Cigarette Cigarette Design:Design:

How to Make to a Better Nicotine How to Make to a Better Nicotine Delivery DeviceDelivery Device

Murray J. KaisermanMurray J. Kaiserman

PRESENTED SEPTEMBER 19, 2012PRESENTED SEPTEMBER 19, 2012

“The cigarette should be conceived not as a product but as a package. The product is nicotine. The cigarette is but one of many package layers. There is the carton, which contains the pack, which contains the cigarette, which contains the smoke. The smoker must strip off all these package layers to get to that which he seeks…Think of a cigarette pack as a storage container for a day’s supply of nicotine…Think of a cigarette as a dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine…Think of a puff of smoke as the vehicle of nicotine…”

William Dunn, Jr., of the Philip Morris Research Center, “Motives and Incentives in Cigarette Smoking,”

Bates No. 1003291922/1939

TO BURN OR NOT TO BURNTO BURN OR NOT TO BURN

CigarettesCigarettesRoll-your-ownsRoll-your-owns““Little Cigars”Little Cigars”CigarsCigarsPipesPipesWaterpipesWaterpipesE-cigarettesE-cigarettesSmokeless Tobacco – chewing, spit, spitlessSmokeless Tobacco – chewing, spit, spitlessNRTs – gum, patch, inhalerNRTs – gum, patch, inhalerCandyCandyWaterWater

MAKING NICOTINE ACCESSIBLEMAKING NICOTINE ACCESSIBLE

CIGARETTE COMPONENTSCIGARETTE COMPONENTS

FILTERFILTERFILTER PLUGFILTER PLUG

CELLULOSE ACETATECELLULOSE ACETATECELLULOSE ACETATE/CHARCOALCELLULOSE ACETATE/CHARCOAL

POROUS PLUG WRAPPOROUS PLUG WRAPTIPPING PAPERTIPPING PAPER

TOBACCO ROD COLUMNTOBACCO ROD COLUMNTOBACCO/TOBACCO DERIVED TOBACCO/TOBACCO DERIVED MATERIALMATERIALCOLUMN PAPER WRAPPERCOLUMN PAPER WRAPPER

FLAXFLAXWOOD CELLULOSEWOOD CELLULOSEBRAND LOGOBRAND LOGO

PACKAGINGPACKAGINGSOFT PACK/BOXSOFT PACK/BOXINNER FOIL LINERINNER FOIL LINEROUTER CUPROPHANE/MYLAR WRAPPEROUTER CUPROPHANE/MYLAR WRAPPERGRAPHICSGRAPHICS

HOW THE COMPONENTS WORKHOW THE COMPONENTS WORK

CHOOSING THE RIGHT TOBACCOCHOOSING THE RIGHT TOBACCO

Canadian vs American BlendsCanadian vs American Blends

Canadian BlendsCanadian Blends

BLEND CONFIGURATIONBLEND CONFIGURATIONFLUE/FIRE CURED/VIRGINIA FLUE/FIRE CURED/VIRGINIA (F/C)(F/C)

ADD-ONSADD-ONSEXPANDED TOBACCO EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET)(ET)

STEMSSTEMS

WATER TREATED WATER TREATED STEMS ( WTS)STEMS ( WTS)

SHREDDED DRY STEMS SHREDDED DRY STEMS (SDS)(SDS)

RECONRECON

PAPER I/IIPAPER I/II

BAND CASTBAND CAST

American BlendsAmerican Blends

BLEND CONFIGURATIONBLEND CONFIGURATIONBURLEY/AIR CUREDBURLEY/AIR CUREDFLUE/FIRE CURED/VIRGINIA (F/C)FLUE/FIRE CURED/VIRGINIA (F/C)ORIENTALORIENTALADD-ONSADD-ONS

EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET)EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET)RECLAIM/SHORTSRECLAIM/SHORTS STEMSSTEMS

WATER TREATED STEMS WATER TREATED STEMS ( WTS)( WTS)

SHREDDED DRY STEMS SHREDDED DRY STEMS (SDS)(SDS)RECONRECON

PAPER I/IIPAPER I/II BAND CASTBAND CAST

Flue-Cured CharacteristicsFlue-Cured Characteristics

FLUE CURED/VIRGINIA/BRIGHT LEAFFLUE CURED/VIRGINIA/BRIGHT LEAF

– GROWN IN VA, NC, SC, CANADA, BRAZILGROWN IN VA, NC, SC, CANADA, BRAZIL

– YELLOW-REDDISH-ORANGE IN COLORYELLOW-REDDISH-ORANGE IN COLOR

– NICOTINE CONTENT 2.5-3 % w/wNICOTINE CONTENT 2.5-3 % w/w

– HIGH IN REDUCING SUGARSHIGH IN REDUCING SUGARS

Reconstituted and Expanded TobaccoReconstituted and Expanded Tobacco

– RECONSTITUTEDRECONSTITUTED

BAND CASTBAND CAST

– TOBACCO STOCK PULPED WITH ADDITIVES /w HEATTOBACCO STOCK PULPED WITH ADDITIVES /w HEAT– POURED OUT INTO A “DOCTOR BLADE”POURED OUT INTO A “DOCTOR BLADE”– SPREAD ON A MOVING S/S CONVEYOR BELTSPREAD ON A MOVING S/S CONVEYOR BELT– HEAT DRIED IN THREE STAGESHEAT DRIED IN THREE STAGES– CUT INTO IRREGULAR PIECESCUT INTO IRREGULAR PIECES

– EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET)EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET)

– DRY ICE (CARBON DIOXIDE) EXPANDED TOBACCO (DIET)DRY ICE (CARBON DIOXIDE) EXPANDED TOBACCO (DIET)– AMMONIUM CARBONATE EXPANDED TOBACCO (ACET)AMMONIUM CARBONATE EXPANDED TOBACCO (ACET)

STEMSSTEMSLAMINALAMINA

THE FILTER – AN INTRODUCTIONTHE FILTER – AN INTRODUCTION

THE FILTER – A GREAT PERFORMANCETHE FILTER – A GREAT PERFORMANCE

PAPER – READ ALL ABOUT ITPAPER – READ ALL ABOUT IT

PAPER – WORKING FOR YOU?PAPER – WORKING FOR YOU?

PAPER – WRAPPINGPAPER – WRAPPING

PAPER – THE TIPPING POINTPAPER – THE TIPPING POINT

THE PHYSICAL CIGARETTETHE PHYSICAL CIGARETTE

THE FLEXIBLE CIGARETTETHE FLEXIBLE CIGARETTE

THE SENSUAL CIGARETTETHE SENSUAL CIGARETTE

ADDITIVES – IMPROVING ON PERFECTIONADDITIVES – IMPROVING ON PERFECTION

PROCESSING AIDSPROCESSING AIDS– ADHESIVESADHESIVES– REINFORCING FIBERSREINFORCING FIBERS

CASING SAUCESCASING SAUCES– BURLEY SIDE OF THE BLEND ONLYBURLEY SIDE OF THE BLEND ONLY– POROUS LEAF STRUCTUREPOROUS LEAF STRUCTURE– HIGH NICOTINE LEAFHIGH NICOTINE LEAF

FLAVORANTSFLAVORANTS– VOLATILE COMPOUNDS (MENTHOL)VOLATILE COMPOUNDS (MENTHOL)– TOP DRESSING APPLIED /w EtOH FOR AROMATOP DRESSING APPLIED /w EtOH FOR AROMA

COMBUSTION MODIFIERSCOMBUSTION MODIFIERS– K/Na CITRATEK/Na CITRATE

ADDITIVES – THERE IS A REASONADDITIVES – THERE IS A REASON

GLYCEROLGLYCEROLPEGPEGCHOCOLATECHOCOLATELICORICELICORICEDAPDAPAMMONIUM HYDROXIDEAMMONIUM HYDROXIDEAMMONIUM (X) AMMONIUM (X) HONEYHONEYSIMPLE SUGARSSIMPLE SUGARSMENTHOL/MINT/CHERRYMENTHOL/MINT/CHERRYBURN ACCELERANT/RETARDANTBURN ACCELERANT/RETARDANTEUGENOLEUGENOL

AmmoniaAmmonia

WHY AMMONIA ?WHY AMMONIA ?

BLEND NICOTINE RELEASEBLEND NICOTINE RELEASE– ESTABLISH EQUILIBRIUM OF BLEND ALKALOIDSESTABLISH EQUILIBRIUM OF BLEND ALKALOIDS– NICOTINE MIGRATION/SCAVENGINGNICOTINE MIGRATION/SCAVENGING– NICOTINE SALTS DE-PROTONATED TO FREE BASENICOTINE SALTS DE-PROTONATED TO FREE BASE– SMOKE pH MANIPULATIONSMOKE pH MANIPULATION

FREE NICOTINEFREE NICOTINE– THREE IONIC STATES DEPENDANT ON pHTHREE IONIC STATES DEPENDANT ON pH– TWO DISTINCT pKTWO DISTINCT pKaa

DIPROTONATED (CITRIC/MALIC)DIPROTONATED (CITRIC/MALIC)MONO-PROTONATEDMONO-PROTONATEDFREE BASEFREE BASE

ADDITIVES – MY MISTAKEADDITIVES – MY MISTAKE

AGRICULTURAL RESIDUESAGRICULTURAL RESIDUES– PESTICIDESPESTICIDES

– HERBICIDESHERBICIDES

– SENESCENCE AGENTSSENESCENCE AGENTS

– SUCKERING AGENTSSUCKERING AGENTS

– SOIL FLORA AND SPORESSOIL FLORA AND SPORES

– PHEROMONESPHEROMONES

– INSECTS, e.g. TOBACCO BEETLEINSECTS, e.g. TOBACCO BEETLE

FROM FACTORY TO MOUTHFROM FACTORY TO MOUTH

– RE-DRY COMPLETE CUT BLEND (12-14%)RE-DRY COMPLETE CUT BLEND (12-14%)

– TOBACCO ROD MANUFACTURETOBACCO ROD MANUFACTURE

– FILTER ROD MANUFACTUREFILTER ROD MANUFACTURE

– ASSEMBLE TWO COMPONENTSASSEMBLE TWO COMPONENTS

– PACKAGE (SLIDE AND SHELL, FLIP TOP, SOFT PACK, TIN)PACKAGE (SLIDE AND SHELL, FLIP TOP, SOFT PACK, TIN)

– CARTONCARTON

– OVER WRAPPED/BULK PACKAGINGOVER WRAPPED/BULK PACKAGING

– CONDITIONED STORAGECONDITIONED STORAGE

MAKE THEM STOP ADDING MAKE THEM STOP ADDING CHEMICALS TO CIGARETTES CHEMICALS TO CIGARETTES

oror

WHAT DO THOSE NUMBERSWHAT DO THOSE NUMBERS REALLY MEAN REALLY MEAN

HOW A CIGARETTE WORKSHOW A CIGARETTE WORKS

IT BURNS – SORT OFIT BURNS – SORT OF

THE RIGHT MIXTHE RIGHT MIX

CombustionCombustion

About 2,500 chemicals More than 4,000 chemicals

Tobacco +

+

OxygenTransferredchemicals

New chemicals

+

More than 50 carcinogens

Relationship Between These Relationship Between These Elements Elements

Constituents

Design characteristics

Smoke emissions

IngredientsTobacco

Smoke Toxicity

Constituents, Emissions, Toxicity Constituents, Emissions, Toxicity Test MethodsTest Methods

Constituents Smoke emissions

41 emissions27 constituents

14 Mainstream smoke methods

14 Sidestream smoke methods

40 emissions

11 test methods

Smoke toxicity

3 test methods

3 mechanisms of toxicity:

mutagenicitycytotoxicity

clastogenicity

Lab Analysis Lab Analysis Performed Performed Once the sample is generated, laboratory analysis can be performed Once the sample is generated, laboratory analysis can be performed

(either smoke or extract depending if doing emissions or constituents analysis) (either smoke or extract depending if doing emissions or constituents analysis)

For constituent analysis (not burned), the compounds are extracted from the tobacco (and not smoked)

Collect on Cambridg

e filter pad

Extraction and

sample clean-up

Instrumental analysis

emissions

constituents

Smoke AnalysisSmoke AnalysisFor Smoke analysis, the first step is to For Smoke analysis, the first step is to

generate the sample by smoking the product. generate the sample by smoking the product.

Filtrona ASM 500 Smoking Machine

Borgwaldt Close Up

Sidestream Collection Chambers