chpt 9 part ii - types of reactions 031604
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Types of Chemical Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions
Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryPart TwoPart Two
Rev. 5/15/015/2/02
3/15/043/16/04
Pisgah High SchoolPisgah High SchoolM. JonesM. Jones
Types of ReactionsTypes of Reactions1.1. Synthesis (combination)Synthesis (combination)2.2. DecompositionDecomposition3.3. Single ReplacementSingle Replacement4.4. Double ReplacementDouble Replacement5.5. Acid-Base NeutralizationAcid-Base Neutralization6.6. Combustion of hydrocarbonCombustion of hydrocarbon
Synthesis ReactionsSynthesis ReactionsGeneral format: A + B General format: A + B CC A = compound or elementA = compound or element B = compound or elementB = compound or element C = compoundC = compound
Always a single productAlways a single product
2 H2 H22(g) + O(g) + O22(g) (g) H H22O(l)O(l)
Decomposition ReactionsDecomposition ReactionsGeneral Format: A General Format: A B + CB + C A = compoundA = compound
B = compound or elementB = compound or element
C = compound or elementC = compound or element
Always a single reactantAlways a single reactant
HH22O(l) O(l) 2 H 2 H22(g) + O(g) + O22(g)(g)
Most single replacement Most single replacement and double replacement and double replacement reactions involve the reactions involve the interaction of ions.interaction of ions.
CationCation = =
AnionAnion = =
Ions either have a positive Ions either have a positive charge or a negative charge.charge or a negative charge.
Positively Positively charged ioncharged ionNegatively Negatively charged ioncharged ion
AnionAnionAA NNegative egative IonIon
AANNIonIon
Single Replacement ReactionsSingle Replacement ReactionsGeneral Format: General Format:
M + LA M + LA MA + L MA + L M and L = metals, A = anionM and L = metals, A = anion
X + CY X + CY CX + Y CX + YX and Y = nonmetals, C = cationX and Y = nonmetals, C = cation
element + compd element + compd element + compd element + compd
Zn(s) + Cu(NOZn(s) + Cu(NO33))22 Zn(NO Zn(NO33))22 + Cu(s) + Cu(s)
Double Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement Reactions
General Format: General Format: AB + CD AB + CD AD + CB AD + CB
compd + compd compd + compd compd + compd compd + compdA reaction occurs when A reaction occurs when
a precipitate is formed.a precipitate is formed.
ZnClZnCl22(aq) + 2 AgNO(aq) + 2 AgNO33(aq) (aq)
2 AgCl(s) + Zn(NO2 AgCl(s) + Zn(NO33))22(aq) (aq)
Acid-Base Neutralization ReactionsAcid-Base Neutralization Reactions
General Format: General Format:
HA + BOH HA + BOH BA + HOH BA + HOH
Acid-base neutralization Acid-base neutralization reactions are actually double reactions are actually double replacement reactions.replacement reactions.
Acid-Base Neutralization ReactionsAcid-Base Neutralization Reactions
General Format: General Format:
HA + BOH HA + BOH BA + HOH BA + HOHacid + base acid + base salt + water salt + water
Water is the insoluble “precipitate”Water is the insoluble “precipitate”
HCl(aq) + NaOHHCl(aq) + NaOH (aq) (aq)
NaCl(aq) + HOHNaCl(aq) + HOH (l)(l)
Combustion Of HydrocarbonsCombustion Of HydrocarbonsGeneral Format: General Format:
CCxxHHyy + O + O22 CO CO22 + H + H22OOhydrocarbon + oxygen hydrocarbon + oxygen
carbon dioxide + watercarbon dioxide + water
CC33HH88(g)+ 5 O(g)+ 5 O22(g)(g)
3 CO3 CO22(g) + 4 H(g) + 4 H22O(g)O(g)
Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:
1.1. NaNa22COCO33 Na Na22O + COO + CO22
2.2. MgClMgCl22 + F + F22 MgF MgF22 + Cl + Cl22
3.3. 2SO2SO22 + O + O22 2SO 2SO33
4.4. 2HI + Ba(OH)2HI + Ba(OH)22 BaI BaI22 + 2HOH + 2HOH
5.5. CC55HH1212 + 8O + 8O22 5CO 5CO22 + 6H + 6H22OO
6.6. ZnClZnCl22 + Pb(NO + Pb(NO33))22
PbClPbCl2 2 (s) + Zn(NO(s) + Zn(NO33))22
Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:
1.1. NaNa22COCO33 Na Na22O + COO + CO22
DecompositionDecomposition
Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:
2.2. MgClMgCl22 + F + F22 MgF MgF22 + Cl + Cl22
Single replacementSingle replacement
Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:
3.3. 2SO2SO22 + O + O22 2SO 2SO33
SynthesisSynthesis
Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:
4.4. 2HI + Ba(OH)2HI + Ba(OH)22 BaI BaI22 + 2HOH + 2HOH
Acid/base neutralizationAcid/base neutralization
Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:
5.5. CC55HH1212 + 8O + 8O22 5CO 5CO22 + 6H + 6H22OO
Complete combustion Complete combustion of a hydrocarbonof a hydrocarbon
Identify the reaction type:Identify the reaction type:
6.6. ZnClZnCl22 + Pb(NO + Pb(NO33))22
PbClPbCl2 2 (s) + Zn(NO(s) + Zn(NO33))22
Double replacementDouble replacement
Predicting the Predicting the Products of Products of
Chemical Reactions.Chemical Reactions.
Synthesis ReactionsSynthesis Reactions1.1. Metal + OMetal + O22 metal oxide metal oxide
2.2. Nonmetal + ONonmetal + O22 nonmetal oxide nonmetal oxide
3.3. Metal + nonmetal Metal + nonmetal salt salt
4.4. Water + metal oxide Water + metal oxide metal OH metal OH-- (base)(base)
5.5. Water + nonmetal oxide Water + nonmetal oxide oxyacid oxyacid Metal oxide = basic anhydride
Nonmetal oxide = acid anhydrideAnhydride (anhydrous) = “without water”
Decomposition ReactionsDecomposition Reactions1.1. Metal carbonates Metal carbonates metal oxide + CO metal oxide + CO22
2.2. Metal bicarbonate Metal bicarbonate metal oxide + metal oxide + COCO22 + H + H22OO
3.3. Metal oxide Metal oxide metal + O metal + O22
4.4. Metal hydroxide Metal hydroxide metal oxide + H metal oxide + H22OO
5.5. Oxygen-containing salts Oxygen-containing salts salt + O salt + O22
6.6. Hydrates Hydrates salt + H salt + H22OO
Predicting the products of Predicting the products of single replacement reactions …single replacement reactions …
A single replacement reaction A single replacement reaction occurs when …occurs when …… … one element changes from one element changes from
the elemental state to an the elemental state to an ionic state and replaces a ionic state and replaces a
second ion in a compound.second ion in a compound.
Consider this single Consider this single replacement reaction:replacement reaction:
Fe(s) + CuClFe(s) + CuCl22(aq) (aq)
Use the replacement series, and look at iron and copper.
Since Fe is above Cu in the replacement series, the Fe will replace Cu.
Consider this single Consider this single replacement reaction:replacement reaction:
Fe(s) + CuClFe(s) + CuCl22(aq) (aq)
… the copper ions comes out of solution as solid, metallic copper.
FeClFeCl33(aq)(aq) + Cu(s)+ Cu(s)The Fe replaces the copper and goes into solution as Fe+3 ions (the Fe dissolves)…
Fe(s) + CuClFe(s) + CuCl22(aq) (aq)
FeClFeCl33(aq)(aq) + Cu(s)+ Cu(s)
Consider this single Consider this single replacement reaction:replacement reaction:
The final balanced equation is …
33
332222
Predicting the products of Predicting the products of double replacement reactions …double replacement reactions …A double replacement reaction A double replacement reaction
occurs when there is … occurs when there is … … … an insoluble product, an insoluble product,
(a precipitate).(a precipitate).Use the solubility rules to Use the solubility rules to
determine if one or more products determine if one or more products are insoluble in water.are insoluble in water.
Double Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement ReactionsConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between
solutions of barium nitrate and solutions of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate:sodium sulfate:
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)
BaSO4
What is the formula for the product that contains barium?
Double Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement ReactionsConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between
solutions of barium nitrate and solutions of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate:sodium sulfate:
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
BaSO4
What is the formula for the other product?
+ 2 NaNO3
+ Na2SO4(aq)
Double Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement ReactionsConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between
solutions of barium nitrate and solutions of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate:sodium sulfate:
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3
Which of the two is insoluble in water?
+ Na2SO4(aq)
The BaSO4 gets an (s) or “down arrow”
Double Replacement ReactionsDouble Replacement ReactionsConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between
solutions of barium nitrate and solutions of barium nitrate and sodium sulfate:sodium sulfate:
Ba(NO3)2(aq)
BaSO4 + 2 NaNO3 (aq)Since NaNO3 is soluble in water,
put an (aq).
+ Na2SO4(aq)
Predicting the Products of Predicting the Products of Neutralization ReactionsNeutralization Reactions
Neutralization reactions are in the Neutralization reactions are in the same format as double same format as double replacement reactions.replacement reactions.
Acid + base Acid + base salt + water salt + waterThe formation of water is what The formation of water is what
drives an acid-base reaction.drives an acid-base reaction.
Neutralization ReactionNeutralization ReactionConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:
HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq)
Write the formulas for the reactants.
Neutralization ReactionNeutralization ReactionConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:
HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq) acid base
Which is the acid, and which is the base?
Neutralization ReactionNeutralization ReactionConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:
HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq) acid base
Ca(NOCa(NO33))22(aq)(aq)salt
What is the formula of the salt that is produced?
Neutralization ReactionNeutralization ReactionConsider the reaction between Consider the reaction between nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:nitric acid and calcium hydroxide:
HNOHNO33(aq) + Ca(OH)(aq) + Ca(OH)22(aq) (aq) Ca(NOCa(NO33))22(aq)(aq)
acid base
saltFinally, add the formula for water.
It is the “insoluble product.”
water+ HOH(l)+ HOH(l)
Many of these reactions are Many of these reactions are REDOX reactions.REDOX reactions.
REDOX reactions involve…REDOX reactions involve…
OxidationOxidation and and
ReductionReduction
Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions
Oxidation – the loss Oxidation – the loss of electronsof electrons
Reduction – the gain Reduction – the gain of electronsof electrons
Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions
… … involve an involve an exchange of exchange of electrons electrons which causes …which causes …
… … a a change in the oxidation change in the oxidation numbernumber of two or more of two or more elements.elements.
MostMost synthesis, synthesis, decompositiondecomposition and and combustion combustion reactions are reactions are redox reactions.redox reactions.
All All single replacement single replacement reactions are redox.reactions are redox.
Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reactions which can be Reactions which can be redoxredox::
1.1. Synthesis (combination)Synthesis (combination)2.2. DecompositionDecomposition3.3. Single ReplacementSingle Replacement4.4. Double ReplacementDouble Replacement5.5. Acid-Base NeutralizationAcid-Base Neutralization6.6. CombustionCombustion
Fe(s) + CuClFe(s) + CuCl22(aq) (aq)
FeClFeCl33(aq)(aq) + Cu(s)+ Cu(s)
33
3322
22
Redox Reaction: single replacementRedox Reaction: single replacement
00 +2 -1+2 -1
+3 -1+3 -1 00
You will study redox You will study redox reactions in more detail reactions in more detail later in the semester.later in the semester.