circulatory system phki [compatibility mode]
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Functions of the circulatory system:
Distribute nutrients,
Transport and exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide,
Remove waste materials,
,
Prevent excessive bleeding,
Prevent infection, and
Regulate body temperature.
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEMCIRCULATORY SYSTEM
BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM LYMPH CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
HEART BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD LYMPH VESSELS LYMPHLYMPH NODES
ARTERIES VEINS
BLOOD CAPILLARIES
LYMPH CAPILLARIES LYMPH VESSELS
LYMPH DUCTS
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HUMAN BLOOD & LYMPH CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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BLOODBLOOD
SYSTEMSYSTEM
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HEARTHEART
The human heart is four chambered organ composed of twoThe human heart is four chambered organ composed of twoatria and two ventricles. The walls of ventricles are thickeratria and two ventricles. The walls of ventricles are thickerthan those of the atria.than those of the atria.
The heart acting as aThe heart acting as a pump, supplies the principal propelling, supplies the principal propellingforce for the circulation of the blood in two circuits:force for the circulation of the blood in two circuits:
Systemic circuitSystemic circuitHeart the tissues of the body heartHeart the tissues of the body heart(left ventricle) (right atrium)(left ventricle) (right atrium)
Pulmonary circuitPulmonary circuitHeart lung heartHeart lung heart(right ventricle) (left atrium)(right ventricle) (left atrium)
= oxygen-rich blood= oxygen-poor blood
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HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE HEART
The walls of the heart are composed of three layers:
1. Epicardium: is covered by simple squamous mesotheliumsupported by connective tissue containing many elastic
fibers. The deepest aspect is composed of adipose tissuethat houses nerves and coronary vessels.
2. M ocardium: consist of 1 contractile fascicle of cardiac
muscle fibers, and (2) noncontractile modified muscle fiberscalled Purkinje fibers. The bundles of cardiac muscle areattached to the thick collagennous connective tissue skeletonof the heart.
3. Endocardium: consist of (1) endothelium, (2) elastic fiberswith a few smooth muscle, and (3) subendocardial zone ofloose connective tissue cotaining small vessels and nerves.
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Layers of heart wall
Outer: Epicardium
Middle: Myocardium
Outer: Endocardium
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Valves of the heart:
tricuspid (between the right atrium and rightventricle)
bicuspid (between the left atrium and leftventricle)
and the pulmonary artery)
aortic semilunar (between the left ventricle and
the aortic artery)
The blood flows only in one direction from an
atrium to a ventricle, then from a ventricle into a blood vessel
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BLOOD VESSELSBLOOD VESSELS
Kind of blood vessels that conduct blood away from theheart and conduct blood back into the heart are as below:
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HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTUREHISTOLOGICAL STRUCTUREOF BLOOD VESSELSOF BLOOD VESSELS
Except for the smallest vessels, blood vessel walls
consist of three-layered structures:
1. Inner layer = tunica intima
2. Middle layer = tunica media
3. Outer layer = tunica adventitia
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Histological Structure of Blood VesselsHistological Structure of Blood Vessels
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A Comparison of a Typical Artery and a Typical Vein
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Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood,
rich in oxygen,
.
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Elastic ArteriesElastic Arteries
Large elastic arteries include the aorta and its large branches
The wall is relatively thin as compared with the wide lumen
Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia
- rather thick - thick, is composed - relativel thin has no
- endothelial cells:short, polygonal
- subendothelial: fibroelastic connective
tissue, circularlysmooth muscle
- internal elasticlamina not beprominent
mostly of elasticfibers, has numerousfenestrated elasticmembrane
- muscle fibers aregreatly reduced
external elastic lamina
- contain vasa vasorum
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Muscular ArteriesMuscular Arteries
Medium size arteries As distributing vessels; regulate blood flow by constriction or
relaxation of their walls
Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia
- thin
- thick
-
- thinner than themedia
- en ot e a ce s:flattened polygonal
- subendothelial:collagenous andelastic fibers,
longitudinally smoothmuscle
- Internal elasticlamina: clearly
evident
circular layer ofsmooth muscle
- some elastic.reticular, and
collagenous fibers- external elastic
lamina is well defined
- is composed mostlyof collagenous fibers
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Muscular ArteryMuscular Artery
CF = Collagenous Fibers
EF = Elastic Fibers
En = Endothelium
iEL = internal Elastic Lamina
xEL = external Elastic Lamina
N = Nuclei
SM = Smooth Muscle Cells
TA = Tunica Adventitia
TI = Tunica Intima
TM = Tunica MediaTI
Muscular Artery
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ArterioleArteriole
The smallest artery, internal diameter of 30 um or less
Act as sphincters for control of blood flow into the capillarybed
Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia
- thin - relatively thick - fairly prominent
- endothelial: present- subendothelial
connective tissue:present
- internal elasticlamina: present inlarger arterioles
- one-three layerspirally smoothmuscle fibers
- external elastic
lamina: present inlarger arterioles
- is composed ofcollagenous andelastic connectivetissue
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A = Arteriole
CT = Collagenous Connective TissuesL = Lumen
N = Nuclei
TA = Tunica Adventitia
TM = Tunica Media
Ve = Venule
Arteriole and Venule
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CapillaryCapillary
- Is the site of normal exchange of materialsbetween blood and tissue fluid
- is very thin endothelial lined tubule, with basallamina
- diameter 5-12 m
- is devoid of muscular and connective coat
- is surrounded by pericyte that may contract andperhaps constrict the capillaries.
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Continuous capillary
have relatively thickcytoplasm the capillary wallis continuous.
lateral cell surfaces of cellsare characterized byzonula occludens (tight
junctions), so materialsmove across cells viapinocytosis or diffusion.
these capillaries are found
in most organs.
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Fenestration capillary
has extremely thincytoplasm
the capillary wall isperforated at intervals bypores or fenestrations.
through the fenestrations.
lateral cell surfaces arecharacterized by zonula
occludens (tight junctions). these capillaries are found in
the kidney and in endocrineglands
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Sinusoidal capillaries
are larger in diameterthan the other types
have wide spacesbetween the lateral edgesof the adjacentendothelial cells, so
materials (and somecells) can move freely inand out of the capillary.
are found in the spleen,liver, and bone marrow.
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Capillary Structure
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The Organization of a Capillary Bed
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Veins are the blood vessels thatcollect blood from all tissues and organs and
return t to t e eart
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Veins have one-way valves that keep bloodmoving toward the heart and prevent the bloodfrom reversing flow.
These valves allow for muscle contractions andmovement of body parts.
The valves also assist the return flow of blood tothe heart when blood pressure is low.
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Veins are always larger than the arteries and aresometimes more visible than arteries becausethey are closer to the skin surface.
Most veins eventually empty the un-oxygenatedblood into the vena cavas.
Veins normally accompany arteries and oftenhave similar names.
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VenulesVenules
Sizes varies from 10 um to 1 mm Collect blood from capillaries
Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia
- endothelial: present
- ver thin subendothelial
- absent in smallvenules
- consist of collagenous
- 1 or two layers ofsmooth muscle inlarge venules
with fibroblast andsome elastic fibers
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Medium Size VeinsMedium Size Veins
Function to collect blood from smaller venous vessels
Tunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia
-Thin
- endothelial: present
- valve: evident
- much thinner thanthat of the
- is well developed
- is composed ofcollagenous andelastic connectivetissue
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Large VeinsLarge Veins
Large elastic arteries include the vena cava and pulmonaryveins
Function to collect blood from medium size veins and
return it to the heartTunica Intima Tunica Media Tunica Adventitia
- thicker es eciall in - poorly developed -very prominent, make
subendothelialconnective tissue
- smooth muscle largelyreplaced by fibroustissue
up most of the wall
-contain longitudinallyoriented smoothmuscle fiber bundlesamong the thick layer
of collagen and elasticfibers.
-vassa vasorum is bestdeveloped
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Vassa vasorum
= a small system of vessels, arteries branching
profusely in the walls of large artery and vein,because it is too thick to be nourished bydiffussion from the blood in the lumen
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BLOODBLOOD
COMPONENTS OF HUMAN BLOOD
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COMPONENTS OF HUMAN BLOOD
Plasma(50-65%)
- Electrolites and ions: calcium, sodium,potassium, bicarbonate
- Larger molecules: albumins, globulins,fibrinogen
- Organic compounds: amino acids, lipids,vitamins, hormones, cofactors
BLOOD
Non plasma(cellular)(35-50%)
- Erytrhocytes
- Leukocytes- Granulocytes
- Eosinophils- Basophils
- Neutrophils- Agranulocytes- Lymphocytes- Monocytes
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
Structure function and formation place of
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Structure, function and formation place ofhuman blood cells
Type Diameter(m)
Morphology Function Formation place
Erythrocyte 7-8 Biconcave disk;anucleate; filled withhemoglobin; pliable
Transport of O2 and CO2 Myeloid tissue
Eosinophil 11-14 Spherical; largebilobed nucleus; filled
with eosinofilicgranules
Phagocytosis of antigen-antibody complex
Myeloid tissue
Basophil 8-10 Spherical; bilobed - Slighly phagocytic
Myeloid tissue
nuc eus; e wbasofilic granules
- ro uce s am n
Neutrophil 10-14 Spherical; 3-5 lobed
nucleus; filled withsmall uniform specificgranules
Active phagocytosis of
bacteria and cellular debrisin inflammatory cinditions
Myeloid tissue
Lymphocyte Small: 6-8Large: 10-14
Spherical; largenucleus, nearly fills
cell
Active in humoral and cellmediated immune responsel
Myeloid tissue and lymphatic tissue
Monocyte 12-20 Spherical; singlekidney shapednucleus
Phagocytosis as themacrophage of the bloodstream
Myeloid tissue and lymphatic tissue
Platelets 2-4 Biconvex disk;anucleate
Secretes enzymethromboplastin for blood
agglutination and clotting
Myeloid tissue
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agranulocytes
Diagram of human blood cells
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EosinophilBasophil
Erythrocyte
Lymphocyte Monocyte
Neutrophil
HEMOPOIETIC ORGANS
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HEMOPOIETIC ORGANS
Erythrocytes
MYELOID TISSUE
(Red Bone Marrow)
Granulocytes
Thrombocytes
Agranulocytes
LYMPHOID TISSUE(Spleen, tonsil, thymus
gland, lymph nodes)
Agranulocytes
Note: hemopoiesis = the production of blood cells
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DIAGRAM OF HEMOPOIESIS IN RED BONE MARROW
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Components
lymph
lymph capillaries
lymph vessels lymph ducts
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
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THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph flows only toward the heart,
the lymphatic vessels form a one-way
system rather than a full circuit
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LYMPH
a transparent, slightly yellow fluid that flows inthe lymph vessels
did not containing erytrhocytes
contain: tissue fluid, small lymphocytes, fewneutrop s an monocytes, an c y om crons(fat droplets)
lymph drainage is not a circulation but only inone-way flow, from the periphery to the heart. It
begins in tissue spaces and end by emptyinginto large vein in the neck.
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Flow of Blood & Lymph Within Tissue
TRANSPORT OF LYMPH
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Cysterna chili(reservoir)
Thoracic duct
Left brachio-cephalic vein
Blood streamin neck
Lymph nodesBlind beginninglymph capillaries
Heart
TRANSPORT OF LYMPH
Lymph vessel
Right subclavianvein
Right lymphaticduct
Upper rightbody quadrant
LYMPH CAPILLARIES
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LYMPH CAPILLARIES
are thin and blind beginning vessels
consist only of a single layer of endothelium cellsthat overlaps each other, and have intercellular
proteins and other matter from tissue fluid.
Function: to collect excess tissue fluid
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LYMPH DUCTS
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LYMPH DUCTS
there are two lymph duct: the large and longerthoracic duct, and the less extensive rightlymphatic duct. The both are receive lymph from
lymph vessels and conduct its to the heart. have no clearly demarcated between three layer
, ,
have numerous valves in subendothelial layer oftunica intima
tunica media is the thickest layer, has even more
circular smooth muscle than in large vein tunica adventitia is relatively underdeveloped
contain vasa vasorum and a rich neural network
LYMPH NODES (LYMPH GLANDS)
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LYMPH NODES (LYMPH GLANDS)
are oval or bean- shaped bodies that are alwaysinterposed along the course of lymphatic vessels
are surrounded by dense connective capsule devided in three region:
1. cortex com osed of numerous l m hoid nodule
with germinal centers are active site of B cells2. paracortical contain many densely packed primarily
T-lymphocyte, and B- lymphocyte that produce specific
antibodies through plasma cells
3. medulla with lymphocytes arranged in widely
spaced strands called medullary cords, contain
macrophages and reticular cells.
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Locations of Lymph Nodes
lymph nodes aggregate in groups or chains alongthe paths of larger lymphatic vessels; are absent inthe central nervous system
major locations are: cervical, axillary, inguinal,subtrochlear regions, & within the pelvic, abdominal,& thoracic cavities
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Lymph Nodes
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y p
The microscopicanatomy of a lymph
node suggests itsrole as a body filter
The node issurroun e y a
fibrous capsule ofdense connectivetissue
There are about 500lymph nodes in thebody
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In the passage to the heart, the lymphmust be passed through the lymph nodes
The lymph enter lymph node through theafferent lymph vessels, and pass awaythrough the efferent lymph vessel at the
hilum of the node
Function of lymph nodes:
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Function of lymph nodes:
filtration of lymph from microorganisms and theirtoxins.
produce lymphocytes, monocytes, and plasma cells
sites of production antibodies (by plasma cells)
Note:
Cancer cells can be the most problematic and canactually use lymph nodes as a site to metastasizefurther.