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There is enough in the world for everyones need, but not enough for everyones greed.

~ Frank Buchman

As time goes on we get closer to that American Dream of there being a pie cut up and shared. Usually greed and selfishness prevent that and there is always one bad apple in every barrel.~ Rick DankoThe problem of social organization is how to set up an arrangement under which greed will do the least harm, capitalism is that kind of a system.~ Milton Friedman

It has always seemed strange to me ... the things we admire in men, kindness and generosity, openness, honesty, understanding and feeling, are the concomitants of failure in our system. And those traits we detest, sharpness, greed, acquisitiveness, meanness, egotism and self-interest, are the traits of success. And while men admire the quality of the first they love the produce of the second.~ John SteinbeckAltruism:1. Unselfish concern for the welfare of others; selflessnessLet us try to teach generosity and altruism, because we are born selfish.

~ Richard Dawkins

Altruism is innate, but its not instinctual. Everybodys wired for it, but a switch has to be flipped.

~ David Rakoff

Nice Guys Finish First: The Competitive Altruism Hypothesis

Charlie L. Hardy & Mark Van VugtUniversity of Kent at Canterbury

AbstractThree experimental studies examined the relationship between altruistic behavior and the emergence of status hierarchies within groups. In each study, group members were confronted with a social dilemma in which they could either benefit themselves or their group. Study 1 revealed that in a reputation environment when contributions were public, people were more altruistic. In both Studies 1 and 2, the most altruistic members gained the highest status in their group and were most frequently preferred as cooperative interaction partners. Study 3 showed that as the costs of altruism increase, the status rewards also increase. These results support the premise at the heart of competitive altruism: Individuals may behave altruistically for reputation reasons because selective benefits (associated with status) accrue to the generous.

The Russian RevolutionsRussian Revolutions - BackgroundEssential Questions:

1). In what ways was Russia ripe for revolution in 1917?

Essential Questions:

1). In what ways was Russia ripe for revolution in 1917?

2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union?

Essential Questions:1). In what ways was Russia ripe for revolution in 1917?

2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union?

3). How did this impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991?Essential Questions:

1). In what ways was Russia ripe for revolution in 1917?2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991?

4). How did Soviet Communism influence international affairs?

Essential Questions:

1). In what ways was Russia ripe for revolution in 1917?2). How did the Russian Revolutions lead to the establishment of Communism and the Soviet Union? 3). How did this impact the lives of the peoples of Russia from 1917 - 1991?4). How did Soviet Communism influence international affairs?

5). Although Russia is no longer a communist state, what has been the legacy of the Russian Revolutions both in Russia and the world?

Russias ethnic diversity makes it an unlikely candidate as a country.

From 1328, Russia Ruled by a Tsar:The Romanov dynasty:

Peter the Great (1600s) Catherine the Great (1700s)Nicholas I Alexander II (1800s) Alexander III Nicholas II

Feudal system in RussiaSerfs continued to work the land of the lords in Russia, well after feudalism had collapsed in the rest of Europe.

712 peasant uprisings in Russia b/w 1826 and 1854. Serfs were emancipated in 1861 by Alexander II. At the time, their freedom came at a great price; they were able to buy the least productive piece of land from their lord, in exchange for significant costs. Most emancipated serfs were not able to make a profit off their farm land alone. Russias peasantry continued in destitution, and uprising continued.

Background reading on the Emancipation of the Serfs:http://www.historytoday.com/michael-lynch/emancipation-russian-serfs-1861-charter-freedom-or-act-betrayal

Video clips communism vs. capitalismSmurfs: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qra0hlO6hZk

Captain Capitalism: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3nEgjwfX6s8

Communism - "From each according to his ability to each according to his needs.

Marxism - Karl Marx/ Engels --> the Communist Manifesto

The Path to Revolutions in RussiaRussia Pre-1917:

Social- class system-very hierarchicalCzarNobilityReligious leadersPeasants-rich/poorPolitical1. Autocracy- 1 person rule- not democratic- Czar Nicholas II2. Duma (Russian Parliament)-created 1906-very weak3. Political PartiesEconomic1. High unemployment2. Starvation3. Agrarian society trying to industrialize4. Inflation5.Trade Unions/StrikesReligious- Russian Orthodox Church (led by Czar)- support the Czar-"Religion is the Opium of the Masses"

Military1. Large but ill-equipped - badly led by nobility2. Russo-Japanese War1906 - Russia lost- this discredited the Czar

Fuelling the Sparks - 1905 - 1917:

1. Bloody Sunday:

Jan 22, 1905 Tsarist troops fire on a group of protesters begging the Tsar for help.Fuelling the Sparks cont.

2. General strike: Oct. 20-30 > All of Russia on strike. Tsar must do something

Result: October Manifesto -promises:

1. To provide some civil liberties2. Create a Duma: a legislative assembly (turn Russia into a Constitutional Monarchy).

Reality: By 1906, Tsar goes back on many promises > Held power to call/dismiss the Duma, and rarely called it.

Fuelling the Sparks cont.

3. World War I: More strikes in 1914 than 1905, but Nicholas II saw war as an opportunity to rally the country.

People were initially enthusiastic about the war, but this feeling quickly faded: WHY? > people realized Tsarist govt could not organize an efficient war effort.

Troops totally ineffective: pathetic equipment, poor medical situation.

-August 1915: Nicholas II leaves for the front to take charge of troops.Result: > major mistake:1. Russian troops continue to lose battles blamed on Tsar. 2. Leaves Alexandra (Tsarina) in charge.gov't power to Rasputin, a peasant monk

Fuelling the Sparks cont.

I believe in miracles, since you came along... You sexy thing....

Rasputin Background...Name: Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin

From: Siberia, Russia

Born: 22 January, 1869

Hemophilia is hereditary passed through royal families of Europe from Queen Victoria

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YgRZMn-UGg4

Ra Ra Rasputin....

Rasputin by Boney M There lived a certain man in Russia long agoHe was big and strong, in his eyes a flaming glowMost people looked at him with terror and with fearBut to Moscow chicks he was such a lovely dearHe could preach the bible like a preacherFull of ecstasy and fireBut he also was the kind of teacherWomen would desireRA RA RASPUTINLover of the Russian queenThere was a cat that really was goneRA RA RASPUTINRussia's greatest love machineIt was a shame how he carried onHe ruled the Russian land and never mind the czarBut the kasachok he danced really wunderbarIn all affairs of state he was the man to pleaseBut he was real great when he had a girl to squeezeFor the queen he was no wheeler dealerThough she'd heard the things he'd doneShe believed he was a holy healerWho would heal her son

But when his drinking and lusting and his hungerfor power became known to more and more people,the demands to do something about this outrageousman became louder and louder.

"This man's just got to go!" declared his enemiesBut the ladies begged "Don't you try to do it, please"No doubt this Rasputin had lots of hidden charmsThough he was a brute they just fell into his armsThen one night some men of higher standingSet a trap, they're not to blame"Come to visit us" they kept demandingAnd he really came

RA RA RASPUTINLover of the Russian queenThey put some poison into his wineRA RA RASPUTINRussia's greatest love machineHe drank it all and he said "I feel fine"

RA RA RASPUTINLover of the Russian queenThey didn't quit, they wanted his headRA RA RASPUTINRussia's greatest love machineAnd so they shot him till he was dead

(Spoken:) Oh, those Russians...

"If I am killed by common men, you and your children will rule Russia for centuries to come; if I am killed by one of your stock, you and your family will be killed by the Russian people!"

Rasputin

Prince Felix Yusupov

Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich

Politician Vladimir Purishkevich

-August 1915: Nicholas II leaves for the front to take personal charge of troops.Result: > major mistake:1. Russian troops continue to lose battles blamed on Tsar.2. Leaves Alexandra (Tsarina) in charge.gov't power to Rasputin, a peasant monk R. replaces cabinet ministers with his incompetent friends, continual scandals > brings shame upon the royals

Fuelling the Sparks cont.

As war progressed, more men needed for Russian army. Over 15 million peasants conscripted.Results:

> agricultural production drops (men leave farms)

> shortages of food lead to rapid inflation (prices up 700% b/w 1914-1917)

Fuelling the Sparks - World War I cont.

Causes:

1. Disasters of WWI - lost all battles, millions died2. Role of Rasputin - destroyed Czar's prestige3. Czar's mistake - left Petrograd - led troops lost = decrease prestige

4. Political Discontent: Rise of political parties

1. March Revolution (1917)

March Revolution cont.

4. Political Discontent: Rise of political parties- Zemstovs: based on Western parliamentary traditions. Democratic liberals, included doctors, lawyers, teachers- Kadets: youth, naive, liberal/democratic, want to overthrow Czar- Social Revolutionaries: peasants, violent, killed Czar Alexander (Nicholas's father)- Social Democrats / Marxists: 2 factions: > Bolsheviks & Mensheviks

Mensheviks

- Marxist- TerrorProletariat (factory workers)

Bolsheviks

- Marxist- Terror- small # of committed, "professional revolutionariesled by Lenin & Trotsky

5. Economic Crisis Famine Strikes - 1917: Shortage of bread- March. 1917 most of the workers in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and Moscow were striking and rioting for higher food rations.

Disturbances in food lines of freezing, frustrated shoppers in St. Petersburg (now Petrograd) erupted in violence

workers clash with police

Causes Review cont.

Female demonstrators, protesting cost of bread were joined on the streets by striking factory workers

Alexandra Romanov to Nicholas:"This is a hooligan movement, young people run and shout that there is no bread, simply to create excitement ...

... If the weather were very cold, they would all probably stay home. But all this will pass. . . if the Duma will behave itself."

6. Cossacks stopped supporting Czar

- Ordered to fire on protesters they refuse and instead join them

Causes cont.

Action: - Czar & son abdicate

Result: *Political Vacuum * Who is to seize power?

ABDICATION DOCUMENT

Possible leaders:

1. The Duma 2. Soviets/ "Petrograd Soviets"3. The Bolsheviks

After Czar abdicated, the Duma took power and formed the

PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

KERENSKY PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

- Duma - Provisional Government (temporary); Parliament.

led by Alexandr Kerensky: democratic, believed in freedom, liberty.

- dominated by "western" thought

- not a lot of power

KERENSKY PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT

Failure to:1. End Russias involvement in the war

2. Give land to the peasants

3. Fix food shortages/inflation

4. Hold elections for a representative legislative assembly

- *He did not offer "Peace, Bread, and Land* But someone else did....

Kerensky's flaw was like others in the government; he wanted to postpone reforms until Russia had had some success on the battle front. It was never to occur.

July 1917, another Russian offensive ended in failure.Who were Lenin & Trotsky?

Lenin Background:Name: Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin = Man of the Lena River

1914-1917: Had been in exile in Switzerland for his revolutionary ideas.

Lenin cont.March 1917: Germans smuggle him back into Russia on a sealed train to Petrograd.

Believed he would cause trouble for their Russian enemy perhaps even assist in stopping the Russian war effort.

Promise/ Slogan:Peace, Bread, and Land - spoke to the most serious of Russias problems.

Lenin cont.

Peace: end war with Germany immediately

(achieved after Lenin takes power: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)

- Bread: sort of did - peasants produce it, Lenin takes bread for industrial workers

- Land: peasants take it after Bolshevik Revolution, until Stalin's Kolkhoz

Trotsky Background:Name: Lev Davidovich Bronshtein 1914-1917: Had been in exile in Switzerland for his revolutionary ideas.

2. July Days (1917)Massive, spontaneous protest against the Provisional Govt by soldiers, joined by workers

Bolsheviks attempted to seize control > led the protests

2. July Days (1917) cont.Provisional Government brutally dispersed demonstrators and strikers

> arrested Bolsheviks, workers and soldiers> Lenin flees to Finland (exile) to avoid arrest

Lived in a haystack wore a wig...PG keeps Russia in the war

Czarist General Kornilov appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army (July 31st 1917)

3. September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy

> right wing

> pro- authoritarianism

> wants to overthrow PG and replace with military govt get rid of revolutionaries

> marches on Petrograd

> attempts coup detat against PG3. September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy cont.

Problem: - PG too weak to overthrow him

Solution: - PG turns to Bolsheviks to help fight Kornilov

Results:- Lenin agrees

- Bolsheviks/ Red Guard under Trotsky receive weapons & LEGITIMACY

- attempted coup detat fails- Kerensky & PG appear weak / Lenin decisive

3. September 1917 Kornilov Conspiracy cont. Events:

Trotsky and Military Revolutionary Committee plan successful coup d'etat > gain control of telegraph office, bridges, train stations

4. November Revolution, 1917

2. Kerensky & PG lose power

Why ? - PG already weaka) Economics: - inflation - refusal of Kerensky to transfer landb) "Red Guards"c) Soviet Order #1d) Bolshevik propaganda says war only benefits rich4. November Revolution, 1917 Events cont.Result:- K. lived in Winter Palace (Czar's former home - assoc. him with Czar)- PG members arrested- K. flees to Finland- little resistance of PG

Coup detat

Kerensky & PG lose power

3. Lenin & Bolsheviks in power4. November Revolution, 1917 Events cont.COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA:

Bolsheviks consolidate power: 1918-1920:

SOVNARKOM : new Soviet government

Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.2) Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (1918) - Germany & Russia

To achieve an end to the war, Lenin was willing to sign away 1/4 of Russia's farming areas, 1/2 of her industries and 1/3 of her G.N.P.BREST-LITOVSK

SOVNARKOMTreaty of Brest-Litovsk

3) Constituent Assembly "Democracy for 24 hours" (1917)Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.

When the Constituent Assembly met, it was dissolved by Lenin.

The election had been "a cover for bourgeois counter-revolution."1) Establish SOVNARKOM2) Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk3) Call, then dissolve Constituent Assembly

4) Implement Communism

Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.4) Implement Communism

allow peasants to seize land

b) no political opposition (1 party state)

c) end private ownership (Marxist)

d) Nationalized banks and confiscated private accounts

e) abolished Russian Orthodox Church

f) control of factories to workers' committees

Bolsheviks consolidate power cont.

THE RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR

After the Bolshevik revolution, anti-Bolshevik governments were instituted in the south. Fighting broke out and the civil war was on.

Reds vs. Whites

Trotsky organized the Bolshevik army called the Red Army - red being synonymous for beautiful in Russian. Opposing the Whites.

REDSWho: Bolsheviks

Wanted: to consolidate power & continue the communist revolution

WHITESWho: Everyone who opposed them - Czarists, Mensheviks, S.R.'s, Students, Cossacks, army officers, bourgeoisie AND "Western Interventionists" (Britain, France, USA, Japan, Canada)

Wanted: stop Bolshevism, and angry by Tof B-L

Russian Civil War videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzKuwxMPbdk

The Bolsheviks slowly gained the upper hand. They instituted the RED TERROR. Thousands were executed as they captured territory.* WON - Lenin is in power / Russia becomes U.S.S.R (1922)

Strengths / reasons for victory:1) Controlled Central Russia around Moscow- controlled industrial centre/ military supplies2) Secret Police - Cheka & "Red Terror"3) Trotsky's generalship (tactics)4) United with a purpose5)support from lower working class & peasantry

REDSWeaknesses / reasons for loss:

1) often only controlled countryside (not central areas)2) huge reprisals against those who supported Whites3) fought as independent groups - lacked unity of command - disorganized 4) Allied intervention less than half-hearted- whites are disorganized with no real purposeWHITES

He and his family were soon placed under house arrest at the Alexander Palace. Later they were exiled, first to Tobolsk where they were still treated with respect and consideration. Many sympathized with the former tsar and still believed in his supremacy. But it was when they were moved to Yekaterinburg that conditions became harder. The house was fenced, large boards covered the windows and the Romanovs were constantly guarded by Bolshevik soldiers who humiliated and insulted them. Maria, Nicholas daughter, writes in her diary during their captivity: Everyone who comes into the house inspects our rooms . . . It's difficult to write about anything cheerful, because there's all too little cheerfulness here. On the other hand, God doesn't abandon us. The sun shines, the birds sing, and this morning we heard the bells sounding matins . . . About a month after moving there, the entire imperial family was executed by firing squad in the basement of the house they lived in.

GETTING SOME SUN IN EKATERINBURGEKATERINBURG

CZAR AND ALEXIS

In 1918, Lenin stated, "We must not leave the Whites a live banner to rally around."

Nicholas II, Alexandra, Alexis and his sisters were executed by the Bolsheviks in Ekaterinburg Siberia shortly before the Whites captured the town.

Yakov Yurovsky - Head ExecutionerDEATH HOUSE

ANNA ANDERSON

THE MINE SHAFT

BONES FOUND - Two Bodies missing

CZAR NICOLAS

Party control of the State (1922-1924):A). Dictatorship of the Proletariat- Soviets / Councils at all levels- 1 party state > no political opposition

B). Apparachiks Communist Party officials controlled all aspects of society

C). Religion outlawed

D). Secret Police - Cheka

= TOTALITARIAN

Lenin's Cheka

(secret police) played a dominant role in the state.

Headed by DZERZHINSKYEconomy Under Lenin:War Communism: (1918-1921) * MARXIST

Purpose: a) Implement comm. principles in the economy

b) to feed the Red Army during Civil War

War Communism cont.

Terms:Peasants forced to give up all surplus crops to gov't to feed Red army

Workers told where to work and relocated if necessary

Private companies & industry were nationalized.

Private trade suppressed (replaced with rationing & gov't distribution of food, etc.)

Economy Under Lenin cont.+ POSITIVE Result:

Army survivedEconomy Under Lenin cont. War Communism cont.

NEGATIVE Results:

Industrial & agricultural production levels severely dropEconomy Under Lenin - War Communism cont.

Famine: Many peasants burn crops/kill livestock in protest; also, huge amounts of grain taken to feed Red Army

Economy Under Lenin cont. War Communism cont.

English: A postcard photograph (rotogravure) of two starving boys: one feeds the other. The boys are in the fatal stages of hunger. They have skeletal limbs and their bellies are swollen (through eating grass, straw, tree bark, worms, and earth). This is postcard number 3 of a set published by Rotogravure SA, Geneva, and sold by in 1922 to raise funds for the Russian famine (number VIII of the set displayed bears the date 28 February 1922). The photographs were taken by Fridtjof Nansen and most likely published earlier as well in 1922 in his pamphlets and addresses for aid to the Russians.126Kronstadt Mutiny: sailors revolt against War Communism extremes & one party system.

Economy Under Lenin cont. War Communism cont.

Kronstadt Mutiny: sailors revolt against War Communism extremes & one party system. > crushed by Trotsky & Red Guards

> Lenin recognized need for a change

Economy Under Lenin cont. War Communism cont.

Economy Under Lenin:NEW ECONOMIC POLICY: (1921) * CAPITALIST

Purpose: a) Individual economic initiatives

b) End the famine

NEP cont.

Terms:peasants pay a tax on a portion of food production - get to sell the rest (incentive to produce as much as possible to create profit -- capitalist)

allow some private businesses - small groups allowed to "purchase" their factory under a cooperative agreement.

Economy Under Lenin cont.Results:

a) some improvement in light- industrial production b) agricultural output improved

c) demonstrates that Lenin was pragmatic: > willing to sacrifice some ideals of Marxism to improve production> believed transition would be slower to keep peasants on board.

d) large increase in "NEPmen" (small businessmen) & Kulaks (prosperous peasants) seen as dangerous by Communists

Economy Under Lenin cont. NEP cont.

LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

Comintern (1919) The Communist International-Dedicated to spreading world communism.

C. Treaty of Rapallo (1922)

C. Treaty of Rapallo (1922) USSR & Germany

Terms:

1) U.S.S.R manufacture illegal war material for Germany forbidden in T of Versailles

2) U.S.S.R would receive steel manufacturing tech from Germany

LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES cont. Significance:

1) beginning of German re-armament > goes against T of V

2) beginning of Soviet industrialization

3) RAPPROCHEMENT between G. & U.S.S.R

LENIN - FOREIGN POLICIES Treaty of Rapallo cont.

After a long illness, assassination attempts also having taken their toll, Lenin died in 1924.

> Petrograd re-named Leningrad> his remains embalmed and placed in a mausoleum in Red Square

139

Crowds to see Lenin`s Body140