class 10 metals and non metals notes
TRANSCRIPT
MetalPhysical properties.....1. They are ductile2. They are malleable3. They are sonorous4. They are good conductor of heat & electricity5. They are generally solid except Hg which is a
liquid6. They have high density except Na , K7. Metals are hard and strong except Na , K8. They are lustrous
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REACTIVITY SERIES OF METALSK
NaCaMgAlZnFeSnPbHCuHgAgAuPt9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
METALSchemical properties –1. Rxn WITH OXYGEN (O₂)a. Metal + oxygen metal oxide (basic)b. This rxn depends upon reactivity seriesc. (i.e. Na,K,Ca,Mg will react with O₂ easily)d. Ex- Na + O₂ Na₂O(basic)e. Ex- K + O₂ K₂O(basic)f. Na and K being at top of REAC.Series react with O₂ at room temp.g. But Mg does not react with O₂ at room temp.h. Mg is burnt in the presence of O₂ which gives MgOi. Rxn = 2Mg + O₂ 2MgO(basic) j. MgO + H₂O Mg(OH)₂ (a base)k. Al + O₂ Al₂O₃ (Amphoteric Oxide)l. Zn + O₂ ZnO (Amphoteric Oxide)
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2. Rxn with water (ONLY THOSE WILL REACT WHO R ABOVE H₂)a. Metal + H₂O Metal Hydroxide + H₂b. Metal + cold or hot H₂O Metal hydroxide + H₂c. Metal + Steam Metal oxide + H₂d. K reacts with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)e. K + H₂O (cold) KOH + H₂ + heatf. Na also react with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)g. Na + H₂O(cold) NaOH + H₂ + heath. Calcium with cold water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)i. Ca + H₂O(cold) Ca(OH)₂ + H₂j. Magnesium with hot water(HYDROXIDE FORMS)k. Mg + H₂O (hot) Mg(OH)₂ + H₂l. Aluminium with steam (OXIDE FROMATION) m. Al + H₂O(steam) Al₂O₃ + H₂n. Also Zn,Fe reacts with steam
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Rxn with water
Metal hydroxide
Rxn with cold H₂o
Rxn with hot H₂o
Metal oxide
Rxn with steam
K,Na,Ca Mg
Al,Zn,Fe
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Rxn with Dilute Acids• BELOW H₂ cannot take part.....• Metal + Dil. Acid Metal Salt + H₂• Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Chloride( M+ HCl)• Metal react with dil .acid to give Metal Sulphide(M+ H₂SO₄)• Cu does not react with ACIDS BEING LESS Reactive• Metal below H do not react with dil. Acids ,• Ag,Au,Pt being less reactive do not react with acids• ALL METAL ABOVE H RECTS WITH ACID TO GIVE METAL SALT+
Hydrogen GAS• The reaction between nitric acid + metal don't give hydrogen because
nitric acid being strong oxidizing agent oxidise hydrogen gas to water .• However very dilute HNO₃ give hydrogen when reacting with
Magnesium and Manganese• Mg + HNO₃ Mg(NO₃)₂ +H₂• Mn + HNO₃ Mn(NO₃)₂ + H₂9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
• AQUA-REGIA• A freshly prepared mixture of HCl and HNO₃ in the
ratio of 3:1.• Is highly corrosive in nature• Dissolves Au and Pt also .........(MEANS VERY
CORROSIVE IN NATURE!!!!!!!! )☺☻
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• Reaction of METAL with SALT SOLUTION• A more reactive metal displaces low reactive metal
from its salt solution • Salt sol. Of Metal A + Metal B Salt sol. of metal B + Metal A• It means that metal B is more reactive than Metal A• CuSO₄ +Zn ZnSO₄(colourless) + Cu• CuSO₄(blue) + Fe(reddish Brown) FeSO₄(green) +
Cu
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Rxn of Metal with chlorine• Metal react with chlorine to form ionic
chloride.• Metal chloride are non volatile• Have high M.p and B.p• Cu ALSO REACT WITH Cl₂ TO GIVE CuCl₂• Na + Cl₂ NaCl (NaCl= Na+ Cl- by sharing
therefore called ionic chloride)• Ca + Cl₂ CaCl₂• Mg + Cl₂ MgCl₂9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
Rxn of Metal With Hydrogen
• Metal above hydrogen reacts with hydrogen to give metal hydride or ionic hydride
• Not all but only Na,K,Ca and Mg reacts with H₂• Na + H₂ NaH• K + H₂ KH• Ca + H₂ CaH₂• Mg + H₂ MgH₂
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NON- METALS• Physical properties.....1. They are not ductile2. They are not malleable3. They are not sonorous4. They are bad conductor of heat & electricity
except GRAPHITE (G con. Of elec.)5. They are solid,liquid,gas6. They low high density 7. They are Brittle and Weak except DIAMOND8. They are not lustrous except IODINE9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
• RXn with OXYGEN• Nonmetal + oxygen nonmetal oxide which can be
acid/neutral• Acid oxides are called acid anhydridesRXN WITH WATER NO RXN AT ALL
RXN WITH ACID NO RXN AT ALL
RXN WITH SALT SOL. MORE REACTIVE NON METAL DISPLACES LOW REACTIVE FRLM ITS SALTNaBr+ Cl₂ NaCl + Br₂
RXN WITH CHLORINE FORMS COVALENT CHLORIDE H₂ + Cl₂ HCl
RXN WITH HYDROGEN FORMS COVALENT HYDRIDESS + H₂ H₂S
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS
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Metal Non Metal
Basic oxide Neutral/acidic oxide
React with water Do not react with water
React with acid Do not react with acid
Forms ionic chloride Forms covalent chloride
Forms ionic hydride Forms covalent hydrides
Chemical prop. Difference of metal and non metals
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• USES OF METAL / NON – METALS
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METAL NON- METAL
Cu,Al are used to make wires Hydrogen is used in the hydrogenation of oil to get ghee
Fe,Cu,Al used to make household Liquid HYDROGEN AS ROCKET FUEL
Ag,Au for jewelleries CARBON IN cells
Zinc for galvanization Nitrogen in food preservation
Hg in thermometer Sulphur in hardening of rubber
Al foil in food packing Sulphur in match stick
Lead in car batteries Sulphur in gun powder
How do metal and non metal react• Metal + Non- metal ionic compound• Non metal + Non Metal covalent compound• Every element wants to become stable and to gain
the nearest inert gas electron configuration• Element can become stable bya. Losing 1 or more e- with other atomb. Gaining 1 or more e- “ m+nmc. Sharing 1 or more e- ‘” “ “ ‘ “ nm+nm
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OCCURENCE OF METALS• Most metal are reactive therefore found in form of compound..• Compound of CARBONATE,SULPHIDE,CHLORIDE• Cu , Ag and Au being less reactive can be formed in native state ( free
state) ..• All metal above Cu are found in form of compounds
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MINERALS AND ORES The natural material in which metal exist is called MINERALThose mineral from which metal can extracted are called OREs
EXTRATION OF METAL• The process of obtaining metal from ore is called
extraction of metal • The various process involved in the extraction of
metal is called METTALURGY • The three major steps involved in the purification of
metal area. Concentration of Ore b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal c. Refining of impure metal
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a. Concentration of ore• The unwanted impurities present on the ore is called
gangue.• By removing gangue one gets a greater concentration of
metal in ore • This is called Con. Of Ore .
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• b. Conversion of concentrated ore into metal 1. FOR HIGHLY REACTIVE METAL• Metal such as K,Na,Ca,Mg and Al are at topmost of reactivity
series• They cannot be reduced by carbon to get pure metal .because
metal have more attraction for Oxygen than carbon• They are extracted by electrolytic reduction of their molten
chloride or oxide.• During electrolysis CATHODE acts as POWERFUL REDUCING AGENT
by supplying electrons to reduce metal ion into metal• Till magnesium are extracted by the electrolysis of their chloride
whereas aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of its oxide• Extraction of sodium metal• NaCl (electrolysis) Na + Cl₂• Extraction of aluminium• Al2O3 (ele) Al +O2 9/4/2015 by shubham ranjan
by shubham Ranjan
• Extraction of moderately reactive metal• The extraction of metal is harder with carbonates and
sulphides Therefore all ores are converted into oxide by Calcination or by roasting
• A carbonate ore oxide Calcination• CALCINATION :- process in which carbonate ore is heated
in the ABSENCE of oxygen to get metal oxide• Ex- ZnCO₃ (Calcination) ZnO + CO₂• A sulphide ore oxide roasting• Roasting :- process of heating sulphide ore in PRESENCE of
oxygen to get metal oxide• ZnS + O₂ (ROASTING) ZnO+ SO₂• The metal oxide obtained are converted to free metal by
reduction with C,Al,Na,Ca9/4/2015
by shubham ranjan
• Thermite Rxn:- the reduction of metal oxide to form metal by using Al as reducing agent
• Fe₂O₃ + Al Fe (molten) + Al₂O₃ + heat• This process is called Thermite welding OR
aluminothermy ....
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EXTRACTION OF LESS REACTINE METAL
• Are extracted just by reduction of their oxide by heating
• OR JUST BY HEATING IN AIR
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Refining of Metal
• The process of refining of impure metal is called refining of metal .
• Most common one is Electrolytic refining • Electrolytic refining :- refining by electrolysis• A thick block of impure metal is made anode• a thin strip of pure metal is mate cathode • A water soluble salt of metal is taken as
electrolyte .
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