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    HW

    SW

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    2

    2

    !

    2

    2

    5

    2

    2

    2

    "#$%&$#$'(

    Intuitive architecture for N x M memoryToo many select signals:

    N words == N select signals

    Decoder reduces the number of select signals

    "#$%&$#$'(

    )

    !" # #

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    ! " ##!!"" ####

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    WL

    BL

    WL

    BL

    1WL

    BL

    WL

    BL

    WL

    BL

    0

    VDD

    WL

    BL

    GND

    Diode ROM MOS ROM 1 MOS ROM 2

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    WL [0]

    VDD

    BL [0]

    WL [1]

    WL [2]

    WL [3]

    Vbias

    BL [1]

    Pull-down loads

    BL [2] BL [3]

    VDD

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    ! !

    WL [0]

    GND

    BL [0]

    WL [1]

    WL [2]

    WL [3]

    VDD

    BL [1]

    Pull-up devices

    BL [2] BL [3]

    GND

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    ! !

    Polysilicon

    Metal1

    Diffusion

    Metal1 on Diffusion

    Cell (9.5 x 7)

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    ! !

    Polysilicon

    Metal1

    Diffusion

    Metal1 on Diffusion

    Cell (11 x 7)

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    Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

    Gate

    floating gateThe application of a potential on the upper gatecauses the transfer of charges from the channel

    trough the thin oxyde layer, which charges thefloating gate.Oxyde layer

    S D

    G

    N+

    Silicon oxyde

    Polysilicon

    level 1

    Vcc

    G

    Floating gate

    Bit output

    Word selection

    Polysiliconlevel 2

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    x0 x1 x2

    AND

    plane

    x0 x1

    x2

    Product terms

    OR

    plane

    f0 f1

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    "#"#$ $

    Inverting format (NOR-NOR) more effective

    Every logic function can beexpressed in sum-of-products

    format (AND-OR)

    minterm

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    %%

    *

    =

    = +

    = + +

    *

    *

    *

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    & &

    PLA PROM PAL

    I5 I4

    O0

    I3 I2 I1 I0

    O1O2O3

    Programmable AND array

    ProgrammableOR array I5 I4

    O0

    I3 I2 I1 I0

    O1O2O3

    Programmable AND array

    Fixed OR array

    Indicates programmable connection

    Indicates fixed connection

    O0

    I3 I2 I1 I0

    O1O2O3

    Fixed AND array

    ProgrammableOR array

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    f0

    1 X2 X1 X0

    f1NANA

    : programmed node

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    $ $ Programmable Logic Arraystructured approach to random logictwo level logic implementation

    NOR-NOR (product of sums)NAND-NAND (sum of products)

    IDENTICAL TO ROM!

    Main differenceROM: fully populatedPLA: one element per minterm

    Note: Importance of PLAs has drastically reduced1. slow2. better software techniques (mutli-level logic

    synthesis)

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    AND-plane OR-plane

    Pseudo-NMOS PLA

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    !" #$$#%" &" !" #$$#%" !" #$$#%" &"&"

    &&+, ,+)-) -&-*.//./,-"01//+, 1+/ /1./ &" '1"*./( &1-/%-&-*./ '-/&+"1-,"&+(

    !!"# "# $!%"%&"#2 / $ 3$ '# $ ( 3$ #$4 5 66 678 -/.","&+ )/&+,"&+ *&&.//++/ &1 &-/ )91+/ &/

    ."",// )/ &+&/ '. .) /.)888( &1 )91+-//1 )/ /..1./ '(

    %"$!"# " ''%!2 1"*./'/,.( +,"1"*./ '",/ &(

    ,-+",&- & -"../ .&,+,/ '/.)( -,,"01/ '%-!"

    # $ %

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    ''()(" *&+ ,()(" *&+ ,

    '( ))*'($" "" * + ( )( "

    -,. ( '( ( )()( * '*

    $,- $+./ $"$

    * + ( )( " " %0 ''( )1( )()( * '* 2*( )3'( 4'3(!

    ,%3 5' 6./ ' 3 ( ( ' )( 37*'**-*

    8# 4* + ( )( ! 8 %5 -,.

    8 2*( 3)*3*'( 3 7'*

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    ProgrammableProgrammable LogicLogicDeviceDeviceFamiliesFamiliesSource: Dataquest

    Logic

    StandardLogic

    ASIC

    ProgrammableLogic Devices

    (PLDs)

    GateArrays

    Cell-BasedICs

    Full CustomICs

    CPLDsSPLDs(PALs) FPGAs

    AcronymsSPLD = Simple Prog. Logic DevicePAL = Prog. Array of LogicCPLD = Complex PLD

    FPGA = Field Prog. Gate Array

    Common ResourcesConfigurable Logic Blocks (CLB)

    Memory Look-Up Table AND-OR planes

    Simple gatesInput / Output Blocks (IOB) Bidirectional, latches, inverters

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    ! "# $ %

    & '( ) *

    & ! $ ) "*

    & )$" $ *

    + " )"# ,-* . )- /'*

    + 0 1 "2 $

    " 3 " )*

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    FPGA Design Flow :FPGA Design Flow : ExampleExample

    XC4000XC4000XC4000

    Design entry and synthesis in schematicand/or text.

    Download directly to the hardware device(s)

    with unlimited reconfigurations

    1

    Implementation includes Map, Place, Route, andbitstream generation using Xilinxsoftware. Also,analyze timing, view layout, and more.

    2

    3

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    /*/* %5 $ #

    $ $

    *2'* 9* *: 4%5!;5 $

    $ $ % $

    $% $

    #

    ((') 3 +( *

    %< # # $ 5$

    % "

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    Programming technologies

    One time programming

    Bit

    FuseVcc

    Mtal 1

    Mtal 2

    Dielectric

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    !"

    ! 4 5(6 ". $ . !

    1! ) 5(6*

    ! 1 # ) +1+* 7 "$" )1! "2 2 8*

    # $

    ! " # ! $% &

    % & % '

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    Bit

    Vcc

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    !" (%

    / 1

    4 1

    "$# " 4 $ .2 #

    19 2 #" " :#" "$ " 19 "#$ 4 ;!#"9

    % 5 : 3$ /-&% ; $

    % # '66 # 1< $ 3$(

    G

    S

    D

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    / /

    += +=

    # ((

    '% '( '

    )$

    4%$%

    ::

    $ ? : $ 6 : : 6 # !?

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    DS

    Floating gate

    Source

    Substrate

    Gate

    Drain

    n+ n+_p

    toxtox

    Device cross-section

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    "" 00,,11

    *' 2( > *3*('

    )'* 37* ' ' *'3- *( 3 )'/

    '* 3)2*'+

    1( 3 ) ( '" ( )'( 3

    2'* ()*'( 2*( )'( ()( ? '*9 : 4*('* 3 (2 ' 3( 22'( !

    Mtal 1

    Mtal 2

    Dielectric

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    //& /*& /*

    antifuse polysilicon ONO dielectric

    n+ antifuse diffusion

    2 l

    From Smith97

    Open by default, closed by applying current pulse

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    8 &'(!!)" # (**

    8 '( 3 '*(((* '-( *3)( 3( (

    8 ( )( ''*' 3 *2 (*'**-*( ' 3 ( (

    8 %5 3' @' *2) ? ( (( '*(*

    ? ' 37* ) -'* 4!

    /-&

    )*#'

    )

    /-&

    )

    /-&

    /-&@

    )

    '' ((/'/'++5'65'6))

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    22

    $

    9$#$

    *

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    +4 +4 2244

    *

    8*

    =* A = A8*

    *

    *

    A

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    &

    #=

    = =

    $ #

    $ )

    B

    ) 0

    0

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    66

    WL

    BL

    VDD

    M5

    M6

    M4

    M1

    M2

    M3

    BL

    QQ

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    6"6" 77

    VDD

    GND

    QQ

    WL

    BLBL

    M1 M3

    M4M2

    M5 M6

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    4848334 9 $ '4 9 $ '

    @

    33 , ,

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    33 , $ 4 , $ 4

    *

    *

    A

    %)! *

    ' < =

    > > > ?> > ? >> ? > ?> ? ? ?? > > ?? > ? ?? ? > ?? ? ? >

    @ 0 ! A

    #

    +

    ,

    -.

    -

    -

    -

    -

    -

    .

    * B6( C

    -

    /

    / C ?

    / C >

    D8E D * E

    D=E AD * D

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    0000

    0001

    0010

    0011

    0100

    0101 0110

    0111

    1000

    1001

    1010

    1011 1100

    1101

    1110

    1111

    Inputs

    0 Output

    Lookup table principle (LUT)

    A four-input lookup table: LUT 4

    Memory adresses Memory Bits

    2n possible combinational functions

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    Lookup table principle (LUT)

    LUT realization : Tree of Muxes

    A B C

    S

    0

    01

    00

    00

    0

    MUX

    MUX

    MUX

    MUX

    MUX

    MUX

    MUX

    MUX

    A B C

    S

    0

    0

    1

    0

    0

    0

    0

    0

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    A B C

    S

    0

    11

    10

    10

    1

    MUXAAAAABAA

    AABA

    BBBA

    AAAB

    BBAB

    AABB

    BBBB

    +

    #", > C

    SRAM cells

    Lookup table principle (LUT)

    LUT realization example

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    :: %%

    *

    =

    = +

    = + +

    ** +#+# #$#$

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    ** +#+##$#$

    # $ $ %5# # $# $ ,. C # # 3 7 5 %5# -.!(/")0 !)"& +!&1234*('' ? ' 37* 3 (( )*)'( 3 2*'*( 4#> ,D# .! #* ,#. (*3 ? * 3 '-( **') ? 3(*'( )( 4!

    # $ E $ #

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    !:F

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    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    Reconf. block I/O blockArrays of reconfigurable blocks (CLB) connected by

    Programmables interconnections (switch matrix)

    The block architecture differs from vendors,but is always LUT-based.

    FPGAs : Field Programmable Gate Arrays

    Reconfigurable technology : FPGAs

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    Basic idea: two-dimensional array of logic blocks and flip-flops with a meansfor the user to configure:

    1. the interconnection between the logic blocks,

    2. the function of each block.

    Reconfigurable technology : FPGAs

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    FPGAs : Reconfigurability

    Switch Matrix

    Reconfigurable technology : FPGAs

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    Basic idea: two-dimensional array of logic blocks and flip-flops with a meansfor the user to configure:

    1. the interconnection between the logic blocks,

    2. the function of each block.

    Reconfigurable technology : FPGAs

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    CLB CLB CLB CLB

    FPGAs : Reconfigurability

    4-LUT FF1

    0

    latchLogic Block

    set by configurationbit-stream

    4-input "look up table"

    OUTPUT

    INPUTS

    Programmablel i bl k

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    logic blocks

    Programmableinterconnect

    !+$ 1!

    + ++ + +

    +

    + +

    + +

    +

    + +

    + +

    +

    +

    +

    + +

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    "" /0+ /0+1+ %#2 %)!23331+ %#2 %)!2333

    0)

    -

    &%

    < C

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    &% , $#F$ 2

    /0+ 1+

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    /0+1+ 4

    %%#

    4

    4

    1+

    / /0+1+

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    56/

    &' " &' "

    /

    #

    / /0+ 1+

    !"# "$!%

    & ' ( "$!)* / G &+ H 4

    6 $ $ 6$

    56/

    (

    &'

    (

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    Reconfiguration de FPGA-SRAM

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    conf1

    conf2

    conf3

    conf4

    SRAM SRAM SRAM

    SRAM SRAM SRAM

    SRAM SRAM SRAM

    Couche OPERATIVECouche OPERATIVE

    Couche de CONFIGURATIONCouche de CONFIGURATION

    Chargement squentiel de plusieurs architectures

    Une architecture par application

    Chargement squentiel de plusieurs architectures Plusieurs architectures par application

    Chargement continu

    Larchitecture volue en cours de traitement

    56/

    56/

    " "

    /

    &

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    &

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    Switch Box

    Connect Box

    InterconnectPoint

    Courtesy Dehon and Wawrzyniek

    " ( , " ( ,

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    " ( , " ( ,

    Courtesy Dehon and Wawrzyniek

    = !#5= !#5

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    = !#5= !#5

    Use overlayed meshto support longer connections

    Reduced fanout and reduced

    resistance

    Courtesy Dehon and Wawrzyniek

    4 784

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    4

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    * (F'(

    *D* 'F F(*'(

    F'- (G 3*3(* ' (G *3 * 2(F'(

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    6 *'8 ,

    8

    !

    "## !"##$!

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    6 *'8 ,

    8

    !

    "## !"##$!

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    Exemple : XC4000 ArchitectureExemple : XC4000 Architecture

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    Exemple : XC4000 ArchitectureExemple : XC4000 Architecture

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    !:

    F

    Programmable

    Interconnect I/O Blocks (IOBs)

    ConfigurableLogic Blocks (CLBs)

    D Q

    SlewRate

    Control

    PassivePull-Up,

    Pull-Down

    Delay

    Vcc

    OutputBuffer

    InputBuffer

    Q D

    Pad

    D Q

    SD

    RD

    EC

    S/R

    Control

    D Q

    SD

    RD

    EC

    S/R

    Control

    1

    1

    F'

    G'

    H'

    DIN

    F'

    G'

    H'

    DIN

    F'

    G'

    H'

    H'

    HFunc.Gen.

    GFunc.Gen.

    FFunc.Gen.

    G4G3G2G1

    F4F3F2F1

    C4C1 C2 C3

    K

    Y

    X

    H1 DIN S/R EC

    XC4000 Configurable Logic Blocks

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    XC4000 ConfigurableXC4000 Configurable

    LogicLogic

    BlocksBlocks

    D QSD

    RD

    EC

    S/RControl

    D Q

    SD

    RD

    EC

    S/RControl

    1

    1

    F'

    G'

    H'

    DIN

    F'

    G'

    H'

    DIN

    F'

    G'

    H'

    H'

    HFunc.

    Gen.

    GFunc.Gen.

    FFunc.Gen.

    G4G3G2G1

    F4F3F2F1

    C4C1 C2 C3

    K

    YQ

    Y

    XQ

    X

    H1 DIN S/R EC 2 Four-input function

    generators (Look UpTables)

    2 Registers : Each can beconfigured as Flip Flop orLatch

    Look Up Tables (LUT)Look Up Tables (LUT)

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    p ( )p ( )

    Capacity is limited by number ofinputs, not complexity

    Choose to use each functiongenerator as 4 input logic (LUT) or as

    high speed sync.dual port RAM

    Combinatorial Logic is stored in 16x1 SRAM Look Up Tables(LUTs) in a CLB

    Example:

    A B C D Z0 0 0 0 00 0 0 1 00 0 1 0 00 0 1 1 1

    0 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 1

    . . .1 1 0 0 01 1 0 1 0

    1 1 1 0 01 1 1 1 1

    Look Up Table

    Combinatorial Logic

    AB

    CD

    Z

    4-bit address

    GFunc.Gen.

    G4

    G3G2G1

    WE

    2(2 )4

    = 64K !

    XC4000E I/O BlockXC4000E I/O Block DiagramDiagram

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    XC4000E I/O BlockXC4000E I/O Block DiagramDiagram

    D Q

    SlewRate

    Control

    PassivePull-Up,

    Pull-Down

    Delay

    Vcc

    OutputBuffer

    InputBuffer

    Q D

    OK (Output

    Clock)

    IK (InputClock)

    I1

    2I

    O

    T/OE

    Pad

    CE

    XilinxXilinxFPGAFPGA RoutingRouting

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    XilinxFPGAG Routingout g Fast Direct Interconnect - CLB to CLB

    General Purpose Interconnect - Uses switch matrix

    CLBCLB

    CLBCLB

    CLBCLB

    CLBCLB

    SwitchMatrixSwitchMatrix

    Long Lines

    Segmented acrosschip

    Global clocks,lowest skew

    2 Tri-states perCLB for busses

    Other routing types inCPLDs and XC6200

    FPGA : LAYOUTFPGA : LAYOUTProgrammable Interconnect Points PIPs (White)

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    CLB(Red)

    SwitchMatrix

    Long Lines(Purple)

    DirectInterconnect(Green)

    Routed Wires (Blue)

    Programmable Interconnect Points, PIPs (White)

    ;4 ?@@@ ( ;4 ?@@@ (

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    2

    12

    8

    4

    3

    2

    3

    CLB

    8 4 8 4

    Quad

    Single

    Double

    Long

    DirectConnect

    Direct

    ConnectQuad Long Global

    ClockLong Double Single Global

    ClockCarry

    Chain

    Long

    12 4 4

    Courtesy Xilinx

    /0+1+ (4 ?4 ?>.@

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    56/56/

    "

    3-.9 : ;.3< "= &> '

    "

    3-.* : ;

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    Xilinx XC4000ex

    Courtesy Xilinx

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    /*/* 0011"I& J

    "I& J

    "I&

    J

    "I&

    J

    # %6$

    % ,: K6$L

    % :$ ; 6

    Mtal 1

    Mtal 2

    Dielectric

    /*/* 0011

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    /-&

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    .*

    "

    "I& J

    "I& J

    "I&

    J

    "I&

    J

    .* . ? *J

    " " ?

    ? 6

    /F#

    $ ,?

    "

    .*

    /*/*

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    8 * 37* 8 *H( ''*' * ( $

    + ' ' ('

    -*38 * 37*

    8 *H( )*I')( *')( 3

    Architectures : du grain fin au grain pais

    GRAIN PAISGRAIN FIN

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    bit

    CLB

    ALU + MULT

    Reg FILE

    mot

    DCT

    algorithme

    Cur

    MPEG4

    application

    Cur

    hybride

    FPGA

    DSP

    Cur reconfigurable

    Interconnexion ?

    Quelle Granularit ?

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    %%,,

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    - ' 5* 3( ))*'( 3

    - ' 5* 3 )( 3J*'**-*( ' '- 3 4! *2'*

    5 3

    (4 ,43

    %% * , * ,

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    CAHIER DES CHARGES

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