to poor in rural areas? (A) FCI (B) Buffer Stock (C) PDS (D) FCD Solution: (C) PDS. Q-45: Which type of farming is not harmful as compared to modern agriculture? (A) Intensive farming (B) Extensive farming (C) Organic farming (D) Genetic farming Solution: (C) Organic farming. Q-46: State the uses of jute. Why is it losing market? [1] Solution: Uses – It is used in making gunny bags, mats robes, yarn, carpets and other artifacts. Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibers, which are much cheaper and are now used for packing materials, particularly nylon. Q-47: What is the rank, India holds in cotton production in the world? Name the major cotton producing state of India. [1] Solution: (1) India ranks third in the cotton production in the world. (2) Major Cotton producing slates are :- Maharashtra, Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Q-48: What are the fiber crops of India and from where are these obtained? [1] Solution: (1) The four major fiber crops of India are: – Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk. (2) Cotton, jute and hemp are derived from crops grown in the soil: Natural silk is obtained from the cocoons of silk worms fed on green leaves, especially mulberry. Q-49: Which variety of Indian coffee is of great demand in the world and from where was it initially brought? Where was its cultivation initially? [1] Solution: (1) The Arabic variety of Indian coffee is in great demand in the world. (2) It was initially brought from Yemen and now produced in the country. (3) Initially it was cultivated on Baba Budan hills. Q-50: Give importance of groundnut as an oil seed? Name the largest groundnut producing states in India. [1] Solution: (1) Groundnut accounts for about half of the major oil seeds produced in India. (2) The largest producer of ground nut Is Andhra Pradesh. Other states are

Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Q-51: Give the main oil seeds grown in India. Point out 3 of their uses. [1] Solution: The main oil seeds produced in India are groundnut, coconut, mustard, seamum, soya bean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and seen flower. Uses – Most of these are edible and used in cooking. Some of them are used a raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments. Q-52: Why are pulses usually grown in rotation with other crops? How is it important in our diet? [1] Solu: All pulses except, arhar helps in soil fertility, by fixing nitrogen from the air, that is why they are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. Role – They are a major source of protein in a vegetarian diet and India has more number of vegetarians. Also non vegetarian food is expensive and most of the Indians depend on vegetarian food. Q-53: How is maize used? In which season is it grown? Describe briefly the soil, [1] temperature required for the production of maize. Name 4 major maize producing states of India. Solution: (1) It is used as food as well as fodder. (2) It is a Kharif crop, but in some states, like Bihar, its grown in Rabi season. (3) It requires temperature between 21. c to 27. c, grows well in alluvial soil. Q-54: How will the change in the cropping pattern affect the Indian Economy? [1] Solution: (1) Change in the cropping pattern, for example from cereals to high value-crops will mean that India will have to import food. (2) If India imports cereals while exporting high value commodities, it will be following successful economies like Italy, Israel and Chile. Q-55: Why is organic farming in vogue nowadays? [1] Solution: (1) It is much in vogue today, because it is practiced without factory made chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides. (2) Therefore it does not affect environment in a negative manner. Q-56: Mention two reasons for the reduction of net sown area in our country. Solution: Using land for non-agricultural purposes like housing, raising factories etc has resulted in reduction in net sown area. Q-57: The excessive use of fertilizers and water has affected the soil-Explain? Solution: Excessive use of fertilizers and water has led to: water logging, salinity and depletion of essential micro nutrients in the soil. Q-58: Explain the term Food Corporation of India (FCI). Solution: The Food Corporation of India focuses and maintains stocks of food grains. It procures food grains from the farmers at the government announced minimum support price (MSP).

Q-59: What is the lack of food security? Solution:: Food is the basic need of every living being. If any segment of our population does not have access to food, that segment suffers from lack of food security. Q-61: Why is food Security a big concern for the small farmers? [5] Solution: (1) Free power to a certain section of farmers has encourage them to pump ground water and grow water intensive crops in low rain fall areas also (like rice in Punjab and sugarcane in Maharashtra). As a result water storage has reduced in aquifers tube wells and many wells has run dry, which has pushed small and marginal farmers out of cultivation. (2) Inadequate storage and marketing facilities also discourage the small farmers. Thus they are badly affected by uncertainties of production and market. (3) They pay high prices for inputs like H.Y.V seeds; fertilizers etc., but the bargaining power to fix prices in their favour, is very less (4) All the production reaches the market simultaneously. The higher the supply, the lower the demand. Due to all the above given reason the food scarcity of small farmers is a big concern. Q-62: Give various measures to increase agricultural production. [3] Solution: (1) Each district and block can be made self sufficient in food grain production if government provides proper agricultural infrastructure that is availability of electricity, irrigation facilities, good roads, building etc. (2) Providing loan facilities on lower interest to cultivator. (3) Encouraging latest techniques in agricultural and instead of concentrating on rice or wheat, the food crop with a better growth potential in that particular area must be encouraged. (4) Attract foreign investment in agriculture and also free trade in grains which will not only increase agricultural production but will also create massive employment and reduce poverty in rural areas. Q-63: Mention the government of India’s efforts to modernize agriculture. [5] Solution: (1) Establishment of Indian council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural universities veterinary services and animal breeding centers. (2) Horticulture development research and development in the field of metrology and weather forecast etc – have been given priority for improving India’s agriculture. (3) Improvement in the rural infrastructure, the basic system the country needs in order to work properly (i.e) transport, communication and banking system. (4) Encouragement to the care of machines and chemical fertilizers, development of high yielding varieties of seeds. (5) The government has launched various schemes to protect and save plants from pests and diseases. (6) Development of various kinds of tools and implements like factors, harvesters, thrashers etc. have led to increased population and time, minimize chances of wastage, fire and rain destroying the grains lying in the few fields. Q-64: Give the main objectives of food security policy of government of India. What is the role of FCI? [3] Solution: (1) The primary objective of India’s food security policy is to ensure availability of food grains to the common people at affordable price.

(2) The forces of the Policy is on growth in agricultural production and on fixing the support price of wheat and rice. (3) To maintain the stocks of wheat, rice and other food grains Organizations the FCI that is food Corporation of India is responsible for procuring and stocking food grain whereas the distribution is ensured by public distribution. Q-65: What factors have hindered the pace of agricultural development in India? [5] Solution: (1) Inspite of development of source of irrigation, most of the farmers still depend upon monsoons. (2) Farmers still depend on natural fertilizer and manures and therefore the land does not gain fertility. (3) Indian farmers are still using outdated tools and implements and have not implemented the use of modern farming machinery. (4) They are still using traditional methods of farming and have not made use of new technique of farming, technical and institutional reforms. (5) Division of land after every generation has led to fragments, allow of the land and smallholdings which have become uneconomic. Q-66: Which crop is known as golden fiber? Describe the geographical requirements for its growth, and name the major states producing it. Solution: (1) Jute is known as the golden fiber. (2) Geographical requirements: – (a) Well drained fertile soils in the flood plains where soils are renewed every year. (b) High temperature during the time of growth. Q-67: Why is the production of pulses and oil seeds still lagging behind? Solution: (1) Though the production of oil seeds and pulses is rising but the population is growing at a greater pace. (2) The production of pulses and oil seals is subject to fluctuation and market speculations. (3) They need HYV seeds for high productivity, assured irrigation and chemical fertilizers, which are costly, and India farmers cannot afford them. (4) Their support price is not attractive. Q-68: Name the major challenges faced by the Indian farmers today? Solution: (1) Though the production of oil seeds and pulses is rising but the population is growing at a greater pace. (2) The production of pulses and oil seals is subject to fluctuation and market speculations. (3) They need HYV seeds for high productivity, assured irrigation and chemical fertilizers, which are costly, and India farmers cannot afford them. (4) Their support price is not attractive. Q-69: What are the implications of growing population on Indian farming? [1] Solution: Following are the implications of growing population on farming: (1) Almost every step has been taken to increase food production and now there is very little scope for increasing it further. (2) India’s population is increasing at an alarming rate. Whatever has been advised so far in food

production would soon be neutralized by this ever growing population. Q-70: How has agriculture contributed to the national Income and employment? [3] Solution: (1) Agriculture has been the backbone of Indian economy. It provides employment and livelihood to nearly 63% of India’s population (In 2001). (2) Two thirds of India’s population is engaged in agricultural activities. (3) Agriculture is a primary activity which produces most of the food that we consume. Besides food grains, it also produces raw materials for many industries. Some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices etc are exported and they bring in foreign exchange for the country. Q-71: What are the 3 main problems faced by Indian farmers today? Solution: The problems faced by the Indian farmers are :- (1) There is lack of availability of water for irrigation. (2) Most of the farmers have small holdings which are uneconomical. (3) The high yielding variety of seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides etc are expensive and our farmers find it difficult to purchase these. (4) The soil is loosing its fertility; due to soil erosion, absence of good forests. (5) Our farmers have to take heavy loans. Therefore, to payback these, they are compelled to sell their produce at cheap rates. Q-72: Who introduced tea in India? Why do we say that tea is a labour intensive industry? Where is it mostly produced? Name the major tea producing states. Solution: (1) The British introduced tea to India. (2) Tea is labour intensive industry because it requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour. (3) Tea is generally processed within the tea gardens to restore its freshness. (4) Major tea producing states are – Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaigur districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. Besides, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea producing states. Q-73: Mention the important millets grown in India. Which of them is the 3rd most important crop with respect to area and production? What is the importance of millets? Give examples. Solution: (1) Jowar, bajra and ragi are the most important millets of India. (2) Jowar is the 3rd most important crop with respect to area and production. (3) Importance – Millets have high nutritional value. For example, Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro-nutrients and roughage. Q-74: Give the second most important cereal crop of India? When is it grown? What is the temperature, soil, rainfall, and irrigation required for its production? Solution: (1) Wheat is the second most important cereal crop of India. (2) This is a rabi crop, its sown in winter from October to December. (3) It requires a cool growing season and a bright sunshine at the time of ripening. (4) Requires 50 to 75 cms of annual rainfall, evenly distributed over growing seasons or

irrigation facilities. Q-75: Why has Indian agriculture been transformed from subsistence to commercial farming. [5] Solution: Before independence Indian agriculture was mainly that of subsistence farming, but now it has changed to commercial farming. The reasons are – (1) The small and scattered land holdings have been consolidated and converted to large holding and ploughed on cooperative basis. (2) The farmers have started using modern techniques of farming and scientific methods; also they have started use of fertilizers and high yielding varieties of seeds and farm machinery. (3) Irrigation methods have improved, resulting in increased soil fertility. (4) New methods of agriculture like rotation of crops, inter cropping, strip cropping, multiple cropping, have been adopted for better results. (5) As a result of production of wheat, rice, sugarcane, millets etc spices, cotton, jute, tea etc has increased many times. Due to all these reasons Indian agriculture is shifting from subsistence to commercial farming. Q-76: Distinguish between fertilizers and manures. Solution: (1) Fertilizers generally refer to chemical fertilizers which are produced in factories. They contain chemical elements like phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen etc. (2) Whereas, manures refers to green leaf manures, farm wastes, compost produced by storing cow dung and farm wastes. Manures are of biological origin and are not prepared in factories. Q-77: What are the differences between intensive agriculture and extensive agriculture/farming. [3] Solution: Intensive Agriculture: (1) To obtain high yields, large capitals and labourers are applied. (2) The size of land holding is small, production per hectare is high. (3) Most of the production is consumed locally. (4) Manual labour and drought animals are mostly used. Extensive Agriculture: (1) As compared less capital and labour is applied. (2) The size of land holding is large and production per hectare is low. (3) Surplus production is sold in the market. (4) Mechanized farming is practiced. This type of farming is practiced in sparsely populated areas. Q-78: Differentiate between settled agriculture and shifting agriculture. [3] Solution: Settled Agriculture: (1) In agricultural farms, it is practiced permanently on a small or big piece of land. In this type of agriculture, size of the field is not paid much attention. (2) The land / soil is often suitable for agriculture, if not it is made suitable by farmers, by using manures to increase the fertility of land. Shifting agriculture: (1) In this type of agriculture the place of cultivation changes after 2 to 3 crops, when there is

over growth of grass, weeds etc. It is left fallow to regain its fertility. (2) The land for this type of agriculture is obtained after burning bushes etc or after cutting down trees or bushes. The farmer does not use manure to regain the fertility of the land. Q-79: What are the cropping seasons are found in India? When are crops sown & harvested in each of these. With examples. [3] Solution: India has 3 cropping seasons Rabi, Kharif and Zaid. a) Rabi – Crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. Some of the important crops are – wheat, barley, mustard, peas, grass. b) Kharif – Crops are grown with the outset of monsoons and harvested in September – October. Important crops are – paddy, maize, jowar, bazra, tur, moong, urad, cotton, jute, ground nut, soya bean. c) Zaid – Crops are grown between rabi and kharif, there is a short season during summer known as Zaid season. Important crops are – watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. Sugar cane takes almost a year to grow. Q-80: Define plantation farming. What are its main characteristics? Name any five plantation crops of India. [5] Solution: Plantation farming is a bush or tree farming. In this type of farming a single crop in grown on a large area. Characteristics – This type of agriculture is found in: (1) Hilly areas or North India, Sub Himalayas, W Bengal, Nilgiris, Andaman and cardamom hills. (2) The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. (3) Covers large areas of land. (4) It is capital intensive, i.e it requires expensive inputs, requires skilled laboureres. (5) All the production is used as raw material in respective industries. The important crops are tea, coffee, banana, sugarcane etc. Q-81; Give the characteristics of commercial farming? [3] Solution: (1) Use of higher doses of modern inputs, that is high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. (2) Agriculture goods are mainly produced for sale. (3) The main crops are rice, millets, spices, cotton, etc. The farmer can sell them on commercial lines. (4) The degree of commercialization varies from one region to another. For example, rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab, but in Orissa, it is subsistence farming. Q-82: What is slash and burn agriculture? [3] Solution: In this, farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other crops to sustain their family, when the soil looses its fertility, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. Nature replenishes the fertility of soil through natural processes. Land productivity in this type of agriculture is low, because the farmers do not use fertilizers or other modern inputs. It is generally known as shifting agriculture, but also known in different names in different parts of the country.

Q-83: Define subsistence farming and give its main characteristics. [3] Solution: Refers to an agricultural system where crops are produced for self use or for circulation within the social networks for ritual, ceremonial exchange puposes, and some food may be sold in the market. Characteristics:- (a) Small scattered land holding. (b) Primitive tools. (c) Farmers being poor do not use fertilizers and high yielding quality seeds as per requirement, facilities like electricity, irrigation, generally is not available to farmers. (d) It has given way to commercial agriculture to some extent. Q-84: What are the different types of farming / agriculture practiced in India? [3] Solution: (1) Primitive Subsistence Farming – Known by different name in different parts of India, subdivided into shifting agriculture. (2) Intensive Subsistence Farming – Practiced in areas of high population pressure. It is labour intensive. (3) Commercial Farming – Includes plantation farming. Q-85: Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice. [3] Solution: It is a kharif crop, which requires – (a) High Temperature – above 15. C and high humidity. (b) Rainfall – Annual rainfall above 100cms. In areas of less rainfall, it grows with the help of irrigation. (c) Plains of North and North-eastern India, coastal areas and deltaic regions are suitable for the growth of rice. Q-86: What type of soil is suited for cultivation of tea? Solution: Deep fertile well drained soil rich in humus and organic matter is suited for cultivation of tea. Q-87: Mention two characteristics of commercial farming. Solution: High doses of fertilisers and pesticides are used in commercial farming. Q-88: Which price is announced by the government in support of a crop? Solution: Minimum Support Price is announced by the government in support of a crop. Q-89: Name four major wheat producing states in India. [1] Solution: Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are the four major wheat producing states in India. Q-90: How have technological and institutional reforms been able to improve the conditions of Indian farmers? [5] Solution: The Zamindari system in which property rights are vested on absentee landlords was abolished after India became independent. Ownership rights were transferred to the actual tillers of the land. The new land owners made improvements on their lands. This led to increase in yields.

Land ceiling acts were passed to ensure that no person could hold agricultural land beyond a specified limit. The excess land was distributed among the landless labourers. Small land holdings scattered over various places were consolidated through the Consolidation of holdings Acts passed by the State legislatures. This resulted in farmers being able to fence their lands, sink wells and use modern agricultural machinery. Formation of Corporative societies helped farmers get seeds, pesticides and fertilizers at economical prices. All these helped improve the condition of the Indian farmers. Q-91 What is the importance of agriculture on Indian economy? Name 3 features of Indian agriculture. [5] Solution: a. India is an agricultural country. b. Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its livelihood. c. Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy. d. It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product. e. It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw materials for industries. f. Agricultural development is therefore, a precondition of our national prosperity. Features a. Farmers own small piece of land and grow crops primarily for their own consumption. b. Animals play a significant role in the various kinds of agricultural activities. c. Farmers depend mainly upon monsoon rains. Q-92: Explain Plantation farming. Solution: a. Plantation farming is bush or tree farming b. The British introduced it in the nineteenth century. c. It is a single crop farming of rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, spices, coconut and fruits like apples, grapes, oranges etc. d. It is capital intensive and demands good managerial ability, technical know-how, sophisticated machinery, fertilizers, irrigation and transport facilities. e. Some of the plantations like tea, coffee, rubber have a processing factory within the farm itself or close to it. f. This type of agriculture has developed in hilly areas of north- eastern India, sub-Himalayan, West Bengal and in Nilgiri, Anamalai and Cardamom hills in peninsular India. Q-93: Describe various technological and institutional reforms, which led to Green and White revolutions in India. Solution: The various technological and institutional reforms consist of various measures taken by the Central and State governments from time to time. Flooding of fields with water is now being replaced by drip irrigation and the use of sprinklers. Chemical fertilizers are being used on a large scale, to increase the farm yields. Bio- fertilisers are now supplementing them. High yielding and early maturing quality seeds have been developed. Most of these technology inputs gave birth to Green Revolution in sixties and seventies of twentieth century. White Revolution followed the Green Revolution.