chris kloss us environmental protection agency … · chris kloss. us environmental protection...

28
Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency SRF National Workshop 1 November 14, 2011

Upload: phungngoc

Post on 29-Aug-2018

226 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Chris KlossUS Environmental Protection Agency

SRF National Workshop

1

November 14, 2011

Page 2: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Urban stormwater is a leading source of impairment (2004 WQ Report):◦ 22,559 miles of impaired rivers and streams◦ 701,024 acres of impaired lakes◦ 867 square miles of impaired estuaries

Fast growing water quality concern◦ 800,000 acres being developed every year, 

growing to ~2.1 million acres by 2039◦ Rate of development is > 2x rate of pop. growth

Development increases the amount of impervious cover in the landscape◦ Currently 100 million acres developed; 25% is impervious◦ Discharge from 1 acre of impervious cover is 16x the discharge from a 1 acre of undeveloped 

land

Small increase in impervious cover leads to big impacts in receiving waters◦ Watersheds with <1‐2% of impervious land area = biological impacts to surface waters◦ Watersheds with >5‐15% of impervious land area = surface water declines rapidly to degraded 

levels, loss of function; Loss in base flow in streams and groundwater recharge

2

Page 3: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Stormwater pollutants:– Cause beach closures and swimming illnesses through bacterial contamination

– Impact fisheries and shellfish harvesting through excess:

Sedimentation (smothering fish eggs), Nutrients (reducing available dissolved oxygen)Metals (preventing a health risk to people who eat the fish)Temperature (temperature of stormwater runoff, affecting cold‐water fish and other biota)

Stormwater pollutants can also increase the costs of treating drinking water supplies

Pollutants in Stormwater

3

Page 4: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Copyright 2001, Center for Watershed Protection

Center for Watershed Protection

Hydrologic Impacts

Increased stormwater volume can cause flooding, scouring and sewer overflows.It could also reduce groundwater recharge causing stream baseflows to become extremely low.

4

Page 5: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

5

Traditional approach – convey stormwater quickly from site to waterbody or detention ponds

Approach is not adequately controlling water quality and quantity impacts from discharges from increased development: pollutant loading, stream erosion, increased runoff/reduced infiltration, changes to stream geomorphology  and impacts to aquatic habitat

New approach ‐ using Green Infrastructure•Manage stormwater on site•Reduce pollutant loads to waterbodies •View stormwater as a resource 

5

Page 6: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

6

Current approach unlikely to produce an accurate picture of the problem and unlikely to adequately control stormwater’s contribution to waterbody impairment

Requirements leave a great deal of discretion to dischargers to ensure compliance

Lack of resources to implement and enforce program

“A more straightforward way to regulate stormwater contributions to waterbodyimpairment would be to use flow or a surrogate, like impervious cover, as a measure of stormwater loading ….” 

“Efforts to reduce stormwater flow will automatically achieve reductions in pollutant loading. Moreover, flow is itself responsible for additional erosion and sedimentation that adversely impacts surface water quality.”

“Stormwater control measures that harvest, infiltrate, and evapotranspiratestormwater are critical to reducing the volume and pollutant loading of small storms.”

Page 7: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

EPA is considering developing performance standards for discharges from new and redevelopment that promote green infrastructure practices

As part of this effort, EPA is also considering:◦ Expanding the universe of federally regulated municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) beyond the urbanized area;

◦ Expanding regulated roadways to include state‐owned roads and tailoring requirements for state DOTs;

◦ Requiring municipal‐wide plans to reduce existing discharges; and

◦ Updating the code system used for industrial program and regulating municipal maintenance yards.

7

Page 8: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Discharges from New Development◦ Site must be designed and/or use stormwater management measures to ensure the on‐site retention of the excess stormwater discharge volume produced from development

◦ Exceptions/alternative compliance options to account for site constraints and water rights

◦ Flexibility to account for existing state post construction standardsDischarges from Redevelopment◦ Additional credits and exceptions/alternative compliance options◦ Credits for smart growth practices such as brownfield development, multi use development, transit oriented development 

◦ Flexibility to account for existing state post construction standardsExploring alternative compliance options for roads and additional site constraints

8

Page 9: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

9

Bioretention Permeable pavementsGreen roofsCisterns & rain barrelsTrees & expanded tree boxesReforestation & restorationParking & street designsWater Conservation

Infiltration - Evapotranspiration - Capture & Use

Page 10: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Benefits◦ Protects water bodies from stormwater dischargers from development ◦ Provides level playing field◦ Green infrastructure can be cost effective and has many other benefits

Assess options for regulating discharges from individual sites◦ Size thresholds◦ Location (discharges to the MS4; dischargers directly to waters of the U.S.)

10

Page 11: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Currently we regulate:

7,464 MS4s• Phase I:  750 MS4s• Phase II: 6714 MS4s

Most MS4 are regulated based on the Urbanized Area (UA) boundary set by Census 2000. However, at least 12 states regulate based on the jurisdictional boundaries (JB) of the MS4.

9 States have expanded coverage to all cities with population greater than 10,000.

Washington state regulates all cities within urban growth boundary. 

New Jersey regulates all MS4s.

11

Page 12: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

12

2010 Combined Statistical Areas & Regulated MS4s

Page 13: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

ASCE assessment of U.S. water infrastructure: ◦ Grade of D‐◦ Identified investment needs of $255 billion. 

EPA analysis of wastewater and stormwater infrastructure needs: ◦ Nearly $300 billion of required investment 

$60 billion for CSO control$40 billion for stormwater  management

American Society of Civil Engineers, (2010), Report Card for America’s Infrastructure.

U.S. EPA, (2010), Clean Watersheds Need Survey: 2008 Report to Congress, Office of Wastewater Management, EPA 832‐F‐10‐010. Street flooding after ½” rainfall in Ocean City, NJ, August 9, 2011

Page 14: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

World:◦ Population – 7 billion.◦ CO2 emissions – 30 billion metric tons.United States:◦ Population – 312 million.◦ CO2 emissions – 6 billion metric tons (2).Ratio◦ World – 4:1◦ US – 20:1

Page 15: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Decrease in the duration and extent of snow cover in most of North AmericaIncrease in the frequency of heavy precipitation events across the U.S.Increase in streamflow in the eastern U.S.Decrease in annual precipitation in the Central Rockies and SouthwestDecrease in mountain snow water equivalent in Western North AmericaDecrease in runoff and streamflow in the Colorado and Columbia River basinsDecrease in the proportion of precipitation falling as snow in the WestIncrease in the periods of drought in the WestDecrease of 25‐40% by 2050 and potentially 70‐90% 2100 of the Sierra snowpack

Prettyboy Reservoir, Maryland during 2002 drought. Photo courtesy of National Weather Service.

Bryson B. Bates, Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu, and J.P. Palutikof, Eds., Climate Change and Water, Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva, 2008.

David S. Beckman, N. Garrison, R.C. Wilkinson, and R. Horner, A Clear Blue Future: How Greening California Cities Can Address Water Resources and Climate Challenges in the 21st Century, Natural Resources Defense Council, August 2009.

Page 16: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

New Water Demand: 3.2 billion gal/day

Page 17: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Source: NRDC, 2010

Page 18: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Source: NRDC, 2010

Page 19: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Universal access to potable water supplies.World’s 2nd highest per capita use: ~ twice that of Europe.Average 165 gal/day per capita.

A.Y. Hoekstra and A.K. Chapagain, Water Footprints of Nations: Water Use by People as a Function of Their Consumption Pattern, Water Resources Management (2007) 21:35‐48.

Page 20: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source
Page 21: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Water & Sanitation◦ 1 billion lack access to clean water.◦ 2.6 billion lack access to basic sanitation.Electricity◦ 550 million (75%) lack access in Sub‐Saharan Africa.◦ 700 million (50%) lack access in South Asia.◦ IEA estimates that 1.4 billion will still lack access in 2030.

Sources: World Health Organization.World Bank.

Page 22: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

“In rural India, many young women are refusing to marry unless the suitor furnishes their future home with a bathroom, freeing them from the inconvenience and embarrassment of using community toilets or squatting in fields. 

About 665 million people in India ‐‐ about half the population ‐‐ lack access to latrines. But since a "No Toilet, No Bride" campaign started about two years ago, 1.4 million toilets have been built here in the northern state of Haryana…

Women's rights activists call the program a revolution…‘I won't let my daughter near a boy who doesn't have a latrine,’ said Usha Pagdi… ‘No loo? No 'I do,’’ Vimlas Sasva said, laughing as she repeated a radio jingle.”

Washington Post, In India, New Seat of Power for Women, October 12, 2009

Page 23: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

“Green infrastructure is a fiscally responsible and environmentally 

sustainable answer to today’s water challenges.  It manages stormwater by treating it like a resource – and it works 

with nature, rather than against it.”

“We are… committing to a new kind of thinking in our actions and decision 

making.  EPA is developing a strategy for incorporating green infrastructure more broadly into our clean water rules and 

actions.” 

‐Lisa P. Jackson, EPA AdministratorAugust 2010

Page 24: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Identifies specific focus areas and activities for EPA to complete in the next 1 ‐ 2 yearsGreen infrastructure workgroups will be active in implementing strategyCommunity partnership program

Regions will be engaging communities to help implement green infrastructureWill be utilizing existing program activities and new initiatives

Joint OW/OECA memo supporting and encouraging the use of green infrastructure for wet weather control also released

Provides recent examples of green infrastructure use in permits and enforcement cases and regional water and enforcement green infrastructure liaisons

24

Page 25: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Tools and capacity building◦ Update the green infrastructure website ◦ Provide regular opportunities for communication among communities implementing green infrastructure, incentives and on‐line training

Regulation and enforcement ◦ Develop tool to help communities identify how green infrastructure can be incorporated into CSO Long Term Control Plans

◦ Provide information and resources on using green infrastructure in permitting and enforcement

Financing and federal funding ◦ Update resource guide on funding opportunities◦ Facilitate the development of information on the real cost of green infrastructure investment and O&M, the monetary value of benefits, and comparison of the costs of green infrastructure to gray solutions

Research and information gathering ◦ Clearinghouse for green infrastructure research information 

25

Page 26: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Issued with the release of the Green Infrastructure StrategyClarifies and reiterates that OW and OECA encourage the use of green infrastructure for wet weather control and that it can be implemented within current regulatory framework

Joint OW/OECA Memo

Page 27: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Recently releasedPromotes a holistic approach to dealing with wet weather problemsIdentifies green infrastructure as a tool to accomplish cost‐effective solutions

Integrated Planning Memo

Page 28: Chris Kloss US Environmental Protection Agency … · Chris Kloss. US Environmental Protection Agency. SRF National Workshop. 1. November 14, 2011 `Urban stormwater is a leading source

Thank you.

US EPA Stormwater Program:http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6

US EPA Green Infrastructure Program:www.epa.gov/greeninfrastructure