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BIOTECHNOLOGYBIOTECHNOLOGY

GENETIC ENGINEERINGGENETIC ENGINEERING

The procedure for cleaving DNA from The procedure for cleaving DNA from an organism into smaller fragments & an organism into smaller fragments & inserting the fragments into another inserting the fragments into another organism of the same or different organism of the same or different speciesspecies

RECOMBINANT DNARECOMBINANT DNA DNA made from connecting fragments of DNA made from connecting fragments of

DNA from different sourcesDNA from different sources Ex: Bacteria, glowing pigsEx: Bacteria, glowing pigs That organism uses the foreign DNA as its That organism uses the foreign DNA as its

own.own.

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMSTRANSGENIC ORGANISMS Organisms that contain functional Organisms that contain functional

recombinant DNArecombinant DNA

Steps to produce transgenic organismsSteps to produce transgenic organisms

1.1. Isolate the foreign DNA to be insertedIsolate the foreign DNA to be inserted

2.2. Join the DNA w/something that can Join the DNA w/something that can transport ittransport it

3.3. Transfer the recombinant DNA into a hostTransfer the recombinant DNA into a host Used in medicine & agricultureUsed in medicine & agriculture

RESTRICTION ENZYMESRESTRICTION ENZYMES Bacterial proteins that have the ability to cut Bacterial proteins that have the ability to cut

both strands of the DNA molecule at certain both strands of the DNA molecule at certain pointspoints

DNA can only be used for recombination DNA can only be used for recombination when it is cut into smaller fragmentswhen it is cut into smaller fragments

STICKY ENDS-STICKY ENDS- result of cutting the DNA into result of cutting the DNA into double stranded fragments. The ends can be double stranded fragments. The ends can be joined to complementary strands to form joined to complementary strands to form recombinant DNA.recombinant DNA.

They join easily because the ends are stickyThey join easily because the ends are sticky

HUMAN GENOME PROJECTHUMAN GENOME PROJECT International effort to map & sequence human International effort to map & sequence human

DNADNA The sequence is 3 billion base pairs of DNAThe sequence is 3 billion base pairs of DNA LINKAGE MAPLINKAGE MAP- genetic map that shows the - genetic map that shows the

location of genes on a chromosomelocation of genes on a chromosome CROSSING OVER- CROSSING OVER- occurs during meiosis, occurs during meiosis,

the offspring have a combination of alleles not the offspring have a combination of alleles not found in either parent. Genes that crossover found in either parent. Genes that crossover are closer together than those that rarely doare closer together than those that rarely do

Diagnosis of genetic disorders would be Diagnosis of genetic disorders would be easier if the DNA sequence is knowneasier if the DNA sequence is known

CELL CULTURE- CELL CULTURE- to obtain a sample of to obtain a sample of DNA, cells are grown in a nutrient medium, DNA, cells are grown in a nutrient medium, cells are all identical (clones)cells are all identical (clones)

GENE THERAPY- GENE THERAPY- insertion of normal genes insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct a genetic into human cells to correct a genetic disorder. In the trial stage for humans, 1disorder. In the trial stage for humans, 1stst trial has been on cystic fibrosis patients trial has been on cystic fibrosis patients (nasal spray)(nasal spray)

DNA FINGERPRINTINGDNA FINGERPRINTING

Used to convict/acquit individuals in a Used to convict/acquit individuals in a criminal case. Each person is genetically criminal case. Each person is genetically differentdifferent

Obtained from blood, skin, hair, semen. Obtained from blood, skin, hair, semen. They use electrophoresis to separate DNA They use electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments.fragments.

VECTOR TRANSFER DNAVECTOR TRANSFER DNA The cleaved fragments of DNA must The cleaved fragments of DNA must

recombine w/something elserecombine w/something else VectorVector- means by which foreign DNA can - means by which foreign DNA can

be transferred into the host cell.be transferred into the host cell. 2 TYPES OF VECTORS2 TYPES OF VECTORS

1.1. MechanicalMechanical- micropipette or tiny bullets - micropipette or tiny bullets (metal) coated w/pieces of DNA shot into the (metal) coated w/pieces of DNA shot into the cell using a gene guncell using a gene gun

2.2. BiologicalBiological- viruses & plasmids. Plasmid- - viruses & plasmids. Plasmid- small ring of DNA found in bacterial cellssmall ring of DNA found in bacterial cells

GENE SPLICINGGENE SPLICING Rejoining cut DNA fragmentsRejoining cut DNA fragments Foreign DNA is recombined into a plasmid or Foreign DNA is recombined into a plasmid or

viral DNAviral DNA

GENE CLONINGGENE CLONING Process of making genetically identical copies Process of making genetically identical copies

of recombinant DNAof recombinant DNA Cloning is possible because a foreign piece of Cloning is possible because a foreign piece of

DNA has been integrated into that cell’s DNA DNA has been integrated into that cell’s DNA and is replicated w/the hosts DNAand is replicated w/the hosts DNA

DNA SEQUENCINGDNA SEQUENCING Sequencing is important to understand DNASequencing is important to understand DNA GEL ELECTROPHORESIS-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS- a set of DNA a set of DNA

strands that vary in lengths are produced. strands that vary in lengths are produced. The strands are placed in a gel w/dye which The strands are placed in a gel w/dye which

binds to DNA. Then an electric current is binds to DNA. Then an electric current is passed through it. passed through it.

Bands appear in the gel sequence. Small Bands appear in the gel sequence. Small fragments move farther than larger onesfragments move farther than larger ones

Applications of DNA Applications of DNA TechnologyTechnology

Transgenic bacteria in agriculture- removal of Transgenic bacteria in agriculture- removal of a certain gene from a bacterium prevents frost a certain gene from a bacterium prevents frost damage to crops.damage to crops.

IndustryIndustry- engineered to break down - engineered to break down pollutants, degrade oilpollutants, degrade oil

MedicineMedicine- produce molecules to treat human - produce molecules to treat human diseases, produce growth hormones, diseases, produce growth hormones, interferon for cancer, human insulininterferon for cancer, human insulin

Transgenic PlantsTransgenic Plants Difficult to insert DNA into plants because of Difficult to insert DNA into plants because of

the cell walls (use gene gun)the cell walls (use gene gun) Genetically engineered to resist herbicides, Genetically engineered to resist herbicides,

produce internal pesticides, increase protein produce internal pesticides, increase protein production, produce fruit that ripens later, or production, produce fruit that ripens later, or grow in unfavorable conditions.grow in unfavorable conditions.

Transgenic AnimalsTransgenic Animals

Use genes to produce livestock that is Use genes to produce livestock that is bigger or produces more milk, or milk that bigger or produces more milk, or milk that contains certain chemicals (protein that contains certain chemicals (protein that dissolves blood clots)dissolves blood clots)

Belgian Blue Cow- can produce Belgian Blue Cow- can produce gallons of milk at a timegallons of milk at a time