citations & referances new 20-11-2010

8/8/2019 Citations & Referances NEW 20-11-2010

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Citations andCitations and

References StyleReferences Style

BY :BY :

Bashar A.Bashar A. AbdallaAbdalla

RaafatRaafat ElhakeemElhakeem

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WHAT IS A REFERENCE CITATION?WHAT IS A REFERENCE CITATION?

A reference citation is the documentation needed to

make your paper acceptable for academic purposes.

It gives authoritative sources for your statements,

helps the reader gain access to those sources, and

acknowledges the fact that the information used in a

paper did not originate with the writer.

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What is citation?What is citation?

A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your

work came from another source. It also gives your readers the

information necessary to find that source again, including:

1. information about the author.

2. the title of the work.

3. the name and location of the company that published your copy of

the source.

4. the date your copy was published.

5. the page numbers of the material you are borrowing.

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Why should I cite sources?Why should I cite sources?

Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other

people's work without plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite

sources:

1. citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about yourideas and where they came from.

2. not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate

or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from

taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas.

3. citing sources shows the amount of research you've done.

4. citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.

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Doesn't citing sources make my work seem lessDoesn't citing sources make my work seem lessoriginal?original?

Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps your

reader distinguish your ideas from those of your sources. This

will actually emphasize the originality of your own work.

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When do I need to cite?When do I need to cite?

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge

their source. The following situations almost always require citation:

1. whenever you use quotes.2. whenever you paraphrase.

3. whenever you use an idea that someone else has already

expressed.

4. whenever you make specific reference to the work of another.

5. whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing

your own ideas.

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APA:APA: psychology, education, and other social sciences.

MLAMLA:: literature, arts, and humanities.AMAAMA:: medicine, health, and biological sciences.

TurabianTurabian:: designed for college students to use with all

subjects.

ChicagoChicago:: used with all subjects in the "real world" by

books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-

scholarly publications.

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THE MAIN STYLESTHE MAIN STYLES

OF CITATIONSOF CITATIONS


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What Is MLA Style?What Is MLA Style?

MLA (Modern Language Association)The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing

(2008) is the third edition ofThe MLA Style Manual, first

published by the Modern Language Association of America in

1985. It is an academic style guide widely used in the United

States, Canada, and other countries, providing guidelines for

writing and documentation of research in the humanities,

especially in English studies; the study of other modernlanguages and literatures, including comparative literature;

literary criticism; media studies; cultural studies; and related

disciplines.

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The MLA Style .Book

Author's name [last name, first name, middle

initial or middle name (as given)]. Title. Place

of publication: publisher, date. Print.

Supplementary information (if any).

Example :

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HodgkinsonHodgkinson, Tom., Tom. How to Be IdleHow to Be Idle. New York: Harper, 2005. Print.. New York: Harper, 2005. Print.


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The MLA Style .article in a periodical

(magazine or, as well as newspapers)Author's name [last name, first name, middle initial or middle name (as

given)]. "Article title." Title of periodicalVolume number ("for a scholarly

journal").[period]issue number ("if available, for a scholarly journal") Date of

publication within parentheses ("for a scholarly journal, the year; for other

periodicals, the day, month, and year, as available"): Pages ("inclusive"). Print

If the journal uses only issue numbers, cite the issue number alone.

If citing a "locally-published newspaper" whose city of publication is not in its

title, the city is put in square brackets (but not italicized) after the title of the

newspaper (17879).

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Brophy, Mike. "Driving Force." Hockey News 21 Mar. 2006: 16-19. Print.

Kane, Robert. "Turing Machines and Mental Reports."Australasian Jour. of

Philosophy44.3 (1966): 334-52. Print.


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The MLA Style .

Internet resource

Name of author of webpage (last name, first name, middle

initial or middle name [as given]). "Article Title." Title of

Webpage [publication]. Sponsoring Agency, date accessed.

Web. (Medium of publication) Web address (optional). Dateof publication (or date page was last modified)

Example :

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CNN and Reuters. "Boston Columnist Resigns Amid New Plagiarism

Charges." Cable News Network. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc., 6

Mar. 2009. Web. 19 Aug. 1998.


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The MLA Style

CD-ROM

Name of author (last name, first name, middleinitial or middle name [as given]). "Article title ofprinted source." Periodical title of printed source,or title of printed analogue Date: inclusive pages.Title of database. CD-ROM. Name of vendor orcomputer service. Electronic-publication data ordata for access.

Example :

.

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Ethnic NewsWatch. CD-ROM. DaReed, William. "Whites and the

Entertainment Industry." Tennessee Tribune 25 Dec. 1996: 28. ta

Technologies, Feb. 1997


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The MLA Style.

Personal interview

Name of person interviewed (last name, first

name, middle initial or middle name [asgiven]). Personal interview. Date interviewed.

Example :

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Pei, I. M. Personal interview. 10 July 1993.


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Chicago Referencing Style

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The Chicago Referencing Style has two majordocumentation systems. One is the humanities styleand the other is the author-date system.

These two styles are used in different contextsdepending upon the subject-matter and the nature of

the study and the sources cited. These two systems arefavored by different groups of scholars.


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Chicago Referencing Style Two

Systems

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Humanities styleHumanities style AuthorAuthor--date Styledate Style

The humanities style is preferred by

many in literature, history and the arts.

It is recommended for history research

papers. This style uses bibliographic

notes rather than text citations. It

accommodates a variety of sources

including words which only few people

know.

The author-date system on the other

hand has been used by people from

other sciences such as physical, natural

and other social sciences.

In this system the last name of the

author, date of publication are cited

briefly mentioned in the text, generally

in parentheses.


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Basic Referencing Rules: Humanities

styleBookExample :

Yow, Valerie Raliegh. Recording oral history. A guide for

the humanities and social sciences. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press,2005

Corporate AuthorExample:

Oberlin College. Conservatory of Music. Library. Mr. andMrs. C. W. Best Collection of Autographs, in the Mary M.Vial Music Library of the Oberlin College Conservatory ofMusic. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College Library, 1967.

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Basic Referencing Rules: Humanities

style Journal Article

Example : Banks, William. A Secret Meeting in Boise. MidwesternPolitical Review 6 (1958): 26-31

Electronic Journal or Newspaper ArticleExample : Carbado, Devon W. Black Male Racial Victimhood.

Callaloo 21, no.2 (1998): 337-361. http://www.jstor.org/ (accusedJuly 8, 2005)

WebsiteExample : Ellison, Jim. Assessing the accessibility of fifty UnitedStates government WebPages: Using Bobby to check on UncleSam. First Monday, volume 9, number 7 (July 2004).

http://www.firstmonday.org/ (accessed June 16, 2005).

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Basic Referencing Rules:

Author-Date Style

BookExample : Kourik, Robert. 1998. The lavendergarden: beautiful varieties to grow and gather.

San Francisco: Chronicle Books

Corporate AuthorExample : Ohio State University. Natural

Resources Institute. 1959. A directory of Ohiofacilities and services for resource conservation.Columbus: Natural Resources Institute.

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Basic Referencing Rules: Author-Date

Style Journal Article

Example : Terborgh, J. 1974. Preservation of natural diversity: Theproblem of extinction-prone species. BioScience 24: 715-22

Electronic Article or Newspaper ArticleExample : Thomas, Trevor M. 1956. Wales: Land of Mines andQuarries. Geographical Review 46, no.1: 59-81. http://jstor.org/(accessed June 30, 2005).

Web Site

Example : Roach, John. 2005. Journal RanksTop 25 UnansweredQuestions. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ (accessed July 7,

2005).

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APA style

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The Basics of APA StyleThe Basics of APA Style

APAAPA American Psychological Association


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APA styleAPA style

Basic instruction for Reference List:

Alphabetical order

Hanging Indent

All lines after the first line of each entry should

be indented one-half inch from the left margin.

Authors' names are inverted (last name first)

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APA styleAPA style -- In-text Citation

1 author (last name, year)

Example: (Jones, 1998)

2 authors cite both names separated by &

Example: (Kosik & Martin, 1999) 3-5 authors cite all authors first time; after

first time, use et al.Example: (Wilson et al., 2000)

6 or more authors cite first authors nameand et al.Example: (Perez et al., 1992)

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APA styleAPA style - The reference list

Book Single-author

Basic Instructions:

Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of the book.

Place of publication: Publication house.

Example:

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Jones, A. (2005). Community Policing.Hartford, CT: Scholarly Publishers, Inc.


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Book with more than one author

Basic Instructions:

Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Year of publication). Titleof the book. Place of publication:Publication house.

Example:

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Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991).APA guide

to preparing manuscripts for journal

publication. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.


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PeriodicalsBasic Instructions:

Author, A. A., .Title of article. Title of

Periodical, Volume xx(x),pages xxx-xxx.Example:

Sacks, S. E. (2004). Fraud risk: are youprepared?Journal of Accountancy, 198(3),

57-63.


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Nonperiodicals

Basic Instructions:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location:Publisher.

Example:

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Lipson, C. (2004). Doing honest work in

college. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


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Part of a nonperiodical (e.g., a book chapter)Basic Instructions:

Author, A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor

(Ed.), Title of book(pp. xxx-xxx). Location:Publisher.Example:

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Lipson, C. (2004). Plagiarism and academic honesty.

In S. Jones (Ed.), Integrity in scholarship

(pp. 32-48). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


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References to Electronic Sources

In general, include the same information asyou would for a print resource, and add as

much electronic retrieval info as needed tolocate the source.

Content with no fixed publication dateshould include a retrieval date.

If the source has a DOI (Digital ObjectIdentifier), use it instead of a URL

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Article with DOI assignedBasic Instructions:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article.

Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx. doi:Example:

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Belli, B. (2007). Nuking food: Contamination fears

and market possibilities spur an irradiation revival.E: The Environmental Magazine, 18(4), 136-142.doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482


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EncyclopediaBasic Instructions:

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. In A. Editor

(Ed.), Title of work. Retrieved month day, year,from URL

Example:

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Ennis, W. (2006). Sign Language. In G.

Albrecht (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Disability.Retrieved August 28, 2007, from Gale VirtualReference Library, Pima County Public Library,www.tppl.org


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Podcast

Basic Instructions:

Creator, Producer, Director, etc. (Persons title). (Year,

Month Day). Title of show, segment, etc. [Number orother identifier]. Title of podcast. Podcast retrieved

from URL

Example:

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Glass, I. (Producer). (2007, August 3). Blame it onart [Show 73]. This American Life. Podcast

retrieved from http://www.thisamericanlife.org


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YouTube video

Basic Instructions:

Author. (Year, Month day). Title[Video file].

Retrieved from URL

Example:

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CSPAN. (2009, January 20). President Barack Obama

2009 Inauguration and Address [Video file].Retrievedfromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjnygQ02aW4


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DVD or Movie

Basic Instructions:

Producer & Director. (Year). Title of MotionPicture[Motion Picture or DVD]. Country of

Origin: Studio.

Example:

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Grazer, B., Howard, R., (Producers) & Howard, R.(Director). (2002). A beautiful mind[DVD].

Universal City, CA: Universal.


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For More Information

APA Manual Website:www.apastyle.org


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Turabian Style

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Turabian Style

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The reference list style has long been used inthe physical, natural, and social sciences. In

this system, sources are briefly cited in

parentheses in the text by( authors lastname and date of publication, page).

example:

The color blue became more prominent in theeighteenth century (Pastoureau 2001, 124).


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Turbian Style Reference List

Book

Basic Instructions:

Author(s), Date. Title of Book, Place of

Publication: Publisher.

Example:

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Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. 1993. Star

trek chronology: The history of the future. NewYork: Pocket Books.


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Newspaper or Magazine Article

Basic Instructions:

Author(s) .Date. Title of Article: Title of

Periodical, ( Date ) ,Pages.

Example:

Di Rado, Alicia. 1995. Trekking through college:

Classes explore modern society using the world of

Star trek. Los Angeles Times, 15 March, A3.


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Book Article or Chapter

Basic Instructions:

Author(s). Date. Title of Article: Title ofBook, ed.

Name, Pages. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example:

James, Nancy E. 1988. Two sides of paradise: The

Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In Spectrum

of the fantastic, ed. Donald Palumbo, 219-223.

Westport, CT: Greenwood.


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Online Book

Basic Instructions:

Author/editor. Title (edition). Place of publication

Producer/publisher info, date. [type of medium]; availablefrom ; accession medium.

Example:

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Holland, Norman. The Critical I. NewYork: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1992. [book on-line]; available from

http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/nnh/ criti.htm;Internet.


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Web Site

Basic Instructions:

Author/Editor. "Title." Date. Site/Path/File (Acces date).

Example:

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Jones, Dee. deGrummond Childrens Literature

Collection. 26 July 1999.http://avatar.lib.usm/~degrum/(24 Feb.2000).


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CD-ROM

Basic Instructions:

"Article Title." Source Title{if relevant}. in Title

of CD-ROM [CD-ROM] (Publisher, Date).

Example:

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"The Late Riots-A Mountain Reduced to a Molehill." The New

York Herald. 24 July 1863 in The Civil War-A NewspaperPerspective [CD-ROM] (Accessible Archives CD-ROM edition,

1994) (Folio Corporation, 1990).


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E-Newspaper Basic Instructions:

"Article Title." Newspaper Title [Type of Medium] Date

Created Site/Path/File (Access Date). Example:

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"Hopes recede for survivors." The Hindu[online newspaper]

1 February 2001. http://www.the-hindu.com

(1February2001).


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Online Periodical Basic Instructions:

Author. "Article Title." Periodical Title Date. [Type of

medium] Site/Path/File (Access Date).

Example:

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Williams, Buzz. "General Wade Hampton III: Noble

Summer Resident." WaySouth:A Journal of SouthernThought. [online journal] http:// www.waysouth.com

(Accessed 2 February2001).


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Online Encyclopedia

Basic Instructions:

"Article Title." Encyclopedia Title [Type of medium]

(Publisher, Date) Site/Path/ file (Access Date).

Example:

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"Ailey, Alvin, Jr." Encyclopaedia Britannica [encyclopedia

online](Britannica.com Inc.,1999); available fromhttp://www.britannica.com (Accessed 2 February 2001).


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ERIC Document

Basic Instructions:

Author. "Article Title if any." Source Title. vol: pages,date. OR

city: publisher, date. [Type of medium] available from database

name; Site/Path/File ERIC, document number.Example:

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Settle, Mary and Richard Milich. "Social Persistence

Following Failure in Boys And Girls with LD." Journal of

Learning Disabilities. 32:201-212, May/June 1999.

[database online] available from Wilson Select Plus Full

Text, http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/ ERIC,EJ585849


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Email Message

Basic Instructions:

Sender. "Subject of Message."Type of E-mail

(Access Date).

Example:

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Albrecht, Rebecca. Mea Culpa: Citing Information.Personal e-mail (24 Feb. 2000).


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For More Information

Website

www.press.uchicago.edu/books/turabian

/manual/

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The Harvard Referencing System

Unless you are asked to reference in

a specific style, the Harvard System isprobably the most widely used

system available.

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Harvard Style

Single author

There are two ways of referencing in the text. When

the authors name naturally occurs in the sentence,

the year is listed within parentheses just after thename. If the authors name does not occur naturally

in the sentence, then both the name and the year

are given within parentheses. For example:

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Knuth (1999) showed that.

or it has been shown that.. (Knuth, 1999).


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Harvard Style

Multiple authors two authors

When citing work with two authors, their surnames are

listed. For example:

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Gatziu and Dittrichs (1999) overview of the SAMOS project

OR

The SAMOS project investigated active object-orienteddatabase features on top of a commercial database

management system (Gatziu and Dittrich,1999).


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Harvard Style

BookAuthor(s) .Year of publication, Title should be in Italic

Edition if it is not the first edition, Publisher, Place of

publication.

Examples:

If the book has an editor instead of an author, you should

include the word editor(s), or its abbreviation ed(s).,

after the author name(s).

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Boehm, B. W. 1981. Software Engineering

Economics. Prentice-Hall, EaglewoodCliffs, New

Jersey.


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Harvard Style

Articles in books

Surname, initial/s. (date). Title of Article: And

Subtitles where Appropriate. In Surname,

initial/s. (Editor where appropriate) (date).

Examples:

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Hymes, D. (1971) On Communicative Competence.In Brumfit, C. & Johnson, K. (Eds.) (1979).


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Harvard Style

Journal article:

Author(s), Year of publication ,Title of the article . Name

of journal should be in Italic, Volume number, issue

number, Publisher, Page numbers of article.

Examples:

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Stankovic, J. A. 1988, Misconceptions About Real-Time

Computing: A Serious Problem for Next-Generation

Systems. IEEE Computer, 21(10), October, pp. 1019.


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Harvard Style

Conference paper:

Author(s) ,Year of publication. Title of the paper, Editor(s) of

the conference proceedings Title of conference proceedings

should be in Italic, Location and dates of the conference

,Publisher ,Page numbers of paper.

Examples:

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Mohan, C. 1999. Repeating History beyond ARIES. In: M.

P. Atkinson, M. E. Orlowska, P. Valduriez, S. B. Zdonik, M.

L. Brodie, (eds) Proceedings of the 25th International

Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Edinburgh,

Scotland, UK, September 7th10th, pp. 117.


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Harvard Style

Electronic documents (e.g. web pages)

Author(s), Year. Title should be in ItalicVersion number, if

applicable Type of medium should be in square brackets, e.g.

[online], [CD-ROM]. Publisher, if different from author Place of

publication, if applicable Available from, e.g. URL Access date

(date when the document was viewed/downloaded)

Examples:

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Davison, R. and Kock, N., editors. 2004. ProfessionalE

thics[online]. Available from: http:// www.is.cityu.edu.hk/

research/resources/isworld/ethics/index.htm

[ Accessed 27 June 2007].


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What is a DOI?What is a DOI?

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oo Digital Object Identifier isDigital Object Identifier is A unique identifierfor a source.

o Not all sources have them yet.

o Usually near the copyright information.Often on the first page of an article.

o Looks something like this:

10.3102/0034654309332560

o CrossRef can help:www.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery/


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DOI EX:DOI EX:


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PODCAST

A podcast is a series of digital media files (either

audio or video) that are released episodically and

often downloaded through web syndication. The term

"podcasting" was first mentioned by Ben Hammersley

in The Guardian newspaper in a February 2004

article,. It is a portmanteau of the words "pod from

the name of Apple's portable media player, iPod and

"broadcasting".

The content can be accessed using any computer that

can play media files.

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ERIC (Educational Resources InformationCenter): ERIC is the world's largest index to journalarticles and research reports in the field of education.

It includes material written from 1966 to the present.

ERIC provides citations to a wide variety of

information, including journal articles, curriculum and

teaching guides, conference reports, and

dissertations.

ERIC

An online version is available from the ERIC website:

(http://www.eric.ed.gov/).

Did Y K ? Th d l i i fDid Y K ? Th d l i i f


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Did You Know? The word plagiarism comes fromDid You Know? The word plagiarism comes from

the Latinthe Latin plagiariusplagiarius meaning "meaning "kidnapperkidnapper""

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The simplest definition of plagiarism:

The simplest definition of plagiarism:


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If you cant find

Authors name Name of organisation

Date of publication

Title of article Location of organisation

DontDont use ituse it


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citations & referances new 20-11-2010

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