chronology of world political history 1401 1500

8/4/2019 Chronology of World Political History 1401 1500

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A Chronology of World Political History

(1401 - 1500 C.E.)

Date Historical Event

15th

Century

The Malays of Malay Peninsula and Sumatra migrated to the island of Luzon in northern

Philippines and founded the Kingdom of Luzon.

Emergence of a number of local regimes in southern Yemen.

c.15th

CenturyRise of the Kingdom of Tidore on Mulucca Islands of present day Indonesia.

early 15th

Century

A number of princely states appeared in Nepal. They were grouped into the Baisi

Confederacy and Chaubisi Confederacy.

c.1401Dilavar Khan, Governor of Malwa under Delhi, declared independence and founded the

Sultanate of Malwa.

1402

Oljei, a senior official of [Northern] Yuan, overthrew [Northern] Yuan. In the next year Oljei

made himself King (Khan) and established the Mongol Khanate, composed of two maintribes - Tartars and Oirats. Although the government was controlled by the Tartars, the Oirats

enjoyed a semi-independent status.

Timur, de facto ruler of [Western] Chaghatai, made himself Sultan and founded the Timurid

Regime, thus ending [Western] Chaghatai.

1402.7.28

Timur defeated the Osmanlis in the Battle of Angora and captured Bayezid I, the Osmanli

Sultan. Thereafter Timur reinstated the Ghazi Regimes destroyed by the Osmanlis. Upon

death of Bayezid I in 1403, the Osmanli Princes, Mehmed I, Suleyman I and Musa,

contended for the throne and started the Civil War of the Three Osmanli Princes. On

1413.7.5 Mehmed I reunified the country and put an end to the civil war.

c.1403Parameswara, the former King of Singapura, founded the Kingdom of Malacca in the

southwestern part of Malay Peninsula.

1404

Explorers of Castile Leon occupied the Canary Islands on the eastern part of the Atlantic

Ocean. Thereafter Castile-Leon and Portugal occupied several islands on eastern Atlantic,

which subsequently became the bases for transoceanic exploration.

1405 Yourous, Chief of the Berbers, founded the Kingdom of Agadez in northern Niger.

1405.6M

The Ming Empire sent Zheng He, a eunuch, to lead a fleet to visit the countriesalong South China Sea and Indian Ocean with a view to showing off the strength

of China. Thereafter Zheng He went on voyages for several times. Beginning of

the Era of Great Voyages (called Great Geographical Discoveries by Westerners).

c.1405 Muhammad, Chief of the Bruneis, founded the Brunei Regime in northern Kalimantan.



1407Duke Louis I of Orleans engaged in a power struggle with Duke Jean of [Western]

Burgundy. The French ruling class thus split into the Orleanists and the Burgundians. After

Louis I was assassinated on .11.23 of the same year, Count Bernard VII of Armagnac

succeeded as leader of the Orleanists, who were thus also called the Armagnacs.

1407.5M

The Ming Empire destroyed Dai Ngu and annexed northern Vietnam. In the tenth lunar

month of the same year, Tran Ngoi, a member of the former Dai Viet royal family, rose

against Ming Empire and restored the Dai Viet Empire (Tran Dynasty). In the twelfth lunar

month of 1413 the regime was annihilated by Ming.

c.1407Muzaffar I, Governor of Gujarat under Delhi, declared independence and founded the

Sultanate of Gujarat.

1409

Tsongkhapa, a Tibetan religious leader, reformed the doctrine of the Kadam

School of Tibetan Buddhism and founded the Gelug School.

Sabr-ud-Din II, a royal member of the former Kingdom of Awfat, founded the Kingdom of

Adal in Somalia.

1409.6.26

The Council of Pisa decided to depose the Pope Gregory XII of Rome and Pope Benedict

XIII of Avignon and elected Philargos as the Pope (renamed as Alexander V), who

established the Bologna Holy See. However, Gregory XII and Benedict XIII refused to step

down thus leading to the triple schism of the Papacy.

1410.5.18Upon death of Elector Palatine Ruprecht III of Rhine, his country was divided among his

four sons. Rhineland entered the period of political fragmentation.

1410.5MThe Ming army defeated the Mongols. The Mongol Khan fled westwards to the Oirat Tribe

for refuge. The power of the Tartar Tribe of Mongol thus passed to the Oirats.

1410.7.15

The Bohemian mercenaries of Poland defeated the Teutonic Order in the Battle of

Tannenberg (also called the Battle of Grunwald). On .2.1 of the next year, Poland signed the

First Peace of Thorn with the Teutonic Order, by which the Teutonic Order ceded Samogitia

to Poland.

1412

The Ming fleet led by Zheng He destroyed Rayigama on the island Ceylon. Parakramabahu

VI inherited Gampola. Moving the capital to Kotte, he renamed his country as the Kingdom

of Kotte.

1412

Martin, King of Aragon-Catalonia and King of Sicily, died without an heir. Aragon-

Catalonia (Barcelona Dynasty) and Sicily (Barcelona Dynasty) thus came to an end. In the

same year, Prince Fernando I of Castile-Leon succeeded as King of Aragon-Catalonia and

established Aragon- Catalonia (Trastamara Dynasty). The Trastamara House thus governedthe two most powerful states in Spain and laid the foundation of the future unification of

Spain. Fernando I became King of Sicily concurrently. Since then the Sicilian throne was

occupied by foreign rulers.

1413

Caboche of Paris staged a revolt and forced the Government to enact the Cabochian

Ordinance, which provided for the establishment of three councils to conduct public

business. The revolt was crushed when the Armagnacs attacked Paris.



1414

Khidr Khan, the Timurid Governor of Multan and Lahore, overthrew Delhi (Tughluq

Dynasty). On .7.19 of the same year, he established Delhi (Sayyid Dynasty).

The Council of Constance was summoned to settle the controversy within the Church. On

1415.5.29 the Council dissolved the Bologna Holy See. On .7.4 of the same year, Pope

Gregory XII of Rome resigned. The Roman Holy See was also dissolved.

1415When Hus, leader of the Bohemian religious reform, attended the Council of Constance, he

was declared heresy by the Council. Hus' execution in June antagonized the Bohemians.

1415.8.24Prince Enriques (the Navigator) of Portugal led a fleet to land at Ceuta of Morocco, where heestablished the first Portuguese colony. The Portuguese Colonial Empire started to form.

c.1416Nyagse, Chief of the Mossi-Dagomba, founded the Kingdom of Dagomba in present day

northern Ghana.

1417.4.18

Burgrave Friedrich of Nurnberg became Elector of Brandenburg (called Friedrich I) and

established Brandenburg (Hohenzollern Dynasty). Since then the Hohenzollern Family

became powerful in northern Germany.

1417.11.11

The Council of Constance elected Colonna as the Pope (renamed as Martin V) and declared

the reunification of the Roman Catholic Church and restoration of the Roman Holy See, thus

ending the Period of Great Schism of the Church. Pope Benedict XIII of Avignon, who stillrefused to step down, was isolated by the Church. The Avignon Holy See continued to exist

until the death of Benedict XIII on 1423.5.23.

1418

Le Loi of Vietnam started a rebellion against the Ming Empire in Lam Son in northern

Vietnam (Lam Son Rebellion). In the eighth lunar month of 1427, Le Loi installed Tran Cao,

a member of the former Dai Viet royal family as leader. In the tenth lunar month, Le Loi

negotiated peace with the Ming Empire, which conferred the title of King of An Nam upon

Tran Cao and established the Kingdom of An Nam, with Le Loi being the de facto ruler.

1419.8.16

The Bohemian Hussites started a rebellion in the capital Prague and expelled King Vaclav

IV. In the next year, Ziska, leader of the Hussites, started a national rebellion against

Germany (Hussite Wars). The Hussites split into the Taborites and Calixtines. Germany and

the Roman Papacy organised the Bohemian Crusade to suppress the rebellion. Upon death of

Ziska in 1424, Procop succeeded as leader of the Taborites and Hussites.

1420

The Livonian Order formed the Livonian League (also called the Livland League) with the

dioceses and cities in Livonia.

France was defeated and signed the Treaty of Troyes with England by which King Charles

VI of France was forced to recognize King Henry V as his successor and regent and the

territory to the north of River Loire was given to England.

c.1420Nyatsimba Mutota, Chief of the Karanga Tribe of the Shonas, founded the Kingdom of

Monomotapa in present day Zimbabwe and Mozambique.

1421.5.26

Murad II became Osmanli Sultan. During his reign he staged the unification war in Asia

Minor. After conquering the Ghazi Regimes therein, Murad II further invaded Southeast

Europe.

King Henry V of England and King Charles VI died. Henry VI succeeded to the English



1422 throne. On .10.21 of the same year, he also assumed the title of King of France and

established France (Lancaster Dynasty). Duke John of Bedford was appointed as Regent of

France. On .10.31 Charles VII succeeded as King of France in southern France.

1423.1.6

Margrave Friedrich IV of Meissen became Elector of Saxe-Wittenberg (called Friedrich I )

and incorporated Meissen and Thuringia into Saxe-Wittenberg. Since then the Wettin Family

became the ruling family of Saxe-Wittenberg.

1425 [Middle] Pegu concluded peace with Ava and ended the Forty Years' War.

1425.2

Upon death of Prince Vasily I of Moscow, Vasily II succeeded to the throne. Yury II (and his

sons later) contended for the throne and the Muscovite Dynastic War broke out. In 1453

Vasily II put an end to the turmoil.

c.¬ù1427Prince Hajji I of the Golden Horde started to rule the Cimean Peninsula and founded the

Crimean Khanate. Since then there emerged a number of Tartan minor regimes in Russia.

1428

Duke John of Bedford besieged Orleans. In 1429.4 Jeanne (d'Arc) of France

organised the civilians to resist the English army. In .5 Jeanne defeated John and

saved Orleans. She was thus called the "Maid of Orleans". In 1430 Jeanne was

captured by the Burgundians, who sold her to the English army. In 1431.5 Jeanne

was burned by the English army.

1428.1M

Le Loi, de facto ruler of An Nam, killed King Tran Cao. In the fourth lunar month of the

same year, Le Loi crowned himself as Emperor of Dai Viet and established the Dai Viet

Empire (Later Le Dynasty).

c.1428

Jayayakshamalla succeeded as King of Nepal. During his reign he conquered the princely

states and reunited Nepal.

Yahya I, Chief of the Wattasid Clan of the Marinid Regime, seized power. Thereafter the

Marinid Regime was under the de facto rule of the Wattasid Clan.

1429

Sho Hashi, Chief of the Chuzan Tribe on Ryukyu Islands in the southwestern part of Japan,

unified Ryukyu Islands and founded the Kingdom of Ryukyu.

1430s Aztec formed Aztec Triple Alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan.

c.1430 Ruhinda founded the Kingdom of Ankole in the southwestern part of present day Uganda.

1431

In the Council of Basel, the Roman Catholic Church compromised with the Hussites. The

Calixtines deserted the Taborites and made contact with the Council. In 1433 the Calixtines

united with Germany and defeated the Taborites. Procop was killed in the battle. In 1436 the

Council of Basel signed the Compactata of Prague with the Calixtines, thus ending the

Hussite Wars.

1432 Engelbrektsson of Sweden instigated a peasants' uprising. In 1435 he seized the power. AfterEngelbrektsson was assassinated in 1436, the uprising was suppressed.

c.1432Chenla moved the capital to Phnom Penh and the country was renamed as the Kingdom of

Cambodia.

1433

Zheng He, a eunuch of the Ming Empire, completed his seventh voyage to South China Sea

and Indian Ocean. Thereafter the Ming Empire stopped sending envoys to visit the countries

along South China Sea and Indian Ocean. But the migration from the coastal areas of

southern China to Southeast Asia continued. There appeared a community of Overseas



Chinese in Southeast Asia.

1434

Cosimo, leader of the Medici Family, a Floretine banker, seized power in Florence. Since

then the Medici Family became hereditary rulers of Florence (the Medici "Dynasty"). Under

their rule, the Medici Family lent great support to the cultural activities. Italy thus became the

centre of the European Renaissance.

1435

Said Mohammed, religious leader of the Mushasha Family in Arabistan (also called

Khuzistan) in Iran, rebelled against the Timurid Regime and became ruler of Arabistan.

Thereafter members of the Mushasha Family became hereditary rulers of Arabistan.

1435.1M

Zhu Qizhen became Ming Emperor. In the ninth lunar month of the same year, he conferred

great power upon Wang Zhen, a eunuch. Since then many Ming Emperors put eunuchs in

very important positions, resulting in serious corruption.

1436

France recovered Paris. In 1453 France defeated England, which lost all French territories.

King Henry VI of England then gave up the French throne and Guyenne, thus ending the

Hundred Years' War.

1438

Ulugh Muhammad, the former Khan of the Golden Horder, started to rule Kazan in central

European Russia and founded the Khanate of Kazan. ¡C

France promulgated the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges asserting the authority of the church

council was superior to the Roman Pope and maintained the autonomy of the French church

with regard to the Roman Papacy. Such a situation was called Gallicanism by historians.

1438.3.18Archduke Albrecht V of Austria became German King (called Albrecht II) concurrently.

Since then the German throne was mainly occupied by the Archdukes of Austria.

1439

Esen became Chief of the Oirat Tribe and de facto ruler of Mongol. During his rule he

unified the Mongol tribes. In 1453.8M he made himself Mongol Khan.

[Eastern] Roman Emperor John VIII attended the Council of Florence. To secure assistancefrom the Roman Papacy, John VIII proclaimed the subordination of the Greek Orthodox

Church to the Roman Papacy. The Eastern and Western churches were thus reunified

(Florentine Union).

The Pragmatic Sanction of Mainz was promulgated in Germany. The Sanction deprived the

Roman Papacy part of its authority and put the German Church under the control of the

German King and the feudal lords.

1440 The nobles and towns in Prussia formed the Prussian Union.

1440.3.8

King Wladislaw III of Poland became King of Hungary (called Ulaszlo I) concurrently andestablished Hungary (Jagiellon Dynasty). Since then Wladislaw III resided in Hungary,

leaving the administration of Poland to the hands of the Polish magnates. Later Poland

became a hierarchical monarchy under the dictatorship of the nobles.

c.1440Aholuho Adja, Chief of the Ajas, founded the Kingdom of Allada in present day southern

Benin.

1441The Portuguese colonists started the black slave trade. Later the other Western colonial



empires also took part in this kind of activity.

c.1441Uxmal allied with the Mayan City-states to conquer Mayapan. Since then the Mayan City-

States were engaged in prolonged wars and the power of the Mayans declined.

1442.6.2

Naples (Anjou Dynasty) came to an end. Alfonso V, King of Aragon-Catalonia (also King

of Sicily) became King of Naples (called Alfonso I) concurrently and established Naples

(Trastamara Dynasty). The Trastamara Hosue governed both Sicily and Naples, thus laying

the foundation of the future unification of the two countries.

1443

The Roman Papacy launched an Anti-Osmanli Crusade against the Osmanli Regime. Thearmy composed of soldiers from the East European countries and was led by King Wladislaw

III of Poland (who was also King Ulaszlo I of Hungary). On .6.12 of the next year the

Crusaders signed the Truce of Adrianople with the Osmanli Regime by which Serbia

recovered its lost territories.

1444.3.2

Scanderbeg, Chief of the Albanians, allied with the local princes and formed the

League of Albanian Princes (also called the Lezhe League) in opposition to

Osmanli rule.

1444.9

In violation of the Truce, Wladislaw III attacked the Osmanli Turks and was killed

by the Osmanli army in the Battle of Varna on .11.10. Poland was then torn by

internal strife. Hungary (Jagiellon Dynasty) collapsed. In the same year Archduke

Ladislaus of Austria became King of Hungary (called Laszlo V) concurrently.

Hunyadi became the Regent of Hungary.

1447Francesco Sforza, Captain-General of the Milanese mercenaries, seized power and

established Milan (Sforza Dynasty).

c.1447Ulugh Beg became Timurid Sultan. During his reign the power of the Timurid Regime

reached its apex.

1448

Vukcic, local ruler of Hum under Bosnia, made himself Duke and founded the Duchy of

Hum (commonly called the Duchy of Hercegovina, which derived from the word "Herceg",

i.e. Duke).

Podiebrad, leader of the Calixtines, seized power in Bohemia. In 1452 Podiebrad captured

the city of Tabor and finally crushed resistance of the Taborites. In 1458 Podiebrad

succeeded as King of Bohemia.

Portugal started to establish colonies in Sub-Saharan Africa. In 1503 it started to establish

colonies in Asia. In 1532 it started to establish colonies in South America (Brazil).

1448.1.c5

Upon death of King Christoffer III of Denmark, Denmark (Valdemar Dynasty) came to an

end. Count Christian of Oldenburg became King of Denmark concurrently (called Christian

I) and established Denmark (Oldenburg Dynasty).

1449Upon death of the Timurid Sultan Ulugh Beg, the Timurid Regime spilt into the Transoxania

Government and the Khurasan Government.

When the Mongols invaded the Ming Empire, Ming Emperor Zhu Qizhen led an army to



1449.7M resist the invaders. In the eighth lunar month of the same year, Zhu Qizhen was taken

captivity by the Mongols in Tumubao. In the ninth lunar month Zhu Qiyu succeeded to the

throne. In the eighth lunar month of 1450 Zhu Qizhen was released.

1450

Cade, an English peasant, instigated a peasants' rebellion in Kent and Sussex. The rebels

succeeded in entering London and demanded for reforms. But they were soon suppressed by

the Government.

c.1450

Sharif-ul-Hashim founded the Sultanate of Sulu on the Sulu Islands in the southwestern part

of the Philippines.

Isingoma Mpuga Rukidi founded the Kingdom of Bunyoro in present day western Uganda.

Prince Ruhinda I of Ankole started to rule the region of Karagwe of present day Tanzania

and founded the Kingdom of Karagwe.

1451.2.3Upon death of the Osmanli Sultan Murad II, Mehmed II succeeded to the throne. During his

reign he conquered a number of Christian regimes in Asia Minro and Balkan Peninsula.

1451.8.3Upon death of Duke Elizabeth of Luxemburg, the Limburg-Luexmburg House died out.

Luxemburg was annexed by [West] Burgundy (and became part of the Netherlands later).

c.1451

Bahlul Lodi, Governor of Lahore and Sirhind under the Delhi Sultanate, rebelled and

overthrew the Sayyid Dynasty. On 1452.1.18 he established Delhi (Lodi Dynasty).

Five Native American tribes in North America (Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida, and

Cayuga) united to form the Iroquois Confederacy.

1452.5.18Germany installed Borso, Seigneur of Ferrara, as Duke of Modena and Reggio and founded

the Duchy of Modena and Reggio in northern Italy.

1453.5.29

The Osmanli Turks captured Constantinople and annihilated [Eastern] Rome. Since then

Constantinople was popularly called Istanbul. Thereafter the Greek Orthodox Church

separated from the Roman Catholic Church again, thus ending the Florentine Union.

1454

Mongol Khan Esen was murdered by his subordinates. Thereafter the power of the Oirat

Tribe declined and the Tartar Tribe seized control of Mongol again.

az-Zafir Salah-ud-Din Amir I founded the Tahirid Regime in Zabid of Yemen.

Poland promulgated the Statute of Nieszawa, which provided that the declaration of war, the

conclusion of peace and the passing of laws must obtain the consent of the local gentry. The

powers of the great nobles were thus curtailed.

The Prussian Union rose against the Teutonic Order. Poland supported the Prussian Union

and declared war on the Teutonic Order. The Thirteen Years' War thus broke out. In 1466

Poland signed the Second Peace of Thorn with the Teutonic Order by which Prussia was

divided into two parts: Poland obtained West Prussia while the Teutonic Order retained East

Prussia. Since then the Teutonic Order became a Polish vassal.

1454.4

Milan, Florence and Naples formed the Triple Alliance against Venice and the Roman

Papacy. When Milan broke off relation with the other two states in 1455, the Alliance was

disbanded.



1455

The Osmanli Turks invaded Serbia. In the next year the East European countries launched

the Anti-Osmanli Crusade. Under the command of Hunyadi, the Crusaders defeated the

Osmanli army. In August of the same year, Hunyadi died.

Duke Richard of York of England (the Yorkists wore white roses) allied with Earl Richard II

of Warwick in a rebellion against King Henry VI (belonging to the House of Lancaster, who

wore red roses). The War of the Roses broke out.1457.1M

Zhu Qizhen, the former Ming Emperor, allied with the senior officials to stage a coup and

force Emperor Zhu Qiyu to abdicate. Zhu Qizhen was then restored to the throne.

1458.1.24

Matyas I, son of Hunyadi, succeeded as King of Hungary. During his reign he carried out

reforms which strengthened the power of the country and made Hungary a local power in

Central Europe.

1459

King Christian I of Denmark became Count of Holstein concurrently. The Oldenburg Family

thus became the ruling family of a large area in northwestern Germany and western

Scandinavia. But then the Oldenburg Family began to split and their territories suffered from

fragmentation.

1461.3.4

Edward, leader of the Yorkists, captured London. He deposed Henry VI and overthrew the

Lancaster Dynasty. Edward made himself King (called Edward IV) and established England(York Dynasty).

1461.7.22

Upon death of King Charles VII of France, Louis XI succeeded to the throne. During his

reign he tried to unify France. To improve the relation with the Roman Papacy, Louis XI

revoked the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, but maintained control of the French church.

1462.3.27 Ivan III became Prince of Moscow. During his reign he unified most Russian feudal states.

1463

Outbreak of the First Venetian-Turkish War between Venice and the Osmanli Regime. On

1479.1.25 the two countries signed the Treaty of Constantinople by which Venice gave up its

dependencies in Southeast Europe. Thereafter Venice turned to expand in the northeastern

direction and formed the Venetian Region later.

1464Ali succeeded as King of Songhai. Durin his reign he defeated Mali and established the

hegemony of Songhai in West Sudan.

1465

[Western] Burgundy formed the League of the Public Weal with the local feudal lords of

France in opposition to the unification policy of Louis XI. The War of the League of the

Public Weal thus broke out.

c.1465Girai and Janibeg, Chiefs of the Kazakhs, rose against Uzbek and founded the Kazakh

Khanate in northern Central Asia.

1466

Giorgi I started to rule Kakheti of Georgia and founded the Kingdom of Kakheti.

Prince Kasim I of the Golden Horde started to rule Astrakhan in present day southwestern

Russia and founded the Astrakhan Khanate.

1467.3M

A civil war (Onin War) broke out when two Japanese military officers, Yamana Mochitoyo

and Hosokawa Katsumoto, interfered with the succession of the Shogun. Beginning of the

Warring States Period of Japan. After the war ended in 1477, the power of the Ashikaga

Family declined. Thereafter Japan disintegrated into numerous feudal lordships.



1470

Prince Muhammad of Malacca started to rule Pahang in the central part of Malay Peninsula

and founded the Pahang Regime.

Sten Sture I became Regent of Sweden. Since then the Swedish Regency was monopolized

by the Sture Family and Sweden became a semi-indepedent state.

1470.10.2

Earl Richard II of Warwick concluded peace with the House of Lancaster. By joining forces

to attack London, they expelled King Edward IV. The former King Henry VI was restored to

the throne and restored the Lancaster Dynasty. On .4.11 of the next year, Edward IV

returned to London and overthrew Henry VI and the Lancaster Dynasty.

c.1470 The Tswanas started to establish native regimes in present day Botswana.

1471.3M

Dai Viet conquered Champa. The northern part of Champa was annexed into Dai Viet, while

the southern part was divided into three vassal states. King Panlo Tutsuan of Champa fled to

the mountainous areas and attempted to restore his kingdom. But he was soon captured by

Dai Viet.

1471.5.27

Prince Wladyslaw of Poland succeeded as King of Bohemia (called Vladislav II) and

established Bohemia (Jagiellon Dynasty). On 1490.7.15 Vladislav II became King of

Hungary (called Ulaszlo II) and restored Hungary (Jagiellon Dynasty). The Iogaila Family of

Lithuania (called the Jagiello Family in Poland and the Jagiellon Family in Bohemia andHungary) thus governed Lithuania, Poland, Bohemia and Hungary and became a powerful

dynasty in northeastern Europe.

1472

By marrying Zoe Paleologus, the former [Eastern] Roman Princess, Prince Ivan III of

Moscow claimed that he inherited the legitimacy of [Eastern] Rome and called Moscow the

third Rome.

c.1472Muhammad I, de facto ruler of the Marinid Regime, made himself Sultan and founded the

Wattasid Regime.

1474

Rise of the Kingdom of Udarata in Kandy in central Ceylon.

King Louis XI of France formed the Union of Constance against [Western] Burgundy.

1474.12 Isabel I and his husband Fernando V succeeded as King of Castile-Leon concurrently.

1475

Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuan, leader of the Islamic mission from Malay Peninsula,

founded the Maguindanao Sultanate on the Mindanao Island in the southern part of

Philippines.

1477.1.5

Having defeated [Western] Burgundy, France annexed the main territory of [Western]

Burgundy and [Eastern] Burgundy. In the same year Marie succeeded as Duke of [Western]

Burgundy, ruling only the Netherlands. Marie married Maximilian I, crown prince of Austria

and governed the Netherlands with Maximilian I. Upon death of Marie on 1482.3.27, theNetherlands became a territory under the Habsburg Family.

1479Batu Mongke(Dayan Khan) succeeded as Mongol Khan. During his reign he temporarily

unified the Mongol tribes.

1479.1.19

King Fernando V of Castile-Leon became King of Aragon-Catalonia (called Fernando II)

concurrently. A personal union was thus formed between Castile-Leon and Aragon-

Catalonia. Some historians regarded this year as the founding year of the Spanish Kingdom.



1480

, .

failed to fulfil its obligation as an ally, the Golden Horde was finally defeated by the coalition

army of Moscow and Crimea. Thereafter Moscow was free from the control of the Golden

Horde.

c.1480

Agyen Kokobo, Chief of the Akans, founded the Kingdom of Twifo-Heman in present day

southern Ghana. Since then the Akans established a number of regimes in the Gulf of Guinea

Region.

Changamire I, Chief of the Changas, rebelled against Monomotapa and founded theKingdom of Rozwi in present day Zimbabwe.

1481

Don-yo Dorje, leader of the Rimpung Family in Posterior Tibet, seized control of the

Pagmotru royal court. Since then the Pagmotru Regime was under the de facto rule of the

Rimpung Family.

1482.c3 The Barid Family seized control of the Bahmanid royal court.

c.1482 Nepal split into the Katmandu Regime and the Bhatgaon Regime.

1484 Prince Aleksandre I of Georgia started to rule Imereti and founded the Kingdom of Imereti .

1485

Saluva Narasimha, Chief of the Saluva Clan of Vijayanagar, overthrew the Yadava Dynastyand established Vijayanagar (Saluva Dynasty).

Henry, Earl of Richmond of England, revolted. On .8.22 he overthrew the York Dynasty and

thus ended the War of the Roses. Henry crowned himself (called Henry VII) and established

England (Tudor Dynasty). During his reign he established the absolute monarchical system.

1485.8.26

Saxe-Wittenberg split into [Western] Saxe-Wittenberg and [Eastern] Saxe- Wittenberg, ruled

by Ernst (his title being the Elector) and Albrecht V (his title being the Duke), respectively.

The Wettin House of Saxony thus split into the Ernestine Branch and the Albertine Branch.

1486

Minkyinyo, local ruler of Toungoo in central-south Burma, founded the Kingdom of

Toungoo .

Maximilian I, Crown Prince of Austria, was chosen as King of the Romans. Since the "King

of the Romans" became the title of the prospective German King.

1487 The Ikko Sect, a Buddhist sect in Kaga Province of Japan, staged a revolt. They established

the Ikko Sect Rebellious Regime in Kaga.

148822 Swabian cities and parts of the German princely states and ecclesiastic states formed the

Third Swabian League.

1488.2Dias, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thus

opened up a new route connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

c.1488 Shaibani, Chief of the Uzbeks, restored the Uzbek Khanate in Central Asia.

1490

Ahmad Nizam Shah I, ruler of Ahmadnagar, Imad-ul-Mulk, ruler of Berar and Yusuf Adil

Shah, ruler of Bijapur under the Bahmanid Regime, revolted and established the

Ahmadnagar Sultanate , Berar Sultanate and Bijapur Sultanate in the Deccan Region.

King Kostantine II of Georgia changed his title to King of Kartli and renamed his country as



. ,

Kakheti in the east.

1491Giorgi I, ruler of Guria and Liparit I, ruler of Mingrelia under Imereti, declared independence

and founded the Principality of Guria and Principality of Mingrelia in western Georgia.

1492.10.12

A Castile-Leon fleet, under the leadership of Colombo, a Genoese explorer,

reached the Carribean Sea in America. This event was recognized as the

discovery of a "New Continent" (i.e. America). As Colombo mistakenly thought

that he had reached India, the islands on Carribean Sea were called the WestIndies and the Native Americans were called Indians.

c.1492The coalition army of Castile-Leon and Aragon-Catalonia conquered Granada, thus wiping

out all the Taifas Regimes in Iberia and completing the Reconquista Movement.

1493

The peasants in Alsace of Germany formed the Union Shoe and conspired an uprising, but

were suppressed after their plan was uncovered.

The Serers founded the Kingdom of Saalum in present day Senegal. Thereafter the Serers

founded a number of regimes in Senegambia.

Castile-Leon started to build up colonial bases in America, which later grew into the Spanish

Colonial Empire.

1493.4.12

Muhammad I, a military officer of Songhai, overthrew King Baru Bokar Dao and

established Songhai (Askiya Dynasty). Baru Bokar Dao fled to Ayorou in present

day Niger and founded the Kingdom of Ayorou. During the reign of Muhammad

I, Songhai became a hegemonic empire in West Sudan.

1493.5.4

Castile-Leon and Portugal agreed upon a demarcation line of their respective sphere of

interest in the Western Hemisphere. On .6.7 of the next year, they signed the Treaty of

Tordesillas, which moved the demarcation line westwards. This line was often called the

Tordesillas Line.

1493.8.19Maximilian I succeeded as Archduke of Austria and King of Germany. In 1496 Maximilian I

reunified the House of Habsburg.

1494

France united with Milan and invaded Italy, leading to the First Italian War. Thereafter the

Italian states and the major powers in Central and West Europe were engaged in a series of

wars, collectively called the Italian Wars. In the next year France attacked Naples. The

Roman Papacy formed the First Holy League with Austria, Aragon-Catalonia, Venice and

Milan and expelled the French army from Italy.

France invaded Florence. Savonarola, a priest, revolted and replaced the rule ofthe Medici Family by a theocracy. On 1498.5.23 the Florentine nobles

overthrew Savonarola.

c.1494The Manyikas seceded from Monomotapa and founded the Kingdom of Manyika in present

day Mozambique.

c.1496 Ali Mughayat founded the Aceh Sultanate in northern Sumatra.

Cabot, a Venetian explorer, attempted to open up the "Northwest Passage" to East Asia for



1497.5.2 England. As a result he discovered the island of Newfoundland in North America on .6.24 of

the same year.

1498.4.7

France (Valois Dynasty) ended. Duke Louis II of Orleans became King of France (called

Louis XII) and established France (Valois-Orleans Dynasty) and incorporated Orleans into

France.

1498.5.22da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, sailed to India and thus opened up a new route from West

Europe to East Asia.

1499

The Osmanli Turks conquered Montenegro and thus completed the conquest of the Balkan

Peninsula.

Outbreak of the Second Venetian-Turkish War between Venice and the Osmanli Regime.

The war came to an end in 1502.

1499.9.22

The Swiss cantons of the Everlasting League (including Schwyz, Nidwalden, Uri, Bern,

Lucerne, Obwalden, Zurich, Zug, Glarus, Fribourg and Solothurn) compelled Austria to sign

the Treaty of Basel and recognized the independence of the cantons. The cantons united into

the Swiss Confederation and retained the status of independent entities.

c. late 15th

Century

The English nobility started to buy off and enclose the land of the communes and peasantsand convert them into pastures for raising sheep (the Enclosure Movement). This

development laid the foundation of future capitalist agriculture.

The Serers founded the Kingdom of Sine in present day Senegal.

1500

France and Aragon-Catalonia launched a joint attack against Naples (the Second Italian

War). In 1502 the two countries controlled Naples. But disagreement about the partition of

Naples led to conflict between the two countries. After France was defeated in 1503,

Aragon- Catalonia occupied Naples solely.

1500.4.10 France conquered Milan and overthrew the rule of the Sforza Family.

1500.4.22 Cabral, a Portuguese explorer, discovered Brazil in South America.

c.1500

Prince Raden Patah of Majapahit rebelled and founded the Kingdom of Demak in central

Java.

Koi1 I founded the Kingdom of Cochin in Kerala in southern India.

Sukda founded the Kingdom of Mandara in present day northern Cameroon.

Kuntun-krunku founded the Kingdom of Akim in present day southern Ghana.

Mwaaka, Chief of the Lundas, founded the Kingdom of Lunda in the Congo Region.

Muhammad I founded the Kingdom of Anjouan on the Anjouan Island of the Comoros.

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chronology of world political history 1401 1500

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