CitationM.L.A

Modern Language Association(M.L.A)

• This format acknowledges the source of borrowed material in two ways…

1.In-text citation

2.Work cited page

We will learn…

1. Text citations

2. Placing citations

1. Work cited preparation

In-text citation

• In-text citations have two requirements…

1.Only provide the information that will lead the reader to the full citation on the work cited page.

2.The citation requires enough information so the reader can locate where in the material it was taken from.

Example

• In parentheses you will provide the authors last name and page number.

I.E. (Hayden 83)

• Note: there is no punctuation between the author’s last name and the page number.

Examples of citations from different types of sources

Author not named in-text.• If you have not mentioned the authors name

in the text preceding the citation then it must be included in your in-text citation.

I.e. (Hayden 83)Author named in your text…• If you have mentioned the authors name in

the text preceding the citation you do not have to repeat their name.

I.e. (83)

A work with two or three authors...

• If the material used has two or three authors all of their last names must be listed in the text or in the in-text citation.

I.e. As Fauzi and Hayden observe, “The city of Winnipeg’s population grows by 3.5 percent each year” (21).

According to Mash, Sagalyn and Jones, “Ethical problems in sociological research continue” (67).

I.e. (Fauzi and Hayden 21) (Mash, Sagalyn, and Jones 67)

A work with more then three authors…

• If the material you are using has more then three authors you can either list all of their last names or list the first one followed by “et al.”

I.e. Ciji Peters was awarded the Ceramic Artist of the Year Prize in 1998 (Gorge et al. 284).

Ciji Peters was awarded the Ceramic Artist of the Year Prize in 1998 (Gorge, King, McCracken, and Chan 284).

A Material with numbered paragraphs instead of pages…

• Electronic source sometimes use numbered paragraphs instead of pages. To cite these provide the paragraph numbers and distinguish them from page numbers using a comma, a space, and the abbreviation “par.” or “pars.” if more then one paragraph.

I.e. Twines experience similar emotional states (Jones, pars. 2-3).

Multivolume material…

• If you use one volume of a multivolume work this will be indicated in your work cited and you will treat the volume like a book.

• If you use two or more volumes from the same work you have to indicated which one you are using in your citation.

I.e. Results show, “The gestation period for Sea Turtle eggs is four months” (3: 142).

Using two or more works from one author…

• IF you are using multiple works from one author you must indicate this in both your in-text citations and work cited page.

• In parenthetical citation give the authors last name, a shorten version of the title (if title itself is not short) and page(s). Or, you can give the full title in the text using italics.

I.e. (Hayden, Indigenous 43-51).Indigenous Community Development Report,

illustrates…

Government publications & corporate authors

• If a work is produced by a government body or a corporation the work needs to be cited by the organizations name.

• To avoid long in-text citation try to include the organizations name into the text.

I.e. Statistics Canada’s 2011 report indicated… (31).

An indirect source…

• When using a quotation already in quotations– illustrating the work is citing someone else try to find the original source.

• If you are unable to find the original source your citation needs to indicate that you are using an indirect quote. You do this by using “qtd.”

I.e. Sabrina Fairweather maintains that “children find it easier to learn new languages then adults” (qtd. in Gordon 47).

Literary material…

• Novels, plays and poems are often available in editions and your instructor may want you to indicated which edition is used to quickly find the passage cited.

Books (pgs; pt., ch.) (287; pt.2, ch.23)

Poem (not divided in parts (line #) (line 6)

Play/poem (act. scene. line #) (2.5.325)

Electronic sources…

• These sources are cited like any other by using the author's last name. If no name is given use the title.

More then one work…

• If you have cited two works in your sentence use a semicolon in you in-text cite.

I.e. (Richard 42 ; Almond 15).

Placing and using punctuation in parenthetical citation

• The position of your in-text citations accomplishes two goals,

1.Clarifying where your borrowed material begins and ends.

2.To have your citation as unobtrusive as possible.

• These are both achieved by placing your citation at the end of the sentence containing the borrowed work.

• The borrowed material can be a quote, a phrase or clause that can interrupt or conclude the sentence. The borrowed material in the sentence ends with punctuation.• Examples…The inflation rate might climb as high as 30 percent

(Kim 164), an increase that could threaten the small nations stability.

The inflation rate, which might climb as high as 30 percent (Kim 164), could threaten the small nations stability.

The small nation’s stability could be threatened by its inflation rate, which, one source predicts, might climb as high as 30 percent (Kim 164).

• For the most part your punctuation comes after you close your parentheses.

• If a quotation ends in a question mark or an exclamation point you will use those punctuations before opening your in-text citation and then place a period after you close your citation.

I.e. In Lock’s Treaties of Governance he asked, “what is the natural state of man?” (34).

Work Cited

• The work cited page is located at the end of you paper on its own page.

• Your work cited list contains all the sources you have quoted from, paraphrased from, and/or summarized from.

• All sources used are arranged in alphabetical order by the last name of the author. If the source does not have a named author, alphabetize it by the first main word of the title.

Example

Work CitedCanadian Interuniversity Athletic Union. Minutes.

Sept. 1995: 76-77.

Christie, James. “Women’s Hockey Gaining Popularity.” Globe and Mail 28 Jan. 2000: S3.

Dryden, Ken. “The Game.” Contest: Essays by Canadian Students. Ed. Robert Hookey, Murray McAuthur, and Joan Pilz. 2nd ed. Toronto: Harcourt, 1994. 168-174.

Work Cited formatsSome Examples

Books:Author. Title (underlined). Publication information.

I.e.Miller, Robert J. Native America, Discovered and

Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis and Clark, and Manifest Destiny. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008.

• If the book has more then one author do the same as shown in the previous slide, just list all the authors in the order given on the book.

I.e.Walton, Kent R., and Lindy Penner.Gordon, Jon P., Jason Hayden, and Warren

Jones.Note:Only the fist author given leads with the last

name.

A book with an editor…

Richardson, John. Wacousta, or The Prophecy: A Tale of the Canadas. Ed. Douglas Cronk. Ottawa: Ottawa UP, 1987.

A work with more then one volume…

Montgomery, L. M. Selected Journals of L.M. Montgomery. Ed. Mary Rubio. 4 vols. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1985.

Periodicals: Journals, magazines, and newspapers

Author. Title of the article (in quotation marks). Publication information (name of journal underlined). Pages.

I.e.Kizuk, R. Alexander. “A Rhetoric of

Indeterminacy: The Poetry of Margaret Atwood and Robert Bly.” English Studies in Canada 23 (1997): 141-58.

Electronic sources

Online Journal:Palfrey, Andrew. “Choices of Mates in Identical

Twins.” Modern Psychology 4.1 (1996): 12 pars. 25 Feb. 2000http://www.liasu.edu/modpsy/palfrey4(1).htm.