civil enginnering facts

Standard conversion factors INCH = 25.4 MILLIMETREFOOT = 0.3048 METREYARD = 0.9144 METREMILE = 1.6093 KILOMETERACRE = 0.4047 HECTAREPOUND = 0.4536 KILOGRAMDEGREE FARENHEIT X 5/9 – 32 = DEGREE CELSIUSMILLIMETRE= 0.0394 INCHMETRE = 3.2808FOOTMETRE = 1.0936YARD

1) MILD STEEL (MS)SHEETWEIGHT (KGS) = LENGTH (MM) X WIDTH (MM) X 0. 00000785 X THICKNESSexample – The weight of MS Sheet of 1mm thickness and size 1250 MM X 2500 MM shall be2500MM X 1250 MM X 0.00000785 X 1 = 24.53 KGS/ SHEET

2) MS SQUARE

WEIGHT (KGS ) = WIDTH X WIDTH X 0.00000785 X LENGTH.

Example : A Square of size 25mm and length 1 metre then the weight shall

be.

25x25X 0.00000785 X 1000mm = 4.90 kgs/metre

3) MS ROUND

WEIGHT (KGS ) = 3.14 X 0.00000785 X ((diameter / 2)X( diameter / 2)) X

LENGTH.

Example : A Round of 20mm diameter and length 1 metre then the weight

shall be.

3.14 X 0.00000785 X ((20/2) X ( 20/2)) X 1000 mm = 2.46 kgs / metre

4) SS ROUND

DIA (mm) X DIA (mm) X 0.00623 = WEIGHT PER METRE

SS / MS Pipe

OD ( mm) – W.Tthick(mm) X W.Thick (mm) X 0.0248 = Weight Per Metre

OD ( mm) – W.Tthick(mm) X W.Thick (mm) X 0.00756 = Weight Per Foot

5) SS / MS CIRCLE

DIA(mm) X DIA (mm) X THICK(mm) 0.0000063 = Kg Per Piece

6) SS sheet

Length (Mtr) X Width (Mtr) X Thick(mm) X 8 = Weight Per Piece

Length (ft) X Width (ft) X Thick(inch) X 3 /4 = Weight Per Piece

7) S.S HEXAGONAL BAR

DIA (mm) X DIA (mm) X 0.00680 = WT. PER Mtr

Dia (mm) X Dia (mm) X 0.002072 = Wt. Per foot.

8) BRASS SHEET

WEIGHT (KGS) = LENGTH (MM) X BREADTH (MM) X 0. 0000085 X THICKNESS

Example – The weight of brass sheet of thickness 1 mm, length 1220mm and

breadth 355mm shall be

1220 X355X 0.0000085 X 1 = 3.68 Kgs/Sheet

9) COPPER SHEET


Example – The weight of coppper sheet of thickness 1 mm, length 1220mm

and breadth 355mm shall be

1220X355 X 0.0000087 X 1 = 3.76 Kgs/Sheet

10) BRASS / COPPER PIPE

OD (mm) – THICK (mm) X THICK(mm) X 0.0260 = WEIGHT PER METRE

11) ALUMINUM SHEET


Example – The weight of Aluminum sheet of thickness 1 mm, length 2500mm

and breadth 1250 mm shall be

2500x1250X 0.0000026 X 1 = 8.12 Kgs/Sheet

12) ALUMINIUM PIPE

OD (mm) – THICK(mm) X THICK(mm) X0.0083 = WEIGHT PER METRE

13) We are extremely thankful to Er. Harpal Aujla for sharing this

on our site and thus helping civil engineering students.

Detailed Units – Convert UnitsFollowing table shows how can we convert various most commonly used units from

one unit system to another.

Units to convert Value

Square foot to Square meter 1 ft² = 0.092903 m²

Foot per second squared to Meter per second squared 1 ft² = 0. 3048 m²

Cubic foot to Cubic meter 1 ft³ = 0.028316 m³

Pound per cubic inch to Kilogram per cubic meter 1 lb/in³ = 27679.9 047102

kg/m³

Gallon per minute = Liter per second 1 Gallon per minute =

0.0631 Liter per second

Pound per square inch = Kilopascal 1 Psi (Pound Per Square

Inch) = 6.894757 Kpa

(Kilopascal)

Pound force = Newton 1 Pound force = 4.448222

Newton

Pound per Square Foot to Pascal 1 lbf/ft2 = 47.88025 Pascal

Acre foot per day = Cubic meter per second 1 Acre foot per day= 1428

(m3/s)

Acre to square meter 1 acre = 4046.856 m²

Cubic foot per second = Cubic meter per second 1 ft³/s = 0.028316847 m³/sFiled under Measurement Units | 4 Comments

Measurement UnitsMeasurement units and standards are different in different countries but to maintain

a standard, SI units are mostly used when dealing with projects involving different

countries or even different states. Small projects can be done with the locally used

unit system but when the project is big, one standard unit system is to be used.

Two most common system used in the United States are

United States Customary System (USCS)

System International (SI)

But the SI unit system is more widely used all over the world. Following is the table

which shows how you can convert USCS measurements in SI measurements. ( Just

multiply the USCS amount with the corresponding figure given in table below

Convert USCS into SI UnitsUSCS unit X Factor = SI unit SI symbolSquare foot X 0.0929 = Square meter M2

Cubic foot X 0.2831 = Cubic meter M3

Pound per square inch X 6.894 = Kilopascal KPaPound force X 4.448 = Newton NuFoot pound torque X 1.356 = Newton meter N-mKip foot X 1.355 = Kilonewton meter LN-mGallon per minute X 0.06309 = Liter per second

L/s

Kip per square inch X 6.89 = Megapascal MPa

Mix Design For Concrete Roads As Per IRC:15-2011By

Kaushal Kishore, Materials Engineer, Roorkee

ABSTRACT:

The stresses induced in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore flexural

strength is more often specified than compressive strength in the design of

concrete mixes for pavement construction. A simple method of concrete mix design

based on flexural strength for normal weight concrete mixes is described in the

paper.

INTRODUCTION:

Usual criterion for the strength of concrete in the building industry is the

compressive strength, which is considered as a measure of quality concrete.

However, in pavement constructions, such as highway and airport runway, the

flexural strength of concrete is considered more important, as the stresses induced

in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore, flexural strength is more

often specified than compressive strength in the design of concrete mixes for

pavement construction. It is not perfectly reliable to predict flexural strength from

compressive strength. Further, various codes of the world specified that the paving

concrete mixes should preferably be designed in the laboratory and controlled in

the field on the basis of its flexural strength. Therefore, there is a need to design

concrete mixes based on flexural strength.

Continue Reading »Filed under Mix Design, Research Papers | 0 Comments

Understanding Nominal and Design MixesBy

Kaushal Kishore

Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Cement concrete in India on large scale is being used since the last about 70 years.

In the early days the following nominal ratio by volume for concrete were specified.

Cement : Sand : Aggregate

1 : 2 : 4Correspond to M-15 Grade

1 : 1.5 : 3Correspond to M-20 Grade

1 : 1 : 2Correspond to M-25 Grade

IS : 456-2000 has recommended that minimum grade of concrete shall be not less

than M-20 in reinforced concrete work. Design mix concrete is preferred to nominal

mix. If design mix concrete cannot be used for any reason on the work for grades of

M-20 or lower, nominal mixes may be used with the permission of engineer-in-

charge, which however is likely to involve a higher cement content.

Continue Reading »Filed under Mix Design | 9 Comments

What is Marshall Mix Design for Bituminous Materials?The Marshall Mix Design method was originally developed by Bruce Marshall of the

Mississippi Highway Department in 1939. The main idea of the Marshall Mix Design

method involves the selection of the asphalt binder content with a suitable density

which satisfies minimum stability and range of flow values.

The Marshall Mix Design method consists mainly of the following steps:

(i) Determination of physical properties, size and gradation of aggregates.

(ii) Selection of types of asphalt binder.

(iii) Prepare initial samples, each with different asphalt binder content.

For example, three samples are made each at 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5 percent

asphalt by dry weight for a total of 15 samples. There should be at least two

samples above and two below the estimated optimum asphalt content.

(iv) Plot the following graphs:

(a) Asphalt binder content vs. density

(b) Asphalt binder content vs. Marshall stability

(c) Asphalt binder content vs. flow

(d) Asphalt binder content vs. air voids

(e) Asphalt binder content vs. voids in mineral aggregates

(f) Asphalt binder content vs voids filled with asphalt

(v) Determine the asphalt binder content which corresponds to the air void content

of 4 percent

(vi) Determine properties at this optimum asphalt binder content by reference with

the graphs. Compare each of these values against design requirements and if all

comply with design requirements, then the selected optimum asphalt binder

content is acceptable. Otherwise, the mixture should be redesigned.

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/marshall-mix-design.JPG

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering

Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.Filed under Highway Engineering, Mix Design | 1 Comment

What is the principle of Asphalt Mix Design?The main objective of asphalt mix design is to achieve a mix with economical

blending of aggregates with asphalt to achieve the following :

(i) workability to facilitate easy placement of bituminous materials without

experiencing segregation;

(ii) sufficient stability so that under traffic loads the pavement will not undergo

distortion and displacement;

(iii) durability by having sufficient asphalt;

(iv) sufficient air voids

In asphalt mix design, high durability is usually obtained at the expense of low

stability. Hence, a balance has to be stricken between the durability and stability

requirements.

This question is taken from book named – A Self Learning Manual – Mastering

Different Fields of Civil Engineering Works (VC-Q-A-Method) by Vincent T. H. CHU.Filed under Highway Engineering, Mix Design | 0 Comments

10 Things to Remember when doing Concrete Mix DesignGood quality concrete starts with the quality of materials, cost effective designs is

actually a by-product of selecting the best quality material and good construction

practices. Following are 10 Things to remember during Concrete Mix Design and

Concrete Trials.

1. ACI and other standards only serves as a guide, initial designs must be confirmed

by laboratory trial and plant trial, adjustments on the design shall be done during

trial mixes. Initial design “on paper” is never the final design.

2. Always carry out trial mixes using the materials for actual use.

3. Carry out 2 or 3 design variations for every design target.

4. Consider always the factor of safety, (1.125, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3 X target strength)

5. Before proceeding to plant trials, always confirm the source of materials to be the

same as the one used in the laboratory trials.

6. Check calibration of batching plant.

7. Carry out full tests of fresh concrete at the batching plant, specially the air

content and yield which is very important in commercial batching plants.

8. Correct quality control procedures at the plant will prevent future concrete

problems.

9. Follow admixture recommendations from your supplier

10. Check and verify strength development, most critical stage is the 3 and 7 days

strength.

Important note:

Technical knowledge is an advantage for batching plant staff, even if you have good

concrete design but uncommon or wrong procedures are practiced it will eventually

result to failures.

We at engineeringcivil.com are thankful to Tumi J. Mbaiwa for submitting these 10

points which are helpful to each and every civil engineer.

Cement And Water Saving With Water ReducersBy

Er. Kaushal Kishore ,


In India 0.93 kg of CO2 is emitted in the production of one kg of cement. In the

financial year 2009-10 India produces 200 million tonnes of cement. In the

production of this cement 186 million tonnes of CO2 was emitted in the atmosphere

during financial year of 2009-10.

The availability of water in India per person per year in 1950 was 5177 cu.m. In the

year 2009 it is reduces to 1700 cu.m.

If 50 million tonnes cement in making concrete uses water reducers 7500000

tonnes of cement can be saved. 3750000 kl of potable water will be saved and the

saving of Rs. 3300 crores per year to construction industry. This amount is worked

out after adjusting the cost of water reducers. Less cement used means less cement

required to be produce by the cement factories resulting 6975000 tonnes of CO2 will

be prevented to be emitted to the atmosphere. These are worked out with an

average saving of 15% cement and 15% water.

CO2 emission is word problem, but for India in addition to CO2 it has problems of Air,

Water, Soil, Food and Noise pollutions. Less densily populated countries may cope

with these problems but for India it is of the top concern. The population figures of

2009 is, India 350 person per sq.km, China 132 person per sq.km and USA only 34

person per sq.km. The figures of 2006 CO¬2 emissions are USA 658.60 tonnes per

sq.km, China 611.76 tonnes per sq.km and India 459.35 tonnes per sq.km. Every

one should contribute his or her efforts to save the environment from pollution.

Those involve in the construction activities can contribute their share by proper

design of concrete Mixes. This is best illustrated by the following examples.


Concrete Mix Design – M70 Grade of Concrete (OPC 53 Grade)Concrete mix design – M70 grade of concrete provided here is for reference purpose

only. Actual site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted as per the location

and other factors.

A. Design Stipulation:

Characteristic comprehensive Strength @ 28 days = 70 N/mm2

Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm

Degree of workability = Collapsible

Degree of quality control = Good

Type of exposure = Severe

Minimum cement content as per is 456-2000

B. Test data for concrete ingredients

Specific gravity of cement = 3.15

Specific gravity of fly ash = 2.24

Specific gravity of microsilica = 2.21

Setting time of cement initial = 165 min, final = 270min

Cement compressive strength =

39.0 N/mm2 @ 3 days

51.0 N/mm2 @ 7 days

64.2 N/mm2 @ 28 days

Specific gravity of coarse aggregates (ca) and fine aggregates (fa)

20 mm 2.729

10 mm 2.747

R/sand 2.751

C/sand 2.697

Water absorption

20 mm 1.540, 10mm 1.780, R/sand 3.780, C/sand 4.490

Characteristic strength @ 28 days 70 N/mm2

Target mean strength : Depend upon degree of quality control “good” and

considering (std. Dev.As 5 N/mm2)

Characteristic strength given by the relation 70 +(1.65 *5 ) = 78.25 N/mm2

C. Quantities of ingredients (By Absolute Volume Method )

Actual cement used = 486 kg/cum

Actual fly ash used = 90 kg/cum

Actual microsilica used = 24 kg/cum

W/C fixed = 0.26

Absolute volume of cement = 0.154

Absolute volume of air = 0.02

Absolute vol of water. = 0.156

Absolute vol of fly ash. = 0.040

Absolute vol of microsilica = 0.011

Total volume of CA and FA used = 1.00-(0.155+0.044+0.022+0.02 +0.154)

= 0.619 Cum

D. Aggregate percent used.

20 Mm = 24, 10 mm = 36, r/sand = 20, c/sand = 20

(2.729*0.24) + (2.747*0.36) +(2.751* 0.20 )+(2.697*0.20) *0.619*1000

405+612+340+334=1691

Aggt: cement = 2.82 : 1

Mix proportion = 0.26:1:0.57:0.56:1.02:0.67

E. Abstract:

20 mm = 405 kg/cum

10 mm = 612 kg/cum

r/sand = 340 kg /cum

c/sand = 334 kg/cum

water = 154 kg/cum

Admixture 0.50 % BY WT OF (C+F+MS) ASTP-1 OF BASF

Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

3 days = 49.13

7 Days = 59.57

28 Days = 81.49

Note: Mix design is same for Crane bucket and Pump concrete only admixture

dosage will fine tuned by 0.05 to 0.10%

We are thankful to Deshmukh D S for submitting this very useful mix design

information to us.Filed under Mix Design | 8 Comments

Concrete Mix Design – M60 Grade Of Concrete (OPC 53 Grade)Concrete mix design – M60 grade of concrete provided here is for reference purpose

only. Actual site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted as per the location

and other factors.

A. Design Stipulation:

Charastaristic comprehensive Strength @ 28 days = 60 N/mm2

Maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm

Degree of workability = Collapsible

Degree of quality control = Good

Type of exposure = Severe

Minimum cement content as per is 456-2000

B. Test data for concrete ingredients


Specific gravity of fly ash = 2.24

Specific gravity of microsilica = 2.21

Setting time of cement initial = 120 min, final = 185 min

Cement compressive strength =

45.21 N/mm2 @ 3 days

54.82 N/mm2 @ 7 days

69.32 N/mm2 @ 28 days

Specific gravity of coarse aggregates (ca) and fine aggregates (fa)

20 mm 2.729

10 mm 2.747

R/sand 2.751

C/sand 2.697

Water absorption

20 mm 1.540, 10mm 1.780, R/sand 3.780, C/sand 4.490

Characterstic strength @ 28 days 60 N/mm2

Target mean strength : Depend upon degree of quality control “good” and

considering (std. Dev.As 5 N/mm2)

Characteristic strength given by the relation 60 +(1.65 *5 ) = 68.25 N/mm2

C. Quantities of ingredients ( by absolute volume Method )

Actual cement used = 450 kg/cum

Actual fly ash used = 80 kg/cum

Actual microsilica used = 40 kg/cum

W/C fixed = 0.24

Absolute volume of cement = 0.143

Absolute volume of air = 0.02

Absolute vol of water. = 0.137

Absolute vol of fly ash. = 0.036

Absolute vol of microsilica = 0.018

Total volume of CA and FA used = 1.00-(0.143+0.036+0.018+0.02 +0.137)

= 0.619 Cum

D. Aggregate percent used.

20 Mm = 31, 10 mm = 25, r/sand = 34, c/sand = 10

(2.729*0.31) + (2.747*0.25) +(2.751* 0.34 )+(2.697*0.10) *0.619*1000

546+444+604+174=1768

Aggt: cement = 3.10 : 1

Mix proportion = 0.24:1:1.06:0.30:0.78:0.96

E. Abstract:

20 mm 546 kg/cum

10 mm 444 kg/cum

r/sand 604 kg /cum

c/sand 174 kg/cum

water 137 kg/cum

Admixture 1.80 % By wt of (C+F+MS) chemsonite SP 450XL-B

Cube Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

3 days = 40.98

7 Days = 57.71

28 Days = 70.96

Note: Mix design is same for crane bucket and pump concrete only admixture

dosage will fine tuned by 0.10%.

We are thankful to Deshmukh D S for submitting this very useful mix design

information to us.Filed under Mix Design | 14 Comments

Mix Design For Concrete Roads As Per IRC-15-2002By



Check out the Mix Design For Concrete Roads As Per IRC:15-2011

ABSTRACT:

The stresses induced in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore flexural

strength is more often specified than compressive strength in the design of

concrete mixes for pavement construction. A simple method of concrete mix design

based on flexural strength for normal weight concrete mixes is described in the

paper.

INTRODUCTION:

Usual criterion for the strength of concrete in the building industry is the

compressive strength, which is considered as a measure of quality concrete.

however, in pavement constructions, such as highway and airport runway, the

flexural strength of concrete is considered more important, as the stresses induced

in concrete pavements are mainly flexural. Therefore, flexural strength is more

often specified than compressive strength in the design of concrete mixes for

pavement construction. It is not perfectly reliable to predict flexural strength from

compressive strength. Further, various codes of the world specified that the paving

concrete mixes should preferably be designed in the laboratory and controlled in

the field on the basis of its flexural strength. Therefore, there is a need to design

concrete mixes based on flexural strength.

The type of aggregate can have a predominant effect, crushed rock aggregate

resulting in concrete with higher flexural strength than uncrushed (gravel)

aggregates for comparable mixes, assuming that sound materials are used. The

strength of cement influences the compressive and flexural strength of concrete i.e.

with the same water-cement ratio, higher strength cement will produce concrete of

higher compressive and flexural strength.

MIX DESIGN DETAILS

IRC: 15-2002 specified that for concrete roads OPC should be used. This code also

allowed PPC as per IS: 1489 may also be used. Accordingly OPC + fly ash may be

used in concrete roads. However, IS: 456-2000 specified that fly ash conforming to

grade-1 of IS-3812 may be used as part replacement of OPC provided uniform

blended with cement is essential. The construction sites where batching plants are

used this may be practicable. In ordinary sites where mixer or hand mixing are done

uniform blending of fly ash with cement is not practicable. At such construction

sites, PPC may be used.1 Characteristic Flexural

Strength at 28 days4.5N/mm2

2 Cement Three mixes are to be designedMIX-AWith PPC (Flyash based) conforming to IS:1489-part-I-1991. 7 days strength 37.5N/mm2. Specific Gravity: 3.00MIX-BWith OPC-43- Grade conforming to IS: 8112-1989. 7 days strength 40.5N/mm2. Specific Gravity : 3.15MIX-CWith OPC of Mix-B and Fly ash conforming to IS:3812 (Part-I)-2003 Specific Gravity : 2.20Note Requirements of all the three mixes are the same. Fine Aggregate, Coarse Aggregate and Retarder Super plasticizer are the same for all the three mixes.

3 Fly ash replacement 25% Fly ash is required to be replaced with the total cementitious materials.

4 Maximum nominal size of aggregates

20 mm Crushed aggregate

5 Fine aggregate River sand of Zone-II as per IS:383-

19706 Minimum cement content 350 kg/m3 including Fly ash7 Maximum free W/C Ratio 0.508 Workability 30 mm slump at pour the concrete will

be transported from central batching plant through transit mixer, at a distance of 20 Km during June, July months. The average temperature last year during these months was 400C.

9 Exposure condition Moderate10 Method of placing Fully mechanized construction11 Degree of supervision Good12 Maximum of cement content

(Fly ash not included)425 kg/m3

13 Chemical admixture Retarder Super plasticizer conforming to IS:9103-1999. With the given requirements and materials, the manufacturer of Retarder Super plasticizer recommends dosages of 10 gm per kg of OPC, which will reduce 15% of water without loss of workability. For fly ash included cement dosages will be required to be adjusted by experience/ trials.

14 Values of Jaxo- 1.65 x 0.5 N/mm2


How To Make Concrete At Site? M 25 ExampleBy



PORTLAND CEMENT:

Joseph Aspdin, a mason at Leeds prepared a cement in 1824 by heating a mixture

of finely-divided clay and hard limestone in a furnace until CO2 had been driven off;

this temperature was much lower than that necessary for clinkering. The prototype

of modern cement was made in 1845 by Isaac Johnson, who burnt a mixture of clay

and chalk until clinkering, so that the reaction necessary for the formation of

strongly cementitious compound took place. The name ‘Portland Cement’ was given

due to the resemblance of the colour and quality of the hardened cement to

Portland stone- a limestone quarried in Doset.

The process of manufacturing of cement consists essentially of grinding the raw

materials ( calcareous materials such as limestone or chalk and argillaceous

materials such as shale or clay), mixing them intimately in certain proportion and

burning in a large rotary kiln at a temperature of upto about 14500C when the

material sinters and partially fuses into balls known as clinker. The clinker is cooled

and ground to a fine powder, with some gypsum added, and the resulting product is

the commercial Portland Cement so widely used throughout the world.

MAKING CONCRETE:

Just mix cement, aggregates and water, cast this mix in a mould, open the mould

next day. A uniform hard mass will be found, which is known as concrete, any body

can make it. The simplecity in making concrete make this material to be look like

very simple in its production, yet it as not so simple. Due to ignorance about

concrete no other building materials ever mis-used as concrete in the construction.

In India concrete is being used in the construction since the last 70 years. Yet 80%

of the builders have no proper understanding of this materials. Go to any

construction site (except big construction sites) you will find that sand and

aggregates are being taken in iron tasla or cane baskets to charge the mixer

without the consideration of site aggregates actual grindings, moisture content and

bulking of sand. The water is poured in the mixer without any measured quantity. It

could be well imagine what sort of concrete structure will be made with the

concrete being produced in this crude method.

Most of the contractors, builders, masons etc. still follow 1:2:4 or 1:1.5:3 mixes they

are not aware of Design Mixes and Concrete Admixtures. This paper described how

Design Mixes can be converted into volume with 1 Bag Cement, 2 Boxes of sand

and 4 Boxes of Aggregate. The site practical problem is the dispersion of water and

liquid admixtures into the mixer. For this the site should fabricate a plastic circular

graduated measuring container of 30 lit capacity with a tap fitted at its bottom. This

container is to be fitted on top of the mixer. From this container water and liquid

admixtures can conveniently poured direct into the mixer in a measured quantity.

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

As per IS 10262-2009 & MORT&H

A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning

1 Grade Designation M35

2

Type of CementOPC 53 grade confirming to IS-12269-1987

3

Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size 20 mm

4 Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 310 kg/m3

5 Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A) 0.45

6

Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 50-75 mm (Slump)

7

Exposure Condition Normal

8

Degree of Supervision Good

9

Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate

10 Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2) 540 kg/m3

11

Chemical Admixture TypeSuperplasticiser Confirming to IS-9103

A-2 Test Data for Materials

1

Cement Used Coromandal King OPC 53 grade

2

Sp. Gravity of Cement 3.15

3

Sp. Gravity of Water 1.00

4

Chemical Admixture BASF Chemicals Company

5

Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate 2.884

6 Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate 2.878

7

Sp. Gravity of Sand 2.605

8

Water Absorption of 20 mm Aggregate 0.97%

9


10

Water Absorption of Sand 1.23%

11 Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate nil


13

Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand nil

14 Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

15 Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

15 Sp.Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882

16

Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

1

Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700-5) 47N/mm2

2

Characteristic Strength @ 28 days 35N/mm2

A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio


2

Adopted Water Cement Ratio 0.4

A-5 Selection of Water Content

1

Maximum Water content (10262-table-2) 186 Lit.

2 Estimated Water content for 50-75 mm Slump 160 Lit.

3

Superplasticiser used 0.5 % by wt. of cement

A-6 Calculation of Cement Content

1

Water Cement Ratio 0.4

2

Cement Content (160/0.42) 400 kg/m3

Which is greater then 310 kg/m3

A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

1

Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262 62.00%

2

Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate 62.00%Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1-0.62) 38.00%

A-8 Mix Calculations

1

Volume of Concrete in m3 1.00

2

Volume of Cement in m3 0.13(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement)x1000

3

Volume of Water in m3 0.160(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000

4

Volume of Admixture @ 0.5% in m3 0.00168(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000

5 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.711

Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)

6

Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.441Sr. no. 5 x 0.62

7

Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3 0.270Sr. no. 5 x 0.38

A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)

1

Mass of Cement in kg/m3 400

2

Mass of Water in kg/m3 160

3

Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3 704

4

Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1271Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 915Mass of 10 mm in kg/m3 356

5

Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 2.00

6


We are thankful to Er. Raj M. Khan for sharing this information with us on

engineeringcivil.com. We hope this would be of great significance to civil engineers.Filed under Mix Design | 34 Comments

M-30 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009Dear All

Again I am back with M-30 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009

Regards

Raj Mohammad Khan

M-30 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN


A-

1 Stipulations for Proportioning

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Grade Designation M30

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2 Test Data for Materials

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Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate nil

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Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate nil

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Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882

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3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning

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4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio


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5 Selection of Water Content

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6 Calculation of Cement Content

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7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

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8 Mix Calculations

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2


3 Volume of Water in m3 0.160

(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000

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5

Volume of All in Aggregate in m3 0.718Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)

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A-

9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)

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Again I am back with M-25 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009.

Regards

Raj Mohammad Khan



A-


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A- Test Data for Materials

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Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882

16 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates Separate Analysis Done

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7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

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8 Mix Calculations

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Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3 1356Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3 977

Mass of 10 mm in kg/m3 380

5


6



engineeringcivil.com. We hope this would be of great significance to civil engineers.

Filed under Mix Design | 77 Comments


Again I am back with M-20 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009

Regards

Raj Mohammad Khan



A-


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Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 25 mm (Slump)

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9 Type of Aggregate Crushed Angular Aggregate


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Chemical Admixture Not Used

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15 Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882

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Estimated Water content for 25 mm Slump 145 Lit.

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Superplasticiser used nil

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A- Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

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8 Mix Calculations

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Volume of Admixture @ 0% in m3 nil(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000

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2 Mass of Water in kg/m3 145

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Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 nil

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M 15 Mix Designs as per IS-10262-2009Dear All,

Here i am giving the mix designs as per IS-10262-2009 which gives to change the

procedure for calculating the concrete ingredients

Regards

Raj Mohammad Khan



A-


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3




6

Workability (MORT&H 1700-4) 25 mm (Slump)

7


8


9



11


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1


2


3


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Chemical Admixture Not Used

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15 Sp.Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates 2.882

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1 Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700-5) 25N/mm2

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1 Maximum Water content (10262-table-2) 186 Lit.

2 Estimated Water content for 25 mm Slump 135 Lit.

3

Superplasticiser used nil

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A-

7Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content

1


2


A-

8 Mix Calculations

1


2


3


4

Volume of Admixture @ 0% in m3 nil(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000

5


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Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3 0.507

Sr. no. 5 x 0.65

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A-


1


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Mass of Admixture in kg/m3 nil

6



engineeringcivil.com. We hope this would be of great significance to civil engineers.

Mix Design With SuperplasticizersBy



INTRODUCTION

Superplasticizers belongs to a class of water reducer chemically different from the

normal water reducers and capable of reducing water content by about 30%. The

Superplasticizers are broadly classified into four groups: sulfonated melamine

formaldehyde condensate (SMF), sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde

condensate (SNF), modified lignosulphonate (MLS) and others including sulphonic

acid ester, polyacrylates, polystryrene sulphonates, etc. The benefits obtained by

Superplasticizers in the reduction of water in the concrete mixes are best illustrated

by the following examples.


Concrete Mix Design CalculationsThe concrete mix design available on this site are for reference purpose only. Actual

site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted as per the location and other

factors. These are just to show you how to calculate and we are thankful to all the

members who have emailed us these mix designs so that these could be shared

with civil engineers worldwide.

If you also have any mix design and want to share it with us, just comment on this

post and we will be in touch with you.

Here is the summary of links of all the mix designs we have till date:-

Mix Design For M20 Grade Of Concrete





In case you want the complete theory of Mix Design, Go here What is Concrete

Mix Design

We will add more soon. You can help us do this fast, just email us any mix design

you have.


Mix Design M-50 GradeThe mix design M-50 grade (Using Admixture –Sikament) provided here is for

reference purpose only. Actual site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted

as per the location and other factors.

Parameters for mix design M50

Grade Designation = M-50

Type of cement = O.P.C-43 grade

Brand of cement = Vikram ( Grasim )

Admixture = Sika [Sikament 170 ( H ) ]

Fine Aggregate = Zone-II

Sp. Gravity

Cement = 3.15

Fine Aggregate = 2.61

Coarse Aggregate (20mm) = 2.65


Minimum Cement (As per contract) =400 kg / m3

Maximum water cement ratio (As per contract) = 0.45

Mix Calculation: -

1. Target Mean Strength = 50 + ( 5 X 1.65 ) = 58.25 Mpa

2. Selection of water cement ratio:-

Assume water cement ratio = 0.35

3. Calculation of water: -

Approximate water content for 20mm max. Size of aggregate = 180 kg /m3 (As per

Table No. 5 , IS : 10262 ). As plasticizer is proposed we can reduce water content by

20%.

Now water content = 180 X 0.8 = 144 kg /m3

4. Calculation of cement content:-

Water cement ratio = 0.35

Water content per cum of concrete = 144 kg

Cement content = 144/0.35 = 411.4 kg / m3

Say cement content = 412 kg / m3 (As per contract Minimum cement content 400

kg / m3 )

Hence O.K.

5. Calculation for C.A. & F.A.: [ Formula's can be seen in earlier posts]-

Volume of concrete = 1 m3

Volume of cement = 412 / ( 3.15 X 1000 ) = 0.1308 m3

Volume of water = 144 / ( 1 X 1000 ) = 0.1440 m3

Volume of Admixture = 4.994 / (1.145 X 1000 ) = 0.0043 m3

Total weight of other materials except coarse aggregate = 0.1308 + 0.1440

+0.0043 = 0.2791 m3

Volume of coarse and fine aggregate = 1 – 0.2791 = 0.7209 m3

Volume of F.A. = 0.7209 X 0.33 = 0.2379 m3 (Assuming 33% by volume of total

aggregate )

Volume of C.A. = 0.7209 – 0.2379 = 0.4830 m3

Therefore weight of F.A. = 0.2379 X 2.61 X 1000 = 620.919 kg/ m3

Say weight of F.A. = 621 kg/ m3

Therefore weight of C.A. = 0.4830 X 2.655 X 1000 = 1282.365 kg/ m3

Say weight of C.A. = 1284 kg/ m3

Considering 20 mm: 10mm = 0.55: 0.45

20mm = 706 kg .

10mm = 578 kg .

Hence Mix details per m3

Increasing cement, water, admixture by 2.5% for this trial

Cement = 412 X 1.025 = 422 kg

Water = 144 X 1.025 = 147.6 kg

Fine aggregate = 621 kg

Coarse aggregate 20 mm = 706 kg


Admixture = 1.2 % by weight of cement = 5.064 kg.

Water: cement: F.A.: C.A. = 0.35: 1: 1.472: 3.043

Observation: -

A. Mix was cohesive and homogeneous.

B. Slump = 120 mm

C. No. of cube casted = 9 Nos.

7 days average compressive strength = 52.07 MPa.

28 days average compressive strength = 62.52 MPa which is greater than 58.25MPa

Hence the mix accepted.

We are thankful to Er Gurjeet Singh for this valuable information.


Mix Design M-40 GradeThe mix design M-40 grade for Pier (Using Admixture – Fosroc) provided here is for



Parameters for mix design M40

Grade Designation = M-40

Type of cement = O.P.C-43 grade

Brand of cement = Vikram ( Grasim )

Admixture = Fosroc ( Conplast SP 430 G8M )

Fine Aggregate = Zone-II

Sp. Gravity Cement = 3.15

Fine Aggregate = 2.61



Minimum Cement (As per contract) = 400 kg / m3

Maximum water cement ratio (As per contract) = 0.45

Mix Calculation: -

1. Target Mean Strength = 40 + (5 X 1.65) = 48.25 Mpa

2. Selection of water cement ratio:-

Assume water cement ratio = 0.4

3. Calculation of cement content: -

Assume cement content 400 kg / m3

(As per contract Minimum cement content 400 kg / m3)

4. Calculation of water: -

400 X 0.4 = 160 kg Which is less than 186 kg (As per Table No. 4, IS: 10262)

Hence o.k.

5. Calculation for C.A. & F.A.: – As per IS : 10262 , Cl. No. 3.5.1

V = [ W + (C/Sc) + (1/p) . (fa/Sfa) ] x (1/1000)

V = [ W + (C/Sc) + {1/(1-p)} . (ca/Sca) ] x (1/1000)

Where

V = absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross volume (m3) minus

the volume of entrapped air ,

W = mass of water ( kg ) per m3 of concrete ,

C = mass of cement ( kg ) per m3 of concrete ,

Sc = specific gravity of cement,

(p) = Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume ,

(fa) , (ca) = total mass of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (kg) per m3 of

Concrete respectively, and

Sfa , Sca = specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine aggregate and Coarse

aggregate respectively.

As per Table No. 3 , IS-10262, for 20mm maximum size entrapped air is 2% .

Assume F.A. by % of volume of total aggregate = 36.5 %

0.98 = [ 160 + ( 400 / 3.15 ) + ( 1 / 0.365 ) ( Fa / 2.61 )] ( 1 /1000 )

=> Fa = 660.2 kg

Say Fa = 660 kg.

0.98 = [ 160 + ( 400 / 3.15 ) + ( 1 / 0.635 ) ( Ca / 2.655 )] ( 1 /1000 )

=> Ca = 1168.37 kg.

Say Ca = 1168 kg.

Considering 20 mm : 10mm = 0.6 : 0.4

20mm = 701 kg .

10mm = 467 kg .

Hence Mix details per m3

Cement = 400 kg

Water = 160 kg

Fine aggregate = 660 kg



Admixture = 0.6 % by weight of cement = 2.4 kg.

Recron 3S = 900 gm

Water: cement: F.A.: C.A. = 0.4: 1: 1.65: 2.92

Observation: -

A. Mix was cohesive and homogeneous.

B. Slump = 110mm

C. No. of cube casted = 12 Nos.

7 days average compressive strength = 51.26 MPa.

28 days average compressive strength = 62.96 MPa which is greater than 48.25MPa

Hence the mix is accepted.

We are thankful to Er Gurjeet Singh for this valuable information.


Concrete Mix Design – M 20 Grade Of Concrete1. REQUIREMENTS

a) Specified minimum strength = 20 N/Sq mm

b) Durability requirements

i) Exposure Moderate

ii) Minimum Cement Content = 300 Kgs/cum

c) Cement

(Refer Table No. 5 of IS:456-2000)

i) Make Chetak (Birla)

ii) Type OPC

iii) Grade 43

d) Workability

i) compacting factor = 0.7

e) Degree of quality control Good

Concrete Mix Design M-60CONCRETE MIX DESIGN (GRADE M60)

(a) DESIGN STIPULATION:-

Target strength = 60Mpa

Max size of aggregate used = 12.5 mm


Specific gravity of fine aggregate (F.A) = 2.6

Specific gravity of Coarse aggregate (C.A) = 2.64

Dry Rodded Bulk Density of fine aggregate = 1726 Kg/m3

Dry Rodded Bulk Density of coarse aggregate = 1638 Kg/m3

Continue Reading »Filed under Mix Design | 140 Comments

Mix Design For M35 Grade Of ConcreteThe mix design for M35 Grade Of Concrete for pile foundations provided here is for



Grade of Concrete : M35

Characteristic Strength (Fck) : 35 Mpa

Standard Deviation : 1.91 Mpa*

Target Mean Strength : T.M.S.= Fck +1.65 x S.D.

(from I.S 456-2000) = 35+ 1.65×1.91

= 38.15 Mpa


The mix design for M35 Grade Of Concrete for pile foundations provided here is for reference purpose only. Actual site conditions vary and thus this should be adjusted as per the location and other factors.

Grade of Concrete : M35Characteristic Strength (Fck) : 35 MpaStandard Deviation : 1.91 Mpa*Target Mean Strength : T.M.S.= Fck +1.65 x S.D.(from I.S 456-2000) = 35+ 1.65×1.91= 38.15 Mpa

Test Data For Material:Aggregate Type : CrushedSpecific Gravity Cement : 3.15Coarse Aggregate : 2.67Fine Aggregate : 2.62

Water Absorption:Coarse Aggregate : 0.5%Fine Aggregate : 1.0 %

MIX DESIGN

Take Sand content as percentage of total aggregates = 36%

Select Water Cement Ratio = 0.43 for concrete grade M35

(From Fig 2. of I.S. 10262- 1982)

Select Water Content = 172 Kg

(From IS: 10262 for 20 mm nominal size of aggregates Maximum Water Content = 186 Kg/ M3 )

Hence, Cement Content= 172 / 0.43 = 400 Kg / M3

Formula for Mix Proportion of Fine and Coarse Aggregate:

1000(1-a0) = {(Cement Content / Sp. Gr. Of Cement) + Water Content +(Fa / Sp. Gr.* Pf )}

1000(1-a0) = {(Cement Content / Sp. Gr. Of Cement) + Water Content +Ca / Sp. Gr.* Pc )}

Where Ca = Coarse Aggregate Content

Fa = Fine Aggregate Content

Pf = Sand Content as percentage of total Aggregates

= 0.36

Pc = Coarse Aggregate Content as percentage of total Aggregates.

= 0.64

a0 = Percentage air content in concrete (As per IS :10262 for 20 mm nominal size of

aggregates air content is 2 %) = 0.02

Hence, 1000(1-0.02) = {(400 /3.15) + 172 +(Fa / 2.62 x 0.36)}

Fa = 642 Kg/ Cum

As the sand is of Zone II no adjustment is required for sand.

Sand Content = 642 Kg/ Cum

1000(1-0.02) = {(400 /3.15) + 172 +(Ca / 2.67 x 0.64)}

Hence, Ca = 1165 Kg/ Cum

From combined gradation of Coarse aggregates it has been found out that the proportion of 53:47 of 20 mm & 10 mm aggregates produces the best gradation as per IS: 383.

Hence, 20 mm Aggregates = 619 Kg

And 10 mm Aggregates = 546 Kg

To obtain slump in the range of 150-190 mm water reducing admixture brand SP430 from Fosroc with a dose of 0.3 % by weight of Cement shall be used.

Hence the Mix Proportion becomes:

Units – Kg/ M3

Cement : Sand: Coarse Aggregates = 1 : 1.6 : 2.907

We are thankful to Er. Ishan Kaushal for this valuable information.

Source: http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/concrete-engineering/mix-design

Cem

W/C

Water

Sand

20mm

10mm

Admix

400 0.43 172 635 619 564 1.2

1 0.43 1.6 1.547 1.36 0.003

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